锌基复合脱硫剂脱硫性能的研究

采用共沉淀法和机械混合法制备了Zn-Cu-Mn复合氧化物和ZCM(Z=ZnO、C=CuO、M=MnO2)复合氧化物，并对两种氧化物的脱硫能力进行了分析，同时也将这二种氧化物与单一的ZnO、MnO2和CuO的脱硫能力进行比较。利用XRD和FPD(火焰光度计)分别对复合氧化物的物质组成、结构和脱硫性能进行了分析。实验证明，Zn-Cu-Mn在250℃～350℃具有良好的脱硫能力，且300℃的脱硫能力最佳；空速为7799h-1时穿透硫容较高。煅烧温度为400℃时，Zn-Cu-Mn的脱硫能力高于ZnO。煅烧温度升高，Zn-Cu-Mn复合氧化物的比表面积和脱硫能力下降，且生成了具有尖晶石结构的CuMn2O4。与Zn-Cu-Mn复合氧化物和ZnO相比，ZCM复合氧化物的脱硫能力较低。煅烧温度为550℃时，ZCM体系中的MnO2分解为Mn2O3，当温度升至750℃时Mn2O3相消失，生成了具有尖晶石结构的CuMn2O4。     

CuZnAl水滑石衍生催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Ⅰ. 催化剂焙烧温度的影响

 以类层柱CuZnAl水滑石为前体,经不同温度焙烧制备了一系列甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂. 在250 ℃、 水/甲醇比1.3和重时空速2.5 h-1下的反应结果表明, 600 ℃焙烧的催化剂具有优异的活性和稳定性,而≤500 ℃和≥700 ℃焙烧后的催化剂活性较差. 热重、 X射线衍射、 傅里叶变换红外光谱和程序升温还原分析结果表明, 600 ℃焙烧时水滑石分解较为完全,析出纳米CuO粒子的同时伴生CuAl2O4尖晶石相,进而在反应过程中对金属Cu纳米粒子和ZnO起到良好的隔离和稳定作用. 焙烧温度≥700 ℃时CuO纳米粒子发生二次团聚,同时CuAl2O4尖晶石相大量生成,造成催化活性位减少,活性较低; 而焙烧温度≤500 ℃时水滑石分解不完全,生成 (Cu,Zn)AlxOy(CO3)z复合物且无尖晶石相伴生,造成反应中金属Cu纳米粒子和ZnO聚集,导致催化剂活性较低.     

Mg/Zn/Al类水滑石的热分解和水化性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Mg2Al1、Zn2Al1和Mg1Zn1Al1LDHs,利用XRD和SEM表征手段,对它们的热分解及焙烧物在Na2CO3溶液中恢复层状结构的能力进行了对比研究。结果表明,在400～700℃温度范围内,Zn2Al1LDH和Mg2Al1LDH的焙烧物中均出现氧化物相(ZnO和MgO)和尖晶石相(ZnAl2O4和MgAl2O4相);而Mg1Zn1Al1LDH的焙烧物中始终以ZnO相为主,仅在700℃时出现微弱的MgAl2O4相。三种焙烧物恢复层状结构的能力为:Mg1Zn1Al1LDO>Mg2Al1LDO>Zn2Al1LDO,其与焙烧物组成有关。原始LDHs和水化LDHs均呈片状。     

催化裂化USY／ZnO／Al2O3脱硫添加剂的高温水热失活

 对USY／ZnO／Al2O3汽油催化裂化脱硫添加剂经高温水热老化处理前后的脱硫性能进行了考察，发现老化后添加剂的脱硫性能大幅度下降．采用XRD和IR等技术对USY／ZnO／Al2O3添加剂在高温和高温水热条件下失活的原因进行了研究．结果表明，在高温下，ZnO可与USY沸石中的铝发生固相反应生成ZnAl2O4尖晶石，从而造成USY晶体结构崩塌，转变成无定形状态．在ZnO含量较高的条件下，ZnO可继续与USY晶体结构崩塌后生成的无定形的硅和铝的氧化物反应，生成Zn2SiO4硅锌矿和ZnAl2O4尖晶石结构．这一方面使添加剂失去了可形成硫化物吸附中心的ZnO，另一方面破坏了硫化物的裂化活性组分USY，从而造成添加剂脱硫性能下降甚至失去脱硫活性．ZnO对USY的破坏作用主要与温度有关．在USY／ZnO／Al2O3体系中，ZnO被ZnO与Al2O3之间形成的锌铝尖晶石膜固定并与USY隔离，单纯的高温条件对添加剂的破坏不显著，而水蒸气可以促进ZnO的移动，有利于ZnO与USY的接触，因此在高温和有水蒸气存 在的条件下添加剂的结构易遭到破坏．     

La2O3掺杂氧化锌压敏阀片压敏电位梯度与显微组织的研究

采用添加微量La2O3的方法, 提高氧化锌压敏阀片的电位梯度, 使之具有优良的综合性能.同时研究了微量La2O3添加剂对氧化锌压敏电阻片的压敏电位梯度的影响, 并通过SEM测试手段对其微观组织结构进行了分析研究, 从理论上探讨了La2O3影响氧化锌压敏阀片压敏电位梯度与组织的机理.研究结果表明, 在0～0.08%(摩尔分数)成分范围内, 随着La2O3含量的增加, 氧化锌压敏阀片的压敏电位梯度明显提高; 当La2O3含量超过0.08%时, 随其含量的增加, 氧化锌压敏阀片的压敏电位梯度又呈降低趋势.其原因是La2O3加入到氧化锌压敏阀片中, La主要以固溶的形态分布于ZnO 晶内和晶界处, 使ZnO晶体的自由电子浓度增大, 进而使填隙锌离子Zni的总浓度下降, 因此填隙锌离子的传质能力下降, 抑制了ZnO晶粒的生长, 因而晶粒尺寸随La2O3的添加量下降, 压敏电位梯度显著提高.     

Sm, Pr掺杂CeO2和CeMoO15基固体电解质的结构与性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了Sm和Pr掺杂的CeO2和CeMoO15基固体电解质, 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等手段对氧化物结构进行了分析, 用交流阻抗谱测试了其电性能, 并比较了不同基体及其掺杂体系的结构与电性能. 结果表明, Ce6MoO15基掺杂体系的导电性能高于CeO2基掺杂体系; 元素Mo的加入使Ce6MoO15基材料的晶粒尺寸增大, 晶界相成分减少, 材料的晶界电导率增加, 600 ℃以下材料导电性能明显提高; Pr的掺入减小了材料的晶粒尺寸, 提高了材料的晶界电导率.     

催化裂化USY／ZnO／A12O3脱硫添加剂的高温水热失活

对USY／ZnO／A12O3汽油催化裂化脱硫添加剂经高温水热老化处理前后的脱硫性能进行了考察，发现老化后添加剂的脱硫性能大幅度下降．采用XRD和IR等技术对USY／ZnO／A12O3添加剂在高温和高温水热条件下失活的原因进行了研究．结果表明，在高温下，ZnO可与USY沸石中的铝发生因相反应生成ZnAl2O4尖晶石，从而造成USY晶体结构崩塌，转变成无定形状态．在ZnO含量较高的条件下，ZnO可继续与USY晶体结构崩塌后生成的无定形的硅和铝的氧化物反应，生成Zn2SiO4硅锌矿和ZnAl2O4尖晶石结构．这一方面使添加剂失去了可形成硫化物吸附中心的ZnO，另一方面破坏了硫化物的裂化活性组分USY，从而造成添加剂脱硫性能下降甚至失去脱硫活性．ZnO对USY的破坏作用主要与温度有关．在USY／ZnO／Al2O3体系中，ZnO被ZnO与Al2O3之间形成的锌铝尖晶石膜固定并与USY隔离，单纯的高温条件对添加剂的破坏不显著，而水蒸气可以促进ZnO的移动，有利于ZnO与USY的接触，因此在高温和有水蒸气存在的条件下添加剂的结构易遭到破坏．     

ZnVSb基压敏陶瓷中尖晶石相形成机理的研究

ZnO压敏电阻陶瓷是一种典型的“晶界特性”功能陶瓷材料，材料的宏观电学特性与陶瓷的显微组织结构有密切联系。由于ZnSb尖晶石相在使ZnO基压敏电阻陶瓷显微形貌细化和均匀化方面有明显促进作用，自ZnO基压敏电阻发明以来．ZnSb尖晶石在其中的形成机理就成为该陶瓷研究领域的热点。     

Zn取代类水滑石衍生复合氧化物上N2O的催化分解

恒定二价与三价阳离子比为3((nZn+nMg)/nAl=3),采用共沉淀法制备不同Zn含量的系列类水滑石前驱物ZnxMg3-xAl-HT (x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0),经焙烧得到其衍生复合氧化物催化剂ZnxMg3-xAlO,用于N2O的直接催化分解.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积分析(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)、热分析(TG-DSC)和傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱等表征手段考察了Zn含量对材料前驱物及其衍生复合氧化物组成和结构的影响,研究了系列ZnxMg3-xAlO催化剂的N2O催化分解性能,同时探讨了反应条件,如N2O浓度、空速、O2和H2O等因素对催化剂活性的影响.结果表明,所有前驱物材料均能形成完整的层状水滑石结构;经高温焙烧后形成了以Zn-Al尖晶石为主相的复合氧化物,且Zn掺杂有助于促进尖晶石相的生成;Zn含量对材料的热稳定性、比表面积和N2O催化分解活性有显著的影响;随着Zn含量增加,催化剂比表面积下降,但其不是影响催化剂活性的主要因素;650℃焙烧后的Zn2.0Mg1.0AlO催化剂具有较好的N2O催化分解活性;N2O浓度、空速及O2对催化剂活性的影响较小,而H2O则对活性有较大的影响.     

Zn取代类水滑石衍生复合氧化物上N2O的催化分解

恒定二价与三价阳离子比为3((nZn+nMg)/nAl=3), 采用共沉淀法制备不同Zn含量的系列类水滑石前驱物ZnxMg3-xAl-HT (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0), 经焙烧得到其衍生复合氧化物催化剂ZnxMg3-xAlO, 用于N2O的直接催化分解. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积分析(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)、热分析(TG-DSC)和傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱等表征手段考察了Zn含量对材料前驱物及其衍生复合氧化物组成和结构的影响, 研究了系列ZnxMg3-xAlO催化剂的N2O催化分解性能, 同时探讨了反应条件, 如N2O浓度、空速、O2和H2O等因素对催化剂活性的影响. 结果表明, 所有前驱物材料均能形成完整的层状水滑石结构; 经高温焙烧后形成了以Zn-Al尖晶石为主相的复合氧化物, 且Zn掺杂有助于促进尖晶石相的生成; Zn含量对材料的热稳定性、比表面积和N2O催化分解活性有显著的影响; 随着Zn含量增加, 催化剂比表面积下降, 但其不是影响催化剂活性的主要因素; 650 ℃焙烧后的Zn2.0Mg1.0AlO催化剂具有较好的N2O催化分解活性; N2O浓度、空速及O2对催化剂活性的影响较小, 而H2O则对活性有较大的影响.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。