纳米零价铁去除水体中砷的效能与机理

全球超过一亿人受到高毒性、难处理的砷污染引发的饮用水安全的威胁,解决砷污染问题迫在眉睫而又任重道远。纳米零价铁(nZVI)能高效去除重(类)金属、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、高氯酸盐、卤代物、多环芳烃、偶氮染料和苯酚等污染物,成为广泛应用的工程纳米材料之一,在全球已有近60例的环境原位修复和废水处理工程案例。其独特的纳米级核壳结构和表面性质使其能够通过吸附、还原和沉淀等多种作用高效去砷。本文综述了近年来nZVI及其改性材料去除水中砷的研究进展,探讨了nZVI去除水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的反应机理,归纳了不同反应条件(初始pH值、反应时间、nZVI投加量、砷初始浓度、共存离子和有机质)对去除效果的影响,总结了nZVI改性材料(多孔材料负载改性nZVI、金属掺杂改性nZVI、表面稳定剂改性nZVI和绿色合成nZVI)对砷的去除效率,展望了纳米零价铁去除砷的发展方向和所面临的挑战。     

纳米零价铁在水相反应中的表面化学和晶相转化

纳米零价铁在水相中的表面化学特性和晶相等性质变化,将影响其反应活性及环境归趋等.总结近期课题组关于纳米零价铁在水相中表面化学和晶相转化的研究进展,为纳米零价铁污染控制化学提供基础理论.重点探讨水中有无溶解氧、不同水力学条件复氧（静态和扰动）、重金属共存、无机阴离子共存对纳米零价铁颗粒表面化学特性和晶相转变的影响.同时也研究高分子电解质表面修饰后,颗粒在水相中表面及晶相的演变及对重金属去除性能的影响.研究表明,纳米零价铁与水相中的水分子、溶解氧、重金属离子及无机阴离子反应,零价铁失去电子演变为氧化铁、羟基氧化铁等;环境条件对颗粒结构性能产生影响,从而影响污染物去除效率及其在环境中的归趋.未来研究将重点探讨结构性能动态变化与不同污染物之间反应性能的影响,建立纳米颗粒的结构与性能之间关系模型,为纳米零价铁材料的环境应用提供理论依据.     

液相色谱-双通道原子荧光检测联用法同时测定砷和硒的形态

建立了一种利用高效液相色谱-双通道原子荧光检测联用同时进行砷和硒形态分析的方法。以10 mmol/L NH4H2PO4溶液(pH 5.6)(添加2.5%(体积分数)的甲醇)为流动相,在12 min内同时分离了三价砷(As(III))、一甲基砷(MMA)、二甲基砷(DMA)、五价砷(As(V))、硒代胱氨酸(SeCys)、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和四价硒［Se(IV)］等化合物。As(III)、DMA、MMA、As(V)、SeCys、SeMet和Se(IV)的检出限分别为1,3,2,3,4,18和3 μg/L (进样量为200 μL),5次测定的相对标准偏差为1.9%～6.1%(As 100 μg/L, Se 300 μg/L)。应用该方法对人体尿样及硒酵母片中砷和硒的形态进行了分析,目标物在尿样中的加标回收率为83%～108%,在硒酵母片中的加标回收率为88%～105%。实验结果表明,该方法可用于尿样及药品中砷和硒形态的日常分析。该方法减少了样品的分析时间和试剂用量,降低了工作强度,提高了工作效率。     

还原氧化石墨烯负载零价铁的合成及对TNT废水处理

选取比表面积大且导电性能优良的还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）作为支撑材料,负载还原性强但极易团聚的纳米零价铁（nZVI）,制得还原氧化石墨烯负载零价铁（nZVI/rGO）复合材料.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）与X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等测试手段对零价铁的负载情况、材料表面微观形貌与反应前后nZVI/rGO材料表面铁元素的含量与组成进行表征.考察了溶液初始pH值、材料投加量和理论零价铁负载量等因素对nZVI/rGO去除2,4,6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）的影响,研究了nZVI/rGO材料去除TNT的反应机理.通过正交实验可知,nZVI/rGO对含TNT废水的处理在较宽的反应条件范围内都可达到处理要求,在理论零价铁的负载量为3.0 g/g rGO,溶液初始pH为6,材料投加量为40 g/L时效果最佳,可将废水中TNT处理到检出限0.1 mg/L以下.     

纳米零价铁去除水中重金属离子的研究进展

重金属离子危害严重.本文综述了近几年纳米零价铁去除水中重金属离子的研究,总结了纳米零价铁去除水中重金属离子的机理,主要包括:纳米零价铁的表面吸附-配合、还原、吸附-还原,并对纳米零价铁在这一领域的应用进行了展望.     

微波辅助萃取-液质联用技术测底泥砷、硒的化学形态

建立了用反相离子对色谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱的联用技术同时测定As（Ⅲ）、 As（Ⅴ）、 MMA、 DMA、 Se（Ⅳ）、 Se（Ⅵ）、 SeMet和SeCys的砷、硒化学形态分析方法. 分别从流动相pH值、离子对试剂的浓度、甲醇量和流速4个方面进行了分离测定条件的优化. 利用碰撞池技术（CCT）较好地解决了^40Ar^35Cl^＋复合离子对^75As的干扰, 并使^80Se的测定成为可能, 有效地提高了灵敏度. 将该方法应用于上海市苏州河底泥样品的微波辅助萃取液的形态分析中, 砷和硒的检出限分别达到0.4～1.3 和0.5～1.9 μg/L.     

硫化纳米零价铁对水中U(VI)的高效去除研究

近年来, 放射性污染物铀(U(VI))在水环境中的排放对生态环境和生物健康造成严重的威胁. 本研究采用液相还原法制备了硫化纳米零价铁(S-NZVI)材料, 并将其用于水中U(VI)的去除. 首先, 我们采取了一系列的微观表征技术探究了S-NZVI的表面特征及材料特性. 结果表明, 相比于纳米零价铁(NZVI), S-NZVI颗粒不易团聚, 性质更加稳定. 随后, 通过宏观实验探究了反应时间、温度、pH、背景离子浓度等因素对S-NZVI去除U(VI)的影响. 结果表明, S-NZVI对U(VI)的最大去除量高达562.5 mg•g^-1, 且在100 min内达到反应平衡. 宏观实验和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明S-NZVI对U(VI)的去除机理是吸附和氧化还原协同作用的结果. 此外, S-NZVI可以通过外加磁场从水中快速地进行分离, 便于材料再回收与利用. 综上, 本研究构筑了一种制备简单、便于回收且高效的U(VI)净化材料, 未来可能会在放射性核素的处理处置等相关工作中起到重要作用.     

Characteristic and Mechanism of Cr（VI） Biosorption by Buckwheat Hull from Aqueous Solutions

农业废弃物荞麦皮作为生物吸附剂去除水中Cr（VI）,研究了荞麦皮对Cr（VI）的去除动力学以及溶液pH、吸附剂用量和Cr（VI）初始浓度对去除效率的影响;通过FT-IR,XPS,SEM．EDX对荞麦皮表面组成和结构进行表征,探索荞麦皮去除Cr（VI）的机理．结果显示：荞麦皮对Cr（VI）有很高的去除效率．常温下5．0g·L^-1的荞麦皮在pH=2.0下对100mg·L^-1Cr（V0溶液的去除率可达99．87％．荞麦皮对Cr（VI）的去除率随溶液pH降低而升高,在pH=2.0时达到最大;随吸附剂用量增加而增大;随Cr（VI）初始浓度增加而减小．单位质量荞麦皮对Cr（V1）的去除量随吸附剂用量增加而减小;随Cr（VI）初始浓度增加而增加,最后趋于稳定．在20℃,pH=2．0,吸附用量为5．0g·L^-1时,荞麦皮对Cr（W）的最大去除容量约为36．4mg·g^-1．荞麦皮吸附去除Cr（Vb的过程符合准二级吸附动力学．FT-IR,XPS和SEM-EDX分析结果表明：荞麦皮是一个多孔材料,表面存在羧基、氨基、羟基等活性基团;荞麦皮对Cr（VI）的去除是一个吸附一还原耦合的过程,包括Cr（VI）在荞麦皮表面上的静电吸附,以及此后的固相还原和对还原态的Cr（Ⅲ）再吸附;Cr（Ⅲ）的吸附主要是通过与荞麦皮表面的羧基、氨基的配位,以及与其中的阳离子发生离子交换作用实现的．     

高活性多羟基结构态亚铁FHC(Cl~-)去除Se(Ⅳ)的性能与机制

通过慢速滴定法合成了高活性的多羟基结构亚铁FHC(Cl~-),对FHC(Cl~-)去除Se(Ⅳ)的动力学进行了研究,并对体系中的投加量、pH值、溶解氧和氯化钠浓度进行了响应面分析.研究结果表明,FHC(Cl~-)去除Se(Ⅳ)的表观速率常数k_(obs)=0.60 min~(-1),约为纳米零价铁的4倍和零价铁的16倍.由Box-Benhnken设计拟合得出响应值对编码自变量的二次多项回归方程为Y(c/c_0)=0.14-0.20A+0.017B-0.27C-0.019D-0.047AB-0.095AC+0.13AD-0.010BC-0.082BD+0.33A~2+0.023B~2+0.097C~2+0.065D~2,最优条件为:FHC(Cl~-)投加量98 mg/L,溶液的pH=7.5,氯化钠浓度1 mmol/L,体系为封闭.产物XPS分析结果表明,Se(Ⅳ)最终被FHC(Cl~-)还原为Se(0)或Se(-Ⅱ).     

响应面法优化硅藻土负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)

近年来,纳米零价铁(Nanoscale zerovalent iron, NZVI)因高还原性、高比表面积等优点被广泛应用于去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的研究。本文采用壳聚糖改性后的硅藻土(CDt)对NZVI进行负载制备了硅藻土负载型纳米零价铁(NZVI-CDt),并对其去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的条件进行了响应面法优化。以负载比(CDt与NZVI的质量比)、温度、反应时间以及反应溶液pH值为4个响应因素,以水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率为响应值进行了四因素三水平的响应面实验设计(Box-Behnken Design, BBD),建立了响应面模型。分析结果表明：模型在整个回归区域内拟合度好,4个因素对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响是显著的(F值为146.83),影响顺序为溶液p H值>负载比>反应时间>温度。通过模型优化得到最佳去除条件为：负载比3∶1,温度30℃,反应时间35 min,pH=4,且预测的Cr(Ⅵ)最高去除率为97.81%。通过3组平行实验对模型的预测结果进行验证,得到预测值高于实际值且绝对误差为1.93%,说明预测值与实际值的拟合度较好。通过该研究优化了NZVI-CDt去除水中Cr(...     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.