高功率微波输出窗内侧击穿动力学的PIC/MCC模拟研究

高功率微波在受控热核聚变加热、微波高梯度加速器、高功率雷达、定向能武器、超级干扰机及冲击雷达等方面有着重要的应用.本文针对高功率微波输出窗内侧氩气放电击穿过程,建立了二次电子倍增和气体电离的一维空间分布、三维速度分布（1D3V）模型,并开发了相应的PIC/MC程序代码.研究了气压、微波频率、微波振幅对放电击穿的影响.结果表明：在真空情况下,介质窗放电击穿只存在二次电子倍增过程;在低气压和稍高气压时,二次电子倍增和气体电离共存;在极高气压时,气体电离占主导.给出了不同气压下电子、离子的密度和静电场的空间分布.此外还观察到,在500 mTorr时,随着微波振幅或微波频率的变化,气体电离出现的时刻和电离产生的等离子体峰值位置有较大差异,尤其是当微波频率（GHz）在数值上是微波振幅（MV/m）的2倍时,气体电离出现的较早.     

Windowless transition between atmospheric pressure and high vacuum via differential pumping for synchrotron radiation applications

A differential pump assembly is introduced which can provide a windowless transition between the full atmospheric pressure of an in‐air sample environment and the high‐vacuum region of a synchrotron radiation beamline, while providing a clear aperture of approximately 1 mm to pass through the X‐ray beam from a modern third‐generation synchrotron radiation source. This novel pump assembly is meant to be used as a substitute for an exit vacuum window on synchrotron beamlines, where the existence of such a window would negatively impact the coherent nature of the X‐ray beam or would introduce parasitic scattering, distorting weak scattering signals from samples under study. It is found that the length of beam pipe necessary to reduce atmospheric pressure to below 10 mbar is only about 130 mm, making the expected photon transmission for hard X‐rays through this pipe competitive with that of a regular Be beamline window. This result is due to turbulent flow dominating the first pumping stage, providing a mechanism of strong gas conductance limitation, which is further enhanced by introducing artificial surface roughness in the pipe. Successive reduction of pressure through the transitional flow regime into the high‐vacuum region is accomplished over a length of several meters, using beam pipes of increasing diameter. While the pump assembly has not been tested with X‐rays, possible applications are discussed in the context of coherent and small‐angle scattering.     

无氧铜冲击熔化温度的辐射法测量

 在发生冲击熔化的情况下，金属样品/窗口界面压力下的熔化温度与卸载温度数值相等，且十分接近于界面温度值。根据这一结论，利用二级轻气炮加载手段和光辐射法测温技术，用氟化锂（LiF）单晶作透明窗口，获得了110~140 GPa压力范围内无氧铜的熔化温度。实验表明，无氧铜的高压熔化温度数据与文献发表的无氧铜高压声速实验结果是一致的，铜的高压熔化规律可用Lindemann熔化定律近似描述。采用的熔化温度测量方法不必反演出冲击温度，简化了冲击熔化温度的数据处理方法，为金属冲击熔化温度测量提供了一种潜在的技术途径。     

激光等离子体动量转换效率的实验研究

强激光与固体靶相互作用时，产生的高速喷射的等离子体对靶具有强烈的反冲作用，因此，激光等离子体可以作为一种新型的推进动力源.与传统的化学燃料推动相比，激光等离子体具有较高的比冲和有效载荷比等特点.对纳秒激光脉冲与铝、石墨、铅和碳氢靶相互作用时，等离子体对靶的冲量进行了实验测量，研究了大气与真空环境下的靶动量与激光聚焦面积的关系，并对部分实验结果与理论计算的数值进行了比较.实验结果显示，大气与真空环境下的靶动量有很大的差异，并且真空下的靶动量受材料性质的影响较大，与以往长脉冲激光的实验结果有很大的不同. 关键词： 激光等离子体 动量 动量耦合系数     

Dust-Lower-Hybrid Surface Waves in Classical and Degenerate Plasmas

The dispersion relation for general dust low frequency electrostatic surface waves propagating on an interface between a magnetized dusty plasma region and a vacuum is derived by using specular reflection boundary conditions both in classical and quantum regimes. The frequency limit ω«ω_ci«ω_ce is considered and the dispersion relation for the Dust-Lower-Hybrid Surface Waves (DLHSW's) is derived for both classical and quantum plasma half-space and analyzed numerically. It is shown that the wave behavior changes as the quantum nature of the problem is considered.     

Anode Phenomena in Vacuum and Atmospheric Pressure Arcs

This paper summarizes recent experimental data related to anode phenomena in both vacuum and atmospheric pressure arcs. Currents in the range 10A to 3OkA are discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on the effect of plasma flow from the cathode. For vacuum arcs this plasma flow is the directed motion of metal ions from the cathode spots. These ions reduce the anode voltage drop, and maintain a diffuse anode termination. At atmospheric pressure the ion flow is impeded by gas-atom collisions. However, a plasma flow towards the anode can result from magnetic pinch forces at the constricted cathode termination. In the absence of plasma flow, the anode termination constricts to a vigorously evaporating anode spot. For a typical non-refractory electrode such as copper, the spot operates at a temperature close to the boiling point irrespective of the gas pressure. The spot temperature is dictated by the balance between electrical input power and evaporative losses. These anode phenomena are discussed in relation to vacuum switchgear, arc welding and arc furnaces.     

Structure of an extended plasma jet in a vacuum arc in an axial magnetic field

The motion, heating, and ionization of a plasma in a ring anode vacuum arc in an axial magnetic field are studied using a quasi-one-dimensional MHD model. The region between the cathode and anode (a current-carrying plasma jet), as well as the region behind the anode (a current-free plasma jet), is considered. It is shown that, over a long portion of a current-free plasma jet, the electron density and temperature remain high and the ion charge increases substantially due to electron-impact ionization.     

等离子体羽中氧原子的光谱强度分布

大气压等离子体羽放电产生的低温等离子体由于不需要真空装置,可以对复杂材料进行三维处理等,在工业上具有广泛的应用前景。本工作利用等离子体针放电装置在大气压空气中产生了稳定的等离子体羽。通过光谱测量,发现等离子体羽发射谱中存在777.5和844.6nm的氧原子谱线。这表明在大气压空气放电中产生了具有高化学活性的氧原子。通过光谱学方法研究了氧原子谱线强度的空间分布,发现靠近电极处氧原子谱线强度远大于其他位置。为了对这一现象进行解释,利用光电倍增管对等离子体羽的发光信号进行了空间分辨测量,发现靠近电极处发光信号宽度远大于其他位置的发光信号宽度。这些结果对大气压空气等离子体羽在杀菌消毒等领域的应用具有重要意义。     

真空中固液界面的离子束分析研究

原位实时地高精度测量固液界面的元素或离子(电荷)组成和动态变化对于界面反应和相互作用研究非常重要,但是传统的高分辨离子束分析实验在真空环境中不能直接测量液体样品。本文研制了一种固体-液体界面探针,该探针使用氮化硅-铝纳米复合膜作为真空密封窗和电化学电极,利用复旦大学核微探针成功开展了真空中固体-液体界面探针0.01 mol/L氯化钡和1 mol/L氯化镧溶液样品固体-液体界面的卢瑟福背散射(RBS)分析和粒子激发X射线(PIXE)分析。实验结果表明,真空环境下,固液界面探针纳米薄窗可承受2 MeV He+离子注量为1.0×1018 ions/cm2的辐照。微区PIXE分析成功获得了固液界面探针结构的元素分布。通过对卢瑟福背散射能谱进行分析,获取了20 nm分辨的电极界面微米深溶液中的La, Cl元素浓度。在1 mol/L的LaCl3固液界面电极表面,负电压(–2.3 V)时电解质离子在电极表面高浓度聚集,正电压(+2.3 V)时电解质在电极表面呈低浓度分布,在约1 250 nm深处电解质溶液趋向于体浓度。     

The window Josephson junction: a coupled linear nonlinear system

We investigate the interface coupling between the two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation and the two-dimensional wave equation in the context of a Josephson window junction using a finite volume numerical method and soliton perturbation theory. The geometry of the domain as well as the electrical coupling parameters are considered. When the linear region is located at each end of the nonlinear domain, we derive an effective one-dimensional model, and using soliton perturbation theory, compute the fixed points that can trap either a kink or antikink at an interface between two sine-Gordon media. This approximate analysis is validated by comparing with the solution of the partial differential equation and describes kink motion in the one-dimensional window junction. Using this, we analyze steady-state kink motion and derive values for the average speed in the one- and two-dimensional systems. Finally, we show how geometry and the coupling parameters can destabilize kink motion.     

C-ADS中质子束窗散射效应和热力学计算

质子束窗是C-ADS中隔离加速器的真空环境与靶的非真空环境的重要部件。质子束窗材料及其冷却介质造成的束流散射效应是造成束流在靶外损失的主要因素,由于质子束窗中的高能量沉积和高辐照效应,束窗的热力学计算显得尤为重要。计算结果表明:当质子束窗和散裂靶距离为1.5 m时,通过选取合理的结构参数,多管道型质子束窗结构可以将靶外束流损失控制在1%以内。束窗中总的应力,包括由于温度升高造成的热应力、冷却剂的静压,以及束窗两侧加速器真空与外部非真空环境的压强差造成的应力,可以有效控制在所用材料的许用应力之内。并通过计算讨论给出C-ADS中质子束窗的初步设计参数。     

高密度等离子体融断开关融蚀现象的粒子模拟研究

 利用自行研制的2.5维全电磁柱坐标粒子模拟程序对高密度等离子体融断开关融断区域中的融蚀现象进行了模拟研究,详细地介绍了计算模型的建立以及复杂边界的算法处理。模拟结果表明在融断开关导通电流的最后阶段,由于磁压力、磁场渗透作用和非中性静电融蚀作用,在融断区域的阴极附近会形成一定宽度的真空鞘层。由于等离子体密度的下降以及初始真空鞘层的存在,使得即使只有较小的离子电流,融蚀机制也完全可以导致PEOS最终断开。     

Arc Cathode Processes in the Transition Region between Vacuum Arcs and Gaseous Arcs

The cathode processes of electric ares on cleaned Cu cathodes were investigated in the transition region between vacuum and atmospheric pressure (argon). The plasma density in the cathode plane was estimated by probe measurements to be n = r are current, r – distance from the spot). It was observed that several cathode spot parameters have an extremum at p ～ 10⁴ Pa. The crater diameter has a minimum independently of the cathode temperature. The diffusion constant of the chaotic motion determined by framing photographs was found to have a maximum. Some additional, large displacements occurred at that pressure. The diameter of the bright plasma cloud obtained by open-shutter photographs showed a maximum, the current per spot was found to decrease from 20 A in vacuum to 10 A at atmospheric pressure. It is thus concluded that the spot with the smallest crater radius and a low current per spot, occurring at ～ 10⁴ Pa, represents the single spot, whereas the spot at higher pressures, and probably also in vacuum, has a complicated nature where the large craters are formed by a cooperation of single spots.     

Interchange-Ballooning Mode in l = 2 Helical Systems

A high shear toroidal helical system such as Heliotron E gives a limiting beta comparable to tokamaks, by examining stability against interchange-ballooning modes with a low toroidal mode number. The limiting beta depends on equilibrium pressure profiles and a high beta value is found for the pressure having a flat profile in the central region and a large pressure gradient at the high shear peripheral region of the plasma column.     

转动窗口在高能激光器中的应用

 为满足高能激光从谐振腔真空室到大气环境的输出要求,减小窗口热变形对输出激光束性能的影响,提出了一种通过旋转固体窗口降低其受辐照功率密度的解决方案。该方案通过大力矩空心直流电机带动固体窗口匀速转动,并采用高精度动密封圈隔离真空和大气,使得强激光对CaF2窗口的辐照均匀化,从而大大减小CaF₂窗口的温度梯度和应力,极大改善了输出光束性能,并有效避免了长时间出光时CaF₂窗口炸裂现象的发生。研究结果表明：该方案具有体积小、重量轻、结构紧凑、使用方便和性能可靠等优点,可有效改善激光器输出光束质量,使高能激光长时间输出成为可能。     

EAST装置第一壁热沉冷却结构关键工艺的研究

对由埋管引起的面对等离子体第一壁热沉冷却结构冷却效果的下降进行了实验测量与数值模拟。在相同加热源条件下,比较了热沉内光孔、埋管打压胀管及高温真空埋管钎焊三种工艺实验件的换热效率,并与数值模拟的结果进行比较,确定了合理的计算模型和参数。对高场测的热沉原型件,比较了埋管打压胀管和高温真空钎焊连接换热效率,为EAST热沉冷却结构优化提供了依据。     

EASTװ�õ�һ���ȳ���ȴ�ṹ�ؼ����յ��о�

对由埋管引起的面对等离子体第一壁热沉冷却结构冷却效果的下降进行了实验测量与数值模拟。在相同加热源条件下,比较了热沉内光孔、埋管打压胀管及高温真空埋管钎焊三种工艺实验件的换热效率,并与数值模拟的结果进行比较,确定了合理的计算模型和参数。对高场测的热沉原型件,比较了埋管打压胀管和高温真空钎焊连接换热效率,为EAST热沉冷却结构优化提供了依据。     

Experimental observations of steady anodic vacuum arcs withthermionic cathodes

Stationary plasma discharges have been investigated in a high vacuum ambient (background gas pressure <10^-2 Pa), with an externally heated cathode and a consumable hot evaporating anode. With various anode materials like chromium or copper, and electrode separations between 0.5 and 3 mm, the nonself-sustained discharge operates with DC arc currents in the range of 220 A. The waveform of the arc voltage is strongly influenced by the magnetic field of the cathode heating current, and arc voltages between a minimum of 3 V and a maximum exceeding 100 V have been observed. The voltage-current characteristics (V_CC) and the influence of the electrode separation have been measured separately for the minimum and the maximum of the arc voltages and show a different behavior. The metal plasma expands into the ambient vacuum toward the walls of the vacuum vessel and offers a macroparticle free deposition source of thin films. The arc voltage can be varied by external manipulations of the arc discharge, and the mean ion energy of the expanding metal plasma shows a linear dependence of the mean arc voltage     

Numerical modeling of laser matter interaction in the presence of an ambient gas

A one dimensional numerical model to simulate the laser matter interaction in the presence of an ambient gas is presented. The model is developed by making appropriate modifications in MEDUSA, a one dimensional Lagrangian computer code, which simulates laser plasma interaction in vacuum. Various parameters of the plasma such as velocity, electron temperature, ion temperature, density, pressure, shock wave intensity of the plasma as it expands into a background gas are simulated. The results are compared with the experimental observations.     

一种高重频废束桶束窗的设计及热结构分析

深圳中能高重频X射线自由电子激光（S3FEL）将建设成为全球唯一软X射线波段的高重频自由电子激光。废束桶是S3FEL装置的重要设备,在系统调束中发挥着重要作用。废束桶束窗是废束桶的重要组成部件,用于隔离和保护加速器超高真空环境。本文对几种常用的废束桶束窗材料进行了对比分析,最终选择铍作为束窗的材料,并依此设计了一种带有水冷结构的束窗。通过蒙特卡罗方法计算得到不同厚度束窗的沉积功率,采用有限元分析方法对不同厚度的束窗进行热结构计算与分析,得到厚度为1.6 mm的水冷铍窗效果最佳,其最大温度为121.6℃,低真空为1 Pa时的最大应力与中心变形分别为198.7 MPa和0.000 82 mm,低真空为101 325 Pa时的最大应力与中心变形分别为204.2 MPa和0.097 mm,结果均满足使用要求。此研究为S3FEL的废束桶束窗设计提供了重要的理论依据。