土壤中多环芳烃和酞酸酯类有机污染物气相色谱-质谱测定方法中的质量控制与质量保证

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)和酞酸酯类(PAEs)有机污染物的方法。样品经加速溶剂萃取和超声萃取处理后,通过固相萃取或凝胶渗透色谱法进行净化,在选择离子监测模式下进行定量。通过全程序空白、空白加标回收、清洁土壤基质加标回收及有证标准参考物质比对等方式,对所建立的方法进行严格的质量控制和保证。16种PAHs和7种PAEs的方法检出限分别为0.13～2.2 μg/kg和0.19～0.52 μg/kg,平均加标回收率分别为41.5%～116.9%和90.7%~107.1%。本研究所建立的土壤中PAHs和PAEs的GC-MS快速分析方法及其质量控制措施可以为全国性土壤污染状况调查数据的科学性和准确性提供技术保障。     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱/串联质谱法测定竹笋中38种持久性有机污染物

建立了同时测定竹笋中9种多环芳烃(PCBs)、16种多氯联苯(PAHs)和13种有机氯农药(OCPs)的分散固相萃取-气相色谱法-串联质谱(DSPE-GC-MS/MS)分析方法。竹笋样品经乙腈提取,以无水MgSO_4、弗罗里硅土和十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂(C18)作为分散固相萃取净化剂净化,经气相色谱-串联质谱测定,外标法定量。结果表明,方法实现了对38种持久性有机化合物的分离和定量,分析物含量在2~1000μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.9960~0.9998之间;方法检出限范围0.035~5.55μg/kg;38种持久性有机污染物在低、中、高添加浓度下的平均加标回收率为67.6%~113.6%,相对标准偏差为1.7%~9.5%。方法可对竹笋样品中38种持久性有机污染物定性和定量。     

加速溶剂萃取法测定土壤和大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯

加速溶剂萃取法被越来越多地运用到环境有机污染物的分析。本文评价了一种平行加速溶剂萃取仪对分析土壤和大气颗粒物样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)和邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的影响。研究结果显示，对于PAHs,加速溶剂萃取循环3次后加标回收率(67.3%～121%)几乎不再增加，而PAEs循环2次回收率即趋于稳定(65.7%～108%)。污染物的浓度与加标回收率的结果一致，PAHs和PAEs分别萃取3次和2次，分别占总浓度的98.4%和98.8%。在土壤和颗粒物中均显示出PAHs更难以提取，这可能与颗粒物和两类污染物的结合力有关。土壤样品量也是影响PAHs逐次提取效果的潜在因素；但萃取3次的总浓度结果相近，与样品量无关。样品量对PAEs的萃取效果影响不明显。加速溶剂萃取与索式提取的结果十分相近，部分PAHs前者的结果略好于后者。运用建立的方法分析了标准物质SRM-2585,也显示了该方法的准确性。     

17种酞酸酯类环境激素GC-EI-MS分析方法的建立

以17种酞酸酯类(Phthalic Acid Esters,PAEs)环境激素为目标物,选择苯甲酸苄基酯为内标物,优化了气相色谱的升温程序和质谱的离子化方式等分析条件,初步解析了PAEs和内标物的电子轰击离子源-质谱谱图,并确定了选择离子检测方式的特征碎片离子,建立了同时分析17种PAEs环境激素的GC-EI-MS SIM分析方法,并应用于水生植物海白菜样品的分析。     

微波萃取/气质联用法测定细颗粒物(PM2.5)中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立了环境空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的微波萃取(ME)/气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯-丙酮混合溶剂微波提取后,经DB-5MS色谱柱分离,采用SCAN/SIM模式进行质谱测定,外标法定量。结果显示,PAEs的线性范围为100~1 000 pg,方法的检出限为0.101~0.262 ng/m3,加标回收率81.6%~129%。将本方法应用于常州化工园区环境空气细颗粒物中PAEs的分析检测发现,大部分PAEs在样品中检出,其中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DEHP)检出浓度较高,方法能够满足环境空气细颗粒物中痕量PAEs的测定要求。     

液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定水中46种半挥发性有机物

半挥发性有机物主要包括多环芳烃类(PAHs)、邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)、有机氯农药类(OCPs)和硝基苯类(NBs)等化合物,这些物质多具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用,以及内分泌干扰效应。因此,快速准确测定水中半挥发性有机物非常重要,目前国内尚无水中半挥发性有机物的检测标准。该研究从氮吹温度、水样pH值和萃取时间3个方面进行了优化,旨在建立一种液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱(LLE-GC-MS)同时测定水中46种半挥发性有机物的方法。结果表明:氮吹温度对46种半挥发性有机物的回收率影响不大,考虑回收率及浓缩效率,将氮吹温度设定为35 ℃;水样在中性环境下萃取效果好于碱性环境下的效果;萃取时间由7 min增加至10 min时,回收率也随之提高,但时间增加至15 min时,17种(占比37%)化合物回收率有所增加,29种(占比63%)化合物回收率则呈降低趋势。因此,将萃取时间设定为每次10 min。采用气相色谱-质谱仪进行检测,内标法定量。该方法在20.0~2000 μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数(r ²)≥0.9916, 46种SVOCs检出限为0.28~16.55 ng/L,定量限为0.92~55.16 ng/L;在0.02、0.2、0.4 μg/L 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为63.6%~125%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.03%~17.0%。采用该方法检测了黄河流域济南段的27个地表水样品,检出的物质以PAEs和PAHs为主,2种OCPs在部分点位有检出,NBs均未检出。该方法操作简单,通用性强,准确度及精密度良好,检出限低,适用于地表水及地下水中46种半挥发性有机物的同时检测。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定武汉市普通人群血清中35种有机氯农药与多氯联苯

有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)是两类重要的持久性有机污染物,可在环境介质中长期存在,并通过多种途径进入人体,导致人体的高暴露风险。OCPs和PCBs对人体存在诸多健康危害,精准定量人体内OCPs和PCBs的暴露水平是健康效应评价的关键。该研究基于固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(SPE-GC-MS/MS)建立了同时检测100 μL血清中35种OCPs和PCBs的分析方法。血清样品经尿素沉淀蛋白后,采用Oasis^® HLB小柱净化,正己烷-二氯甲烷混合溶液(1∶1, v/v)洗脱,氮吹近干,正己烷定容,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,内标法定量分析。结果表明,OCPs和PCBs在0.05~50.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,检出限在1.2~71.4 ng/L之间。35种目标分析物的加标回收率在72.6%~142%之间,相对标准偏差小于25%。利用所建立的方法检测了武汉市普通人群血清样本中OCPs和PCBs的浓度水平,结果表明武汉市普通人群广泛暴露于OCPs和PCBs,且以OCPs为主。有8种OCPs和7种PCBs检出率高于50%,其中p,p'-滴滴伊、p,p'-滴滴滴和甲氧滴滴涕检出率达100%,非类二噁英PCBs是PCBs的主要成分。血清中OCPs浓度随年龄增长呈升高趋势,在60岁以上存在性别差异;不同性别、年龄人群血清中PCBs浓度无统计学差异。该方法样本用量少,操作简便,具有较高的准确度和精密度,适用于环境健康研究中大量人群血清样本中痕量OCPs和PCBs的生物监测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定海参和海胆中的单唾液酸神经节苷脂

建立了液相色谱-四极杆串联质谱法定量检测海参和海胆中单唾液酸神经节苷脂的分析方法。采用Svennerholm法从海胆或海参样品中提取神经节苷脂,经C8固相萃取柱净化,采用APS-2 NH₂柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm),以乙腈和50 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(pH 5.6)为流动相,梯度洗脱。样品中每种成分的定量在多反应监测模式下进行。该方法具有极高的灵敏度,定量限可低至纳克级。非硫酸酯化单唾液酸神经节苷脂(NMG)和硫酸酯化单唾液酸神经节苷脂(SMG)在1～40 ng进样量范围内呈现良好的线性关系;定量结果显示所测海参样品中美国红参的NMG含量最高,海胆样品中紫海胆的SMG含量最高;海胆中总的单唾液酸神经节苷脂含量(4.30～6.40 mg/g)明显高于各海参样品(8～131 μg/g)。该方法稳定可靠,适合海胆和海参中微量单唾液酸神经节苷脂的定量分析。     

葡萄酒中10种多酚类物质的高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道高分辨质谱测定方法研究

利用高分辨质谱的定性鉴别能力,建立了葡萄酒中10种多酚类物质含量的高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道高分辨质谱(HPLC-QE HRMS)分析方法。样品经酸化后乙酸乙酯提取,ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)分离,全扫描和目标离子二级扫描定性,外标法定量。10种多酚类物质的定量下限为0.000 5~0.002 5 mg/L,加标回收率为82.0%~109.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。     

中空结构的双金属有机骨架材料作为固相微萃取纤维涂层用于多环芳烃的高灵敏检测

环境样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量较低且样品基质复杂,直接利用仪器进行含量测定比较困难,因此在仪器分析之前需要对环境样品进行必要的前处理。大多数前处理技术的萃取效率取决于萃取材料的特性。目前,金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)作为一种由金属离子与有机配体自组装而成的多孔材料,已经被用作固相微萃取(SPME)的涂层材料应用于PAHs的萃取,但是这些MOFs涂层材料由于目标物较难达到其深层的吸附位点,使得萃取过程往往需要较长的平衡时间;此外,大多数MOFs由单金属离子配位构成,能够提供的开放金属活性位点种类比较单一,较难获得最佳的萃取性能。这些问题在一定程度上限制了MOFs材料在SPME领域的应用。该研究制备了一种中空结构的双金属有机骨架材料(H-BiMOF),并将其作为SPME的涂层材料,用于萃取环境样品中痕量的PAHs。由于中空的结构和双金属的组成,H-BiMOF涂层材料拥有比表面积利用率高、传质距离短等优点,可以使萃取过程快速地达到平衡。同时,双金属的引入提供了种类丰富的金属活性位点,提高了对PAHs这类富电子云目标物的萃取效率。与气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)相结合,建立了一种用于环境水样中PAHs分析的新方法。所建立的分析方法具有检出限低(0.01~0.08 ng/L)、线性范围宽(0.03~500.0 ng/L)、重复性良好(相对标准偏差≤9.8%, n=5)等优点,并成功地用于实际湖水样品中7种PAHs的检测。实验结果表明,所建立的分析方法适用于环境样品中PAHs的分析与监测。     

Detection of organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediments of protected wetlands in Taiwan using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-electron capture detector

Trace residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in estuarine surface sediments were investigated at three protected wetlands in southern Taiwan using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). This study facilitates the development of new strategies for investigating OCPs, particularly at background levels. Linear relationships were obtained between total OCP concentrations (∑OCP), as analyzed by HRGC/HRMS, and the sediment's total organic carbon (TOC) and water content. It contrasted with the results acquired by GC-ECD, where no significant relationship was found. GC-ECD is a rugged option for daily routine practice, particularly in cases of patterns yielded by GC-ECD is clear; the HRGC/HRMS method provides more reliable qualitative and quantitative capabilities and is highly recommended for studying the fate of OCPs and carrying out risk assessments. The average ∑OCP of these three wetlands by HRGC/HRMS was found in a range of 0.214 to 1.049 ng/g dry weight. The highest OCP level might be attributed to associated irrigation systems receiving massive discharges of domestic sewage from an urban area upstream of the wetland. The ratio of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to its metabolites indicated that the DDT residue in these areas was from aged input. According to sediment quality guidelines, adverse ecotoxicological effects of OCPs upon sediments were not expected in these protected wetlands.     

Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides from soils: a comparison between Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction techniques

The methods of simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from soils using Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were established, and the extraction efficiencies using the three methods were systemically compared from procedural blank, limits of detection and quantification, method recovery and reproducibility, method chromatogram and other factors. In addition, soils with different total organic carbon contents were used to test the extraction efficiencies of the three methods. The results showed that the values obtained in this study were comparable with the values reported by other studies. In some respects such as method recovery and reproducibility, there were no significant differences among the three methods for the extraction of PAHs and OCPs. In some respects such as procedural blank and limits of detection and quantification, there were significant differences among the three methods. Overall, ASE had the best extraction efficiency compared to MAE and Soxhlet extraction, and the extraction efficiencies of MAE and Soxhlet extraction were comparable to each other depending on the property such as TOC content of the studied soil. Considering other factors such as solvent consumption and extraction time, ASE and MAE are preferable to Soxhlet extraction.     

Microwave-assisted solvent elution technique for the extraction of organic pollutants in water

Solid phase extraction (SPE) with appropriate solid sorbents has been commonly used in the routine extraction of organic pollutants in water. The elution of analytes from the solid sorbents normally takes place by organic solvents under an applied vacuum. In this study, a microwave-assisted solvent elution technique was developed for the elution of analytes from C₁₈ membrane disks during microwave irradiation from a microwave extraction system (MES). Several parameters, namely, elution solvent, elution temperature, duration of elution and the volume of solvent which may affect the elution efficiency of microwave-assisted solvent elution (MASE) technique towards organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), fungicides, herbicides and insecticides from the membrane disk were investigated. Good recoveries above 75% were obtained for most of the organic pollutants using the optimum SPE-MASE technique. The effect of sodium chloride and humic acid on the recoveries on the target analytes were also investigated.     

凝固漂浮有机液滴-分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法同时测定地表水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯

多环芳烃和酞酸酯是国际公认的优控污染物,因此准确快速地测定水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯非常重要。凝固漂浮有机液滴-分散液液微萃取（DLLME-SFO）是一种简便、快速、环境友好、灵敏度高的样品前处理技术。采用DLLME-SFO同时测定地表水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的分析方法鲜有报道。该文采用凝固漂浮有机液滴-分散液液微萃取富集技术,结合高效液相色谱紫外/荧光法,建立了同时测定地表水中16种多环芳烃和6种酞酸酯的分析方法。考察优化了影响萃取效率的主要因素,包括萃取剂的种类和用量、分散剂的种类和用量、萃取时间和离子强度等。优化后的萃取实验条件为：5.0 mL水样,10 μL十二醇为萃取溶剂,500 μL甲醇为分散溶剂,涡旋振荡时间2 min,氯化钠用量0.2 g。目标化合物经多环芳烃专用色谱柱（SUPELCOSIL^TM LC-PAH,150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）结合乙腈-水梯度洗脱分离,16种多环芳烃除苊烯外采用荧光检测,苊烯和6种酞酸酯采用紫外检测,外标法定量。结果表明,22种目标化合物的基质加标回收率为60.2%~113.5%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~14.3%;多环芳烃和酞酸酯的检出限分别为0.002~0.07 μg/L和0.2~2.2 μg/L;多环芳烃和酞酸酯的定量限分别为0.006~0.23 μg/L和0.8~7.4 μg/L。该方法简便、快速,环境友好,灵敏度高,可用于地表水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的快速分析检测。     

Screening and Quantification of Organic Pollutants in Soil Using Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

The identification and quantification of organic compounds in leaching basin soil is important for the evaluation of soil pollution. In this study, a non-target screening strategy and a quantitative analytical method were developed based on the accelerated solvent extraction method followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. First, a screening method for potential risk compounds in soil samples was established, and the major compounds were screened under the conditions such as matching similarity, signal-to-noise ratio, and relative area ratio. Second, a quantitative method was further developed by internal calibration curves for 50 main organic pollutants in the soil samples, including 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (PAHs), 10 phthalic acid esters, eight phenolic compounds, and five benzene derivatives. The quantitative procedure exhibited good selectivity, accuracy, precision, low limits of detection (0.03–1.02?ng/g), and quantification (0.1–3.0?ng/g) for all target compounds. Finally, the proposed strategy was applied to the soil samples that were collected from a leaching basin and polluted by electroplating wastewater. Abundant PAHs and phenolic compounds were detected in the topsoil sample, which were mainly released from the electroplating wastewater. The application of this multi-dimensional strategy in leaching basin soil samples can also be used for the assessment of organic pollution in other complex soil samples.     

Comparative performance of extraction strategies for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in peats

The assessment of historical trends in atmospheric deposition of organic contaminants by using peat samples has been reported on several occasions because these samples represent an almost ideal medium for recording temporal changes in organic contaminant deposition rates. The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in peat samples is complicated due to the high content of organic matter in peat, which affects both extraction efficiency and analytical quality. A rapid and simple method is proposed for the determination of 10 US Environmental Protection Agency indicator PAHs in complex matrices such as peat. This article reviews and addresses the most relevant analytical methods for determining PAHs in peat. We discuss and critically evaluate three different extraction procedures, such as ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), shaking and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction using silica cartridges. Detection of the selected PAHs was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection for determination. Optimization of the variables affecting extraction by the selected extraction techniques was conducted, concluding that the UASE extraction method using hexane:dichloromethane (80:20) as extractant was robust enough to determine the selected PAHs in peat samples with estimated quantification limits between 0.050 and 3.5 μg/kg depending on the PAH. UASE did not demand sophisticated equipment and long extraction times. PLE involved sophisticated equipment and showed important variations in the results. The method proposed was applied to the determination of PAHs in peat samples from Xistral Mountains (Galicia, Spain).     

Determination of organic micropollutants in rainwater using hollow fiber membrane/liquid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple and rapid liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method using a hollow fiber membrane (HFM) in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is presented for the quantitative determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in rainwater samples. The LPME conditions were optimized for achieving high enrichment of the analytes from aqueous samples, in terms of hollow fiber exposure time, stirring rate, sample pH, and composition. Enrichment factors of more than 100 could be achieved within 35 min of extraction with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) 1.3-13.6% for PAHs and 1.7-13.8% for OCPs, respectively, over a wide range of analyte concentrations. Detection limits ranged from 0.002 to 0.047 microg l(-1) for PAHs, and from 0.013 to 0.059 microg l(-1) for OCPs, respectively. The newly developed LPME-GC-MS method has been validated for the analysis of PAHs and OCPs in rainwater samples. Extraction recoveries from spiked synthetic rainwater samples varied from 73 to 115% for PAHs and from 75 to 113% for OCPs, respectively. Real rainwater samples were analyzed using the optimized method. The concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in real rainwater samples were between 0.005-0.162, and 0.063 microg l(-1), respectively.