SAPO-34分子筛催化丁烯转化制丙烯的研究

通过水热法合成SAPO-34分子筛,将其制成催化剂用于催化丁烯转化制取丙烯,考察了反应温度、空速和铝磷比等对催化性能的影响;还比较了SAPO-34分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化该反应的差异.结果表明,在实验范围内,反应温度升高会使得丁烯的转化率明显增高,且丙烯选择性提高;而空速增加,则丁烯的转化率和丙烯选择性降低;铝磷比越大,对丙烯的选择性越差.在有效的反应时间内,SAPO-34分子筛催化效果好于ZSM-5分子筛,但单程寿命较ZSM-5分子筛短.     

糖类对SAPO-34分子筛的结构以及MTO性能的影响

以廉价的木糖、蔗糖、淀粉和葡甘聚糖为硬模板剂成功合成出含多级孔道的SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD、BET、SEM、TEM、ICP和NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床上,研究了糖类硬模板剂对SAPO-34分子筛的结构以及MTO性能的影响。结果表明,糖类硬模板剂能够提升SAPO-34分子筛的比表面积、微孔和介孔体积。与常规SAPO-34分子筛相比,多级孔道SAPO-34分子筛的双烯选择性和寿命均高。介孔体积最大、酸量最少、酸性最弱的SAPO-34-z分子筛的寿命最长（130 min）,高出常规SAPO-34分子筛（100 min）30%,分子筛寿命从长到短顺序为SAPO-34-z > SAPO-34-h > SAPO-34-d > SAPO-34-m > SAPO-34 > SAPO-34-p。含多级孔道的SAPO-34分子筛的双烯选择性均高于常规SAPO-34分子筛。     

Fe—Zn—M／HZSM—5复合催化剂上CO2加氢性能的研究

研究了380℃、5.0MPa条件下,在Fe-Zn-M/HZSM-5(M=Cr、Al）复合催化剂上进行的CO2催化加氢的反应,考察了Fe-Zn-M中Fe含量、分子筛的硅铝比及Fe-Zn-M/HZSM-5的比率对CO2转化率和产物选择性的影响。结果表明,随着Fe含量的增加,复合催化剂的活性增强、目的产物选择性降低;Fe-Zn-M与HZSM－5间有适宜的配比;分子筛的硅铝比影响到复合催化剂的活性和选择性,随着分子筛硅铝比的降低,复合催化剂的活性增强,目的产物选择性提高。     

Fe-Zn-M/HZSM-5复合催化剂上CO_2加氢性能的研究

研究了 380℃、 5 .0 MPa条件下 ,在 Fe- Zn- M/ HZSM- 5 (M=Cr、 Al)复合催化剂上进行的 CO2 催化加氢的反应 .考察了 Fe- Zn- M中 Fe含量、分子筛的硅铝比及 Fe- Zn- M/ HZSM- 5的比率对 CO2 转化率和产物选择性的影响 .结果表明 ,随着 Fe含量的增加 ,复合催化剂的活性增强、目的产物选择性降低 ;Fe- Zn- M与 HZSM- 5间有适宜的配比 ;分子筛的硅铝比影响到复合催化剂的活性和选择性 ,随着分子筛硅铝比的降低 ,复合催化剂的活性增强 ,目的产物选择性提高     

Fe@Si/S-34催化剂的制备及其合成气制烯烃性能

合成气经费托合成反应直接制低碳烯烃是极具开发前景的合成气直接制烯烃技术,其关键是通过产物分布的调控提高低碳烯烃的选择性.本工作将疏水性Fe基费托合成催化剂与SAPO-34分子筛进行复合,制备了一系列不同SAPO-34分子筛含量的Fe@Si/S-34复合催化剂.采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃程序升温脱附和水接触角测量仪考察了SAPO-34分子筛含量对催化剂物化性质的影响.结果表明SAPO-34分子筛的含量对催化剂的表面积、孔体积、酸性和疏水性具有显著的影响.随着SAPO-34分子筛含量的增加,催化剂的比表面积和总孔体积增加,弱酸和中强酸位点增加,疏水性减弱.催化性能评价结果表明,Fe@Si/S-34复合催化剂明显降低了C₅₊产物选择性,增加了C₂～C₄烃类的选择性,适量的SAPO-34分子筛能够显著提高C₂～C₄烯烃的选择性.本研究将Fe@Si催化剂的疏水性和SAPO-34分子筛对C₅₊烃的...     

骨架富含Si（4AI）结构的SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其对甲醇制烯烃反应的催化性能

通过在初始凝胶中加入HF合成了骨架富含Si（4AI）配位结构的SAPO-34分子筛。使用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线荧光和核磁共振等表征手段研究了初始凝胶中HF的加入对合成SAPO-34分子筛的晶体结构、晶体形貌、元素组成以及骨架硅配位环境的影响结果表明,在初始凝胶中加入F离子后,合成的SAPO-34分子筛的晶体结构更加规整;随着初始凝胶中F离子含量的提高,合成的SAPO-34分子筛晶体骨架中Si（4AI）配位结构的数量增多,Si（n／AI）（n=3～0）配位结构的数量减少。将合成的SAPO-34分子筛催化剂用于甲醇制烯烃反应,结果显示,SAPO-34分子筛骨架中富含Si（4AI）配位结构可以有效提高反应产物中乙烯的选择性,同时能够延长催化剂的寿命。     

形貌可控的微孔-介孔硅磷铝酸盐在大分子催化裂化中具有较高的催化活性

目前,随着世界原油资源的日趋重质化,催化裂化工艺已经成为石油加工过程中重油的轻质化和渣油裂解的重要方法.但是如何提高催化裂化转化率和小分子烯烃的选择性是目前催化裂化工艺研究的重要课题,而催化裂化的关键是催化剂.重质油大分子催化裂化时存在的问题是由于传统的微孔分子筛只具有单一的1nm以下的微孔孔道,而重油大分子通常较大、分子链较长,很难进入到微孔孔道中充分反应,因此传统微孔分子筛对重油大分子的反应极为不利.以MCM-41为代表的介孔分子筛具有较大的孔道直径(1.5～10nm),在催化裂化炼油工业中具有潜在的应用前景,但其较弱的酸性和较差的水热稳定性无法满足裂化过程对催化剂酸性和水热稳定性的要求,因此限制了介孔分子筛在工业催化领域中的应用.微孔-介孔复合分子筛具有微孔和介孔双模型孔分布,结合了介孔分子筛的孔道优势与微孔分子筛强酸性和高水热稳定性的优势,可使两种材料优势互补、协同作用,在大分子催化与吸附方面具有潜在的应用前景,受到分子筛化学家的广泛关注.前人主要对硅铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛进行了大量的研究,本文将传统的硅铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛扩展到了硅磷铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛.在酸性室温条件下,通过两步路线合成了一种新颖且形貌可控的微孔-介孔硅磷铝酸盐MUS-5,考察了不同pH值条件下MUS-5形貌的变化,并借助X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD等技术对其物相、形貌、结构及酸性进行了表征.研究结果表明:当溶液体系的pH值在2.0到5.0之间变化时,可以得到三种不同形貌(包括链状、花状、桶状)的MUS-5,且MUS-5均是由微孔SAPO-5相和介孔MCM-41相组成的.同时,对MUS-5复合材料的水热稳定性进行了研究,经过100℃水热条件下处理48h后,发现MUS-5结构中的介孔相依然存在,表明该材料具有较好的水热稳定性.最后,采用1,3,5-三异丙基苯作为探针分子评价了MUS-5催化剂的裂化性能,并在相同反应条件下与微孔SAPO-5催化剂进行了比较.催化评价结果显示:MUS-5的裂化性能远远高于微孔SAPO-5分子筛.其原因主要是由于MUS-5具有微孔和介孔双模型孔分布,结合了介孔相MCM-41的孔道优势与微孔相SAPO-5强酸性的优势,致使其催化性能大大提高.说明这种具有微孔-介孔孔道结构的硅磷铝酸盐MUS-5在大分子裂化方面应用前景广阔.     

碱处理对ZnZrOx/SAPO-34催化合成气一步法制低碳烯烃的影响

采用ZnZrO_x金属氧化物和SAPO-34分子筛物理混合制备了双功能催化剂,用于合成气一步法制低碳烯烃(STO)反应。考察了三乙胺、四甲基氢氧化铵和四乙基氢氧化铵三种有机碱溶液及不同浓度的三乙胺溶液处理对SAPO-34分子筛织构、结构和酸性的影响,采用XRD、SEM、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD对分子筛进行了表征,并考察了碱处理后催化剂的STO反应性能。结果表明,采用0.06 mol/L的三种有机碱后处理均可在SAPO-34分子筛表面刻蚀出部分多级孔道,从而在STO反应中加速金属氧化物表面形成的中间过渡物种从金属氧化物表面扩散进入SAPO-34分子筛孔道,提高了催化剂在STO反应中CO的转化率,同时,三种碱处理均可降低SAPO-34分子筛的酸量及酸强度,从而提高催化剂在STO反应中低碳烯烃选择性;采用0.02-0.10 mol/L的三乙胺处理SAPO-34分子筛,均在SAPO-34分子筛表面刻蚀出的多级孔,提高了STO反应中CO的转化率,且0.02和0.06 mol/L的三乙胺溶液处理后的SAPO-34分子筛,酸强度和...     

正辛烷在Pt/SAPO-41上的加氢异构化反应

 在醇-水混合溶剂体系中,以二正丙胺为模板剂,以二氧化硅、异丙醇铝和磷酸分别为硅、铝和磷源,合成了纯相SAPO-41分子筛,其元素组成为n(Al)∶n(P)∶n(Si)=47.0∶44.8∶8.1. 通过浸渍法制备成0.5%Pt/SAPO-41催化剂,并在连续微型固定床反应装置上考察了其对正辛烷加氢异构化反应的催化性能. 结果表,Pt/SAPO-41催化剂具有较高的活性但较低的异构化选择性; 不同分子筛催化剂上反应产物中二甲基己烷/甲基庚烷的比值不同,其大小顺序为Pt/SAPO-31＞Pt/SAPO-41＞Pt/SAPO-11.     

Sn和Si掺杂AlPO4-5分子筛及其加氢脱硫反应性能研究

直接在AlPO4-5凝胶中加入Si和Sn2+源成功制备SAPO-5和SnSAPO-5分子筛。采用XRD、低温N2物理吸附、SEM、NMR、Py-IR、NH3-TPD等表征对分子筛物理化学性质进行分析。随Sn含量的增多,杂原子SnSAPO-5分子筛表面更光滑,外貌呈现更规则的六棱柱;Sn和Si更多的富集于表面;并且Sn2+同晶取代Al3+,骨架产生缺陷,电荷不平衡,进而产生更多的酸性位点。将分子筛用于NiW催化剂的改性,以脱除模拟油中二苯并噻吩（DBT）为探针,评价其改性加氢催化剂的加氢脱硫（HDS）反应性能。SnSAPO-5分子筛的添加在催化剂上引入了更多的酸性中心;改善载体与活性金属的相互作用;促进活性金属的硫化;形成更多的金属活性相,进而提高NiW催化剂的加氢脱硫能力。因而SnSAPO-5改性催化剂表现出比其他改性催化剂更好的HDS活性,具有良好的应用前景。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.