光散射技术在蛋白质晶体生长研究中的应用和进展

光散射技术广泛应用于生物大分子的晶体生长研究中,它包括静态光散射和动态光散射两种。利用静态光散射可以测定蛋白质溶液渗透的第二维里系数;利用动态光散射可以测定蛋白质溶液的平动扩散系数,获得溶液中蛋白质粒子的流体力学半径及分布情况,分离蛋白质结晶的成核与生长过程,研究大分子的聚集行为和晶体生长的动力学。借助光散射技术可以实现蛋白质晶体生长过程的动态控制。近些年光散射仪器向着小型化、轻便化的方向发展,光散射技术不断得到改进,日益完善,不仅用于地面实验,也应用于空间领域蛋白质晶体生长的研究中。     

聚合物涂层光稳定化研究进展

用于改造各种材料的表面性质并防止其光老化的聚合物涂层的光稳定化技术近年来已经成为高分子材料科学和光化学领域的又一研究热点。本文以紫外光固化聚合物涂层为重点综述了该研究领域的发展过程、理论研究特点和应用技术的生长点,并对聚合物涂层光稳定化技术的最新进展进行了评述,讨论了聚合物涂层光稳定化技术中新型光固化树脂,多功能单体、光引发剂和光稳定剂（包括紫外吸收剂和受阻胺类稳定剂）的特点及作用机理。     

光散射技术在高分子表征研究中的应用

光散射技术是高分子领域中重要的表征手段之一.静态光散射和动态光散射的结合能够获得丰富的关于高分子的信息,如重均分子量、回转半径、第二维里系数、流体力学半径、尺寸分布、分子链构象等.除合成高分子外,光散射技术同样适用于研究生物大分子、微生物、胶体、纳米粒子、病毒、囊泡等在溶液或悬浮液中的行为.本综述重点介绍稀溶液中静态光...     

有机/聚合物光探测器在医疗健康领域中的应用

有机/聚合物光探测器因其具有响应光谱大范围可调、可制备柔性化器件以及可溶液加工等优势,受到研究人员的广泛关注.随着近年来有机/聚合物光电材料体系的迅速发展,有机/聚合物光探测器的各项性能指标已经可以与商业化硅基光探测器媲美,甚至在短波红外光区的响应性能已经超越硅基光探测器,这使其显示出巨大的应用潜力.特别是在医疗健康领域中,具有轻、薄、柔性等优势的有机/聚合物光探测器受到了广泛的关注,为新型便携式健康监测设备的发展提供了新的技术可能.本文围绕有机/聚合物光探测器,综述了近年来有机/聚合物光探测器在医疗健康领域中的研究进展,并对与之相关的应用原理进行了分析与讨论,最后指出了有机/聚合物光探测器在医疗健康领域中的发展潜力,展望了其未来的发展.     

凝胶色谱—光散射联机法测定高聚物的长链支化度

运用凝胶渗透色谱-光散射联用技术(GPC-LALLS)测定聚合物的长链支化度的基本原理是:在将聚合物分子按其流体力学体积顺序分离的同时,通过光散射仪逐滴测定溶液中聚合物的分子量。经过对谱图上逐点进行扩展效应的改正,通过普适标定线,求出支化分子与线型分子回转半径的比值,以计算试样的支化度及其分布。具体方法如下:     

葡萄糖异构化对其糖聚合物蛋白识别功能的影响

设计合成了具备良好的近红外吸收性能的苝酰亚胺大分子引发剂,并通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和后修饰方法制备了重复单元分别为一位羟基葡萄糖(1-Glc)和六位羟基葡萄糖(6-Glc)的糖聚合物.该聚合物在水溶液中能形成苝酰亚胺为核,糖聚合物为壳的纳米聚集体.通过动态光散射(DLS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)对聚合物在水溶液中的形貌、大小以及光学性能进行了分析表征,聚合物在650~750 nm有较好的近红外吸收特性;通过光声仪测试了聚合物的光声性能,结果表明苝酰亚胺糖聚合物具有较强的光声信号;为研究葡萄糖异构化对糖聚合物蛋白识别功能的影响,采用多种表征手段如浊度法、动态光散射研究了聚合物和凝集素半刀豆蛋白(concanavalin A,Con A)的结合.发现随着Con A凝集素的加入,PBI-1-Glc溶液的浊度和粒径有着明显的增加,而PBI-6-Glc则几乎没有变化;此外,还利用光声成像技术研究了糖聚合物与Con A之间的相互作用,Con A凝集素可使PBI-1-Glc聚合物的光声信号明显增加,此结果表明光声技术也可以有效地识别2种聚合物与凝集素之间的相互作用.实验结果显示,PBI-1-Glc聚合物与凝集素Con A有强的相互作用,而PBI-6-Glc聚合物则没有,这证实了单糖异构化在影响其与凝集素的特异性识别方面具有一定普适性.     

左旋18—甲基炔诺酮—硅橡胶缓释体系小角激光散射法研究

以小角激光前向散射和背散射法研究了左旋１８－甲基炔诺酮－甲基乙烯基硅橡胶缓释体系的光散射时效行为，用紫外分光光度法测定释放过程，讨论药物释放过程中高分子链段运动和聚合物结构对药物释放的影响．     

聚合物对硫化铅钠米微粒的稳定作用

以含铅聚合物微凝胶与Ｈ２Ｓ气体反应制得ＰｂＳ纳米微粒／聚合物复合体系，利用小角Ｘ光散射方法对复合在聚合物中的ＰｂＳ纳米微粒的粒度及分布进行了表征，研究了不同反应条件对其粒度及复合体系稳定性的影响。     

光响应超分子聚合物

超分子聚合物是超分子化学、高分子化学和材料化学领域的研究热点.将光响应的功能基团以非共价作用构筑到超分子聚合物体系中,得到光响应型超分子聚合物,从而能够将超分子聚合物的独特性质与光化学反应的优势有效地结合起来,从而构筑新型的光功能材料.本文总结了近年来本课题组有关光响应超分子聚合物方面的研究工作:介绍了主链型的光响应超分子聚合物的光调控组装和解离,超分子聚合物和共价聚合物的光控可逆切换和光调控组装形貌;另外还举例介绍了具有自修复和室温磷光发射等功能的侧链型光响应超分子聚合物,并对刺激-响应的超分子聚合物领域的发展做了展望.     

建筑用梳形共聚物分散剂溶液行为的光散射研究

采用激光光散射研究了一种主链为聚丙烯酸侧链为聚乙二醇的梳形共聚物分散剂的一些溶液行为.从静态光散射得出了较为合理的表观重均分子量、均方旋转半径等参数.动态光散射给出了流体力学半径分布及其角度和浓度依赖性.结合静态和动态光散射,上述梳形共聚物分散剂在溶液中的构象也得到初步的表征.通过与描述梳形聚合物的Gay-Raphae模型进行比较表明,这类梳形共聚物溶液在低盐离子和低pH值条件下存在聚集行为,形成以PAA主链为核PEG为壳层的类胶束聚集.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。