含氟硅丙烯酸酯乳液超疏水膜中疏水基团的梯度分布与表面微观结构研究

利用含氟疏水基团的梯度分布,结合草莓形纳米SiO2粒子提供的双重粗糙表面,制备了具有类"荷叶效应"的超疏水涂膜,水接触角达(174.2±2)°,滞后角几乎接近0°.通过原子力显微镜、扫描电镜和水接触角的测试对膜表面形貌及疏水性能进行了表征;探讨了其表面微观结构与表面疏水性能的关系.草莓形复合粒子在膜表面的无规则排列赋予涂膜表面不同等级的粗糙度,使水滴与涂膜表面接触时能够形成高的空气捕捉率,这种微观结构与疏水基团的梯度分布相结合,赋予了含氟硅丙烯酸酯乳液涂膜表面超疏水性能.     

复合粒子涂膜表面疏水性能分形评价

采用接枝法和非均相乳液聚合与溶胶-凝胶法相结合技术,制备了不同形状的复合粒子,经低表面能的物质修饰后,其涂膜表面具有超疏水性。采用分形理论对涂膜表面疏水性进行评价,用分形维数表征涂膜表面微观形貌与疏水性能之间的关系,结果表明对于粗糙结构表面,分形维数较粗糙度因子能更好地反映表面形貌对水接触角的影响。     

铝合金表面原位自组装超疏水膜层的制备及耐蚀性能

采用阳极氧化法在铝合金表面原位构造粗糙结构, 经表面自组装硅氧烷后得到超疏水自清洁表面, 与水滴的接触角最大可达157.5°±2.0°, 接触角滞后小于3°. 通过傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱分析仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角测试对阳极氧化电流密度、硅氧烷溶液中水的含量和自组装时间等参数进行了分析, 并得到制备超疏水自清洁表面的最优工艺参数. FE-SEM及AFM的测试结果表明, 由自组装硅氧烷膜层的无序性形成的纳米结构和阳极氧化构造的微米级粗糙结构与硅氧烷膜层的低表面能的协同作用构成了稳定的超疏水表面. 电化学测试(动电位极化)的结果表明, 原位自组装超疏水膜层极大地提高了铝合金的耐蚀性.     

溶胶凝胶法制备超疏水二氧化硅涂膜及其表面润湿行为

采用溶胶-凝胶法以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为前驱体制备超疏水SiO2涂层。红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TGA)表征合成SiO2的化学组成,通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(TEM)观察制备SiO2的结构形貌,扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)观察SiO2涂膜的表面形貌,通过测试水接触角(WCA)讨论SiO2涂层的表面微观结构与其表面疏水性能的关系。结果表明以TEOS和MTES为共前驱体可以制备得到表面带-CH3基团的SiO2溶胶,SiO2溶胶在老化过程中纳米SiO2粒子由于自组装作用形成草莓状微米-纳米双微观结构,这种结构赋予SiO2涂膜表面不同等级的粗糙度,使得水滴与涂膜表面接触时能够形成高的空气捕捉率和较小的粗糙度因子,与SiO2表面疏水性的-CH3基团共同作用形成类荷叶超疏水结构。     

三氟丙基修饰的二氧化硅膜制备、氢气分离及其水热稳定性能

以三氟丙基三甲氧基硅烷(TFPTMS)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备三氟丙基修饰的SiO₂膜材料,研究了三氟丙基修饰对膜材料孔结构和疏水性的作用、疏水膜材料的氢气渗透和分离性能以及水热稳定性能。结果表明三氟丙基修饰后的膜材料仍保持良好的微孔结构,孔径狭窄分布在0.45~0.7 nm之间。修饰后膜材料疏水性明显提高,当n_TFPTMS/n_TEOS=0.6时,对水的接触角达到(102.7°±0.1°)。H₂在修饰后膜材料的输运遵循微孔扩散机理,在300 ℃时,H₂的单组份渗透率达到4.77×10^-7 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,H₂/CO₂的理想分离系数以及双组份分离系数分别达到6.99和6.93,均高于其Knudsen扩散分离因子。在200 ℃水蒸气物质的量含量为5%的环境中陈化220 h后,H₂的单组份渗透率仅在前3 h有轻微下降,然后基本保持不变,说明三氟丙基修饰的SiO₂膜具有良好的水热稳定性。     

帽状锑纳米粒子的制备及表面等离子共振特性的研究

采用热蒸发法在SiO₂自组装单层膜上制备了帽状锑纳米粒子,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和紫外-可见-近红外(UV-Vis-NIR)分光光度计对帽状复合纳米粒子的表面形貌、结构以及表面等离子共振特性进行了研究和表征。结果表明,制备的复合纳米粒子呈帽状,表面等离子共振峰具有明显的可调谐性,当二氧化硅粒径增大或锑帽层厚度增加时,等离子共振吸收峰位置红移。     

以砂纸为模板制作聚合物超疏水表面

报道了一种聚合物材料超疏水表面的简便制备方法. 以不同型号的金相砂纸为模板, 通过浇注成型或热压成型技术, 在聚合物表面形成不同粗糙度的结构. 接触角实验结果证明, 聚合物表面与水的接触角随着所用砂纸模板粗糙度的增加而加大, 其中粒度号为W7和W5砂纸制作的表面与水的接触角可超过150°, 显示出超疏水性质. 多种聚合物使用砂纸为模均可制备不同粗糙度及超疏水的表面, 本征接触角对复制表面浸润性的影响从Wenzel态到Cassie态而变小. 扫描电镜结果表明, 不规则形状的砂纸磨料颗粒构成了超疏水所需要的微纳米结构的模板.     

气相燃烧合成纳米复合粒子的形态与结构

在气相燃烧反应器中成功地合成了TiO₂-SiO₂、TiO₂-SnO₂复合粒子。TiO₂-SiO₂复合粒子中TiO₂以金红石型和锐钛型存在，SiO₂以无定型的形式存在。复合结构为SiO₂附着于TiO₂的外部，在Ti∶Si的进料比较大时SiO₂附着于TiO₂的表面，Ti∶Si比值减小到1∶4时，SiO₂包覆全部TiO₂表面。包覆层的厚度大约为6～7nm。TiO₂-SnO₂的复合粒子中同时存在着三种晶体结构SnO₂、金红石型和锐钛型的TiO₂。在复合粒子的表面，TiO₂和SnO₂两种组分分布均匀。通过改变进料方式可以调整复合粒子的结构。     

超疏水涂膜的研究进展

超疏水涂膜以其独特的性能，在国防、工农业生产和日常生活中有着广泛的应用前景。但目前的制备技术制约了其在建筑外墙涂料等大型设施方面的应用。探索如何采用简单有效的方法构造和调控涂膜的双微观结构，从而获得性能持久优异的超疏水性涂膜，并有效应用于生产和生活的各个方面是这一领域研究的最终目标。本文就超疏水材料表面理论的发展和近几年来超疏水膜制备技术取得的新成果进行了概括，并指出制备超疏水涂膜存在的问题和发展方向。利用表面能极低的含氟材料，将溶胶－凝胶、相分离技术和自组装梯度功能等技术有机结合，获得适宜的表面粗糙度和微观构造，是实现超疏水涂膜工业化生产的可行途径。     

十三氟辛基修饰的疏水有机-无机杂化二氧化硅膜孔结构、氢气分离及水热稳定性

采用1,2-双（三乙氧基硅基）乙烷（BTESE）和十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷（PFOTES）为前驱体,在酸性条件下通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了十三氟辛基修饰的有机-无机杂化SiO₂膜材料。利用接触角测量、红外光谱、动态光散射和N₂吸附等测试技术分别对膜材料的疏水性、溶胶粒径和孔结构进行表征,并深入研究有支撑膜材料的氢气渗透、分离性能以及长期水热稳定性。结果表明,十三氟辛基修饰后的膜材料由亲水性变成了疏水性,当n_PFOTES/n_BTESE=0.6时膜材料对水的接触角达到（110.4±0.4）°,膜材料还保持微孔结构,孔径分布在0.5~0.8nm。氢气在修饰后的膜材料中的输运遵循微孔扩散机理,在300℃时,氢气的渗透率达到8.5×10^-7mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,H₂/CO₂,H₂/CO和H₂/SF₆的理想分离系数分别为5.49,5.90和18.36,均高于相应的Knudsen扩散分离因子。在250℃且水蒸气物质的量分数为5%水热环境下陈化250h,氢气渗透率和H₂/CO₂的理想分离系数基本保持不变,膜材料具有良好的水热稳定性。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.