长链正烷基脂肪酸同系物的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

本文采用Nicolet 170SX型FTIR仪系统地测定了14种长链正烷基脂肪酸的固态红外光谱。实验表明,正烷基脂肪酸同系物在1180—1325cm~(-1)区域内出现的一系列特征谱带是不完全等间隔的,并且它们随着亚甲基数增加而有规律地向低频方向位移。作者推出六个计算脂肪酸谱带位置的经验公式,其计算值与实验值相当吻合,最大偏差为3.5cm~(-1)。同时预算了C_(21)、C_(23)、C_(25)、C_(27)、C_(28)、C_(29)、C_(30)等七种正烷基脂肪酸的谱带位置。此外,作者对1180—1325cm~(-1)区域出现的一系列特征谱带归属进行研讨,认为它们应归属于锯齿型排列的碳链骨架振动。     

利用和频振动光谱研究空气/短链脂肪酸界面的分子取向

利用和频振动光谱(SFG-VS)方法检测了5种短链脂肪酸分子(乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸、正戊酸及正己酸)在空气/纯液体界面的结构, 得到了3种偏振组合(ssp, ppp, sps)下的和频振动光谱. 通过偏振选择定则对各个谱峰进行了指认和分析, 同时计算出空气/纯脂肪酸液体界面上脂肪酸分子的甲基取向角. 对比发现, 从丙酸到己酸, 分子甲基基团的界面取向角随碳链的增长略有增大. 并对其机理进行了分析.     

血浆中长链不饱和脂肪酸的毛细管气相色谱分析

脂类物质是细胞膜的主要组成,具有多种重要的生物功能。通过检测血浆中脂肪酸水平,可以研究某些重要疾病与脂质及脂肪酸的关系。特别是长链不饱和脂肪酸,由于它们是前列腺素的前体,更具有重要意义,血浆中长链不饱和脂肪酸,其中8,11,14—廾碳三烯酸(C_(20:)     

液相色谱/质谱大气压化学电离源鉴定深海鱼油中长链不饱和脂肪酸

以1,2-苯并-3,4-二氢咔唑-9-乙基苯磺酸酯为衍生化试剂,在充氮的气氛下对鱼油进行皂化处理,所得皂化产物经正己烷萃取处理后进行柱前衍生化,再以HPLC/MS分离和鉴定。通过对长链脂肪酸分子的标记处理,其衍生物分子在质谱分析中呈现出双键位置的规范信息。通过建立模型计算式,借助不饱和脂肪酸的分子离子峰和特征碎片离子峰的质量数,计算不饱和的碳碳双键位置。共鉴定出23种脂肪酸。结果表明深海鱼油主要由C12-C22的脂肪酸组成,多不饱和脂肪酸含量占67.08%(峰面积百分比,下同),其中C16∶19-十六碳烯酸(11.7%);C16∶44,7,10,13-十六碳四烯酸(2.91%);C18∶112-十八碳烯酸(11.1%);C18∶46,9,12,15-十八碳四烯酸(3.62%);C20∶113-二十碳烯酸(1.21%);C20∶55,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(16.71%);C22∶62,5,8,11,14,17-二十二碳六烯酸(10.53%)。所建立的方法为不饱和脂肪酸碳链中双键位置的确定提供了新的技术手段。     

炔键由碳链中间向末端的转移

碳链中间的炔键向末端转移的反应在昆虫性信息素及脂肪酸的合成中是一个极为有用的方法。Brown等曾报道氨基丙胺化钾(Potassium 3-amino-propylamide,KAPA)能迅速地使炔键由碳链中间移向碳链末端,产率甚佳。但该反应需用大量1,3-丙二胺,且反应时产生大量泡沫。另外,氢化钾的处理也较麻烦,所以在大量制备时存在一定的困难。最近,Macaulay用氢化钠代替氢化钾,虽然可以减少泡沫的生成,但反应仍需用大量1,3丙二胺。因此,寻找更适宜的溶剂,并减少溶剂的用量,对于大量制备有着重要的意义。     

天然长链脂肪酸的碳数为何都是偶数？

脂肪酸作为脂肪-甘油三羧酸酯的组成部分,它的碳链的偶数性是生物体内脂肪合成的自然结果. 如常见的天然脂肪酸:软脂酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸等的碳数都是偶数的.它们的碳数一般为4-24.     

生物柴油树种油脂脂肪酸组成对燃料特性的影响

以目前中国主要开发或具有开发潜能的10种生物柴油树种为研究对象,分析其果实或种子油脂脂肪酸组成对合成生物柴油燃料特性的影响。结果表明,木本植物生物柴油产品十六烷值、碘值、氧化安定性等燃料特性主要由原料油脂肪酸的不饱和度决定,脂肪酸不饱和度低于133.13,十六烷值(GB/T 20828-2007)和碘值(EN 14214)就可以达标。生物柴油产品冷滤点随着长碳链饱和脂肪酸的增加而升高,脂肪酸饱和碳链长度因子分别小于8.41和2.72时,可以满足冷滤点0℃和-10℃的要求。高品质生物柴油的原料中应该具有较高的单元不饱和脂肪酸含量。通过油脂脂肪酸单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的组成绘制出生物柴油特性三角预测图,为预测生物柴油产品燃料特性提供参考依据。     

鱼油中的长链脂肪酸分析

我国渔产丰富,鱼油中含有大量的脂肪酸,其中很多是长链不饱和脂肪酸,近年来有人利用鱼油作为降胆固醇的药物,也有人利用不饱和脂肪酸合成具有生物活性的前列腺素。为充分了解并更好地利用我国的鱼油资源,我们用毛细管色谱-质谱(电子轰击电离/化学电离)方法分析了一种海鱼——马面屯鱼的鱼油,并与一种淡水鱼——花鲢鱼的鱼油作了比较。虽然鱼油的分析近年来国外有很多报道,但尚未见到利用 GC/MS 来分析马面屯鱼油中脂肪酸成分的。两种鱼油分析结果对比后证实了马面屯鱼油中具有较多的长碳链不饱和脂肪酸,临床价值应高于花鲢鱼。     

碳链长度及不饱合度对脂肪酸低场核磁弛豫特性的影响

对不同碳链长度及饱和程度的脂肪酸及二、三元混合脂肪酸体系的低场核磁共振弛豫特性进行了研究。结果表明,除乙酸外,随碳链长度增加,横向弛豫时间(T_2)及单组分弛豫时间(T_(2W))均减小;而随不饱和度增加,二者均相对增大。对棕榈酸-油酸、硬脂酸-油酸混合体系而言,随着油酸比例增加,T_2与T_(2W)均增大;油酸比例大于40%后,会对亚油酸-油酸体系的弛豫响应产生较大影响。随着亚油酸比例增加,各亚油酸-油酸-硬脂酸三元混合体系的T2弛豫时间均增大,峰面积比例(S_(21))减小,而峰面积比例(S_(22))增大,油酸比例越高,峰面积比例的变化幅度减小,T_(2W)均增加,且随体系中油酸(OA)比例的增加变化趋缓。     

聚紫精-脂肪酸盐表面活性剂复合物的组装合成及相行为研究

通过Menshutkin反应合成聚(对亚二甲苯基-4,4'-联吡啶二溴)(PXV)半刚性链聚紫精,采用等量混合法将聚紫精与系列不同碳链长度的阴离子表面活性剂脂肪酸钠Cn-1COONa(n=10,12,14,16,18)组装制备聚电解质-表面活性剂(PXV-Cn)复合物,运用DSC,TGA,XRD,FTIR等表征手段初步考察复合物的超分子结构及相行为.基于FTIR谱学分析特征、小角与广角变温XRD数据以及DSC热分析焓变的定量计算结果,表明半刚性主链聚紫精和脂肪酸盐极性头基组成的极性层与侧链烷烃非极性层交替排列形成层状超分子结构,其中烷烃链靠近极性端约8个亚甲基处于无定型态,其余碳链则形成结晶相.最短的PXV-C10形成少量规整度较低的三斜晶βT,n≥16以上的长碳链复合物则以六方相αH为主,其它中等长度侧链脂肪酸盐复合物则为多种结晶形式共存.随着碳链长度n的增加,侧链结晶熔点Tm升高,n≥16的长碳链复合物表现出随温度变化的可逆结晶相态变化.且这类聚紫精-表面活性剂复合物表现出高于200℃的热稳定性.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.