衍生-超临界流体萃取金属离子的技术与进展

综述了近年来衍生-超临界流体萃取环境样品和环境模拟样品中金属离子的研究报道,结合作者的研究工作,着重评述了超临界流体萃取不同环境样品、环境模拟样品中金属离子的原理、萃取过程的动力学模型、衍生剂的选择原则、金属螫合物在超临界流体中的溶解度理论、影响萃取效率的因素、金属离子超临界流体萃取应用研究现状与进展等。利用流体与基体改性技术实现了金属离子和金属螯合物的超临界流体萃取,且在萃取体系中加入适量的表面活性剂能显著提高萃取效率。     

食品及环境样品中双酚类物质的前处理及检测方法研究进展

双酚类物质作为一种环境内分泌干扰物,广泛存在于食品包装材料及环境介质中,对生态环境造成污染,也对人体健康产生一定危害。双酚残留是目前重要的食品安全问题,检测食品和环境样品中的双酚类物质的含量对人体健康具有重要的意义。由于残留目标物浓度通常较低,且实际样品存在基质干扰,因此需经一定的样品前处理,并结合仪器分析方法,提高检测效率,增强分析灵敏度与可靠性。常用的前处理分析方法主要有液液萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散固相萃取、QuEChERS等,常用仪器分析方法包括液相色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、酶联免疫吸附测定法、生物传感器法等。该文综述了食品及环境样品中双酚类物质的样品前处理及仪器分析方法,为双酚类化合物的残留监测提供了参考依据。     

利用固定双硫腙的微晶萘萃取色层预富集：原子吸收光谱法测定环境水中痕量锌

１引言为了准确测定环境水中痕量金属元素，提高分析方法的灵敏度，人们引入了共沉淀法等多种预富集手段，但这些方法多存在操作繁复，工作效率不高等缺点。１９８６年Ｓａｔａｋｅ等人首次利用固定有疏水性螫合物的微晶萘萃取色层富集金属离子，并应用于合金、生物样品及环境样品中痕量金属离子的测定。双硫腙做为一种金属螫合剂已成功地应用于多种金属离子的萃取富集分析，但该方法萃取水样时，却往往会受到水中含有的表面活性剂的乳化干扰而影响测定结果。本文就是首次利用固定有双硫腙的微晶萘萃取色层富集环境水中痕量锌，火焰原子吸收…     

新型样品前处理材料在环境污染物分析检测中的研究进展

针对复杂样品的分析和痕量目标物的检测,样品前处理是必不可少的,高效的样品前处理技术不仅可以去除或减小样品基质干扰而且能够实现分析物的富集,提高分析检测的准确性和灵敏度。近年来,固相萃取、磁分散固相萃取、枪头固相萃取、搅拌棒萃取、固相微萃取等高效的样品前处理技术已在环境污染物分析检测中获得广泛关注,萃取效率主要取决于萃取材料,所以新型的高效萃取材料一直是样品前处理研究领域的重要发展方向。该文总结和讨论了近年来新型样品前处理材料在环境污染物分析检测中的研究进展,主要聚焦在石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管、无机气凝胶、有机气凝胶、三嗪基功能材料、三嗪基聚合物、分子印迹聚合物、共价有机框架材料、金属有机框架材料以及它们的功能化萃取材料等。这些材料已经被应用于环境样品中不同类别污染物的萃取富集,如重金属离子、多环芳烃、塑化剂、烷烃、苯酚、氯酚、氯苯、多溴联苯醚、全氟磺酸、全氟羧酸、雌激素、药物残留、农药残留等。这些样品前处理材料具有高的表面积、大量的吸附位点,并涉及多种萃取机理如π-π、静电、疏水、亲水、氢键、卤键等相互作用。基于这些萃取材料的多种样品前处理技术与各类检测方法如色谱、质谱、原子吸收光谱、荧光光谱、离子迁移谱等相结合,已广泛应用于环境污染物的高灵敏分析检测。最后,该文总结了样品前处理发展中存在的问题,并展望了其未来在环境分析中的发展趋势。     

电场辅助样品前处理技术研究进展

样品前处理是样品分析过程的关键环节。目前各种微波、光、压力、超声波等场作用因能强化溶质传递、加速样品分离而被广泛地运用到样品前处理中。其中,电场辅助样品前处理技术能提高微痕量分析物萃取效率和选择性,已成为场辅助样品前处理技术的研究热点,并已在食品、环境、医药、生物等领域得到应用。该文综述了包括电场辅助膜萃取技术、电场辅助液相(微)萃取技术、电场辅助固相(微)萃取技术在内的电场辅助样品前处理技术的研究进展,并展望了其发展趋势。     

磁性氧化石墨烯的制备及其在环境水样中7种内分泌干扰物检测中的应用

制备了十二胺修饰的磁性氧化石墨烯纳米材料并将其用于磁固相萃取。在对磁固相萃取材料合成与萃取条件以及液相色谱分离等条件进行优化的基础上,建立了磁固相萃取与高效液相色谱-紫外检测对环境水样中7种内分泌干扰物的分析方法。该方法对雌酮、雌二醇、雌三醇、双酚A、17α-乙炔基雌二醇、己烷雌酚和雄烯二酮7种内分泌干扰物的检出限在0.10~0.23 nmol/L之间。将该方法分别应用于废水样品和湖水样品的加标回收试验,回收率在73.9%~112.9%和74.9%~114.7%之间。该方法操作简便,分析成本较低,可为环境水体中内分泌干扰物的分析提供技术支持。     

样品预处理与实时直接分析质谱的联用技术及应用

近年来,与实时直接分析质谱(DART-MS)相结合的样品预处理技术发展迅速,使得对复杂生物、环境、法医学、食品、个体小生物以及单细胞样品中的分析物进行直接分析成为可能。然而固体基质内部分析物检测困难、痕量分析物检测性能不佳已成为限制DART-MS进一步发展的关键问题。针对这些问题,多年来,研究人员在不同领域对样品预处理与质谱联用进行了多种尝试。该文以固相萃取(SPE)、分散固相萃取(DSPE)、搅拌棒吸附萃取(SBSE)、固相微萃取(SPME)、机械化学提取(MCE)和微波提取(MAE)等样品预处理技术为例,对不同研究领域中样品预处理技术与DART-MS联用的研究成果进行了综述,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。希望该综述能为开发与DART-MS联用的新型样品处理技术提供参考和帮助。     

Research progress of rapid detection of typical environmental pollutants based on chromatographic technologiesEI北大核心CSCD

对复杂环境介质中的典型污染物进行快速、精准甚至远程连续自动的检测,是控制环境污染、确保环境和生态安全的重要前提。近年来,基于色谱技术的典型环境污染物快速检测方法发展迅猛,主要包括样品快速制备和目标物快速检测两方面。辅助萃取、快速液相萃取、QuEChERS等样品前处理方法具有萃取效率高、溶剂消耗少、操作简便快速等优点。快速检测技术可在几秒到半小时内提供检测结果,主要包括实验室和现场检测。本文综述了2019年以来基于色谱技术的典型环境污染物快速检测研究新进展。介绍了萃取技术和基于试验设计的样品快速制备,实验室快速检测、便携仪器现场检测及遥感技术远程检测,提出了色谱技术快速检测环境污染物的挑战和展望。     

萃取-表面增强拉曼光谱联用技术及其在有害物质检测领域的应用

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术以其高灵敏度和分子特征指纹光谱在众多领域获得广泛应用,然而对于实际复杂样品中的目标分析物,样品基质会极大地干扰目标分析物SERS信号的准确获取,从而限制SERS在实际样品分析中的应用.萃取-表面增强拉曼光谱(Ex-SERS)联用技术为解决这一现实难题提供了可能性,国内外课题组结合萃取和SERS的各自优势,构建了基于固相萃取、固相微萃取、磁分散固相微萃取、薄层微萃取、液液分散微萃取、擦拭萃取等多种Ex-SERS联用技术,并以此发展了面向多种有害物质的Ex-SERS联用方法,可实现复杂基质中目标分析物的快速原位分离和SERS检测,进一步拓展SERS在实际样品分析中的应用.     

泡腾辅助微萃取技术的开发与应用研究进展

泡腾辅助微萃取(EAM)技术是一种利用CO₂供体和H⁺供体反应产生CO₂气泡促进萃取剂快速分散、增大与目标物的接触面积，以实现高效萃取的新型样品预处理手段。该技术具有分散速率快、萃取效率高、使用成本低、应用范围广等优点。得益于萃取剂的快速发展，泡腾辅助微萃取方法的构建和应用范围研究日趋完善和多样，已广泛用于环境、食品、生物等样品的前处理领域。该前处理技术结合各类检测仪器构建新型快速的检测方法，成功实现了重金属离子、农药、内分泌干扰物、抗生素等污染物的检测。在EAM技术的构建中，常考查泡腾片剂的组成、溶液pH、萃取温度、萃取剂种类、萃取剂添加量、洗脱剂种类、洗脱剂体积、洗脱时间、循环使用次数等因素对方法的影响，重点依据线性范围、相关系数、富集因子、检出限、定量限等参数对方法进行评判，最后结合各类仪器检测方法，实现在实际样品检测中的应用。该文从EAM技术常用的萃取剂方面入手，综述了基于纳米材料、离子液体等新兴萃取剂的EAM方法的构建，以及与液相色谱、气相色谱、原子吸收光谱或质谱等大型仪器联用，用于复杂基质中有害物质检测的研究...     

A Unified Sample Preparation System for Extraction of Various Analyte/Matrix Combinations

A supercritical fluid extraction/enhanced solvent extraction system (SFE/ESE) was used to remove polar and non-polar analytes from various matrices. Extraction of environmental pollutants from soil, additives from low density polyethylene, sulfa drugs from animal tissue, and drug from tablet was performed using both SFE and ESE. Results showed that a single instrumental system can be used to perform both ESE with organic solvents and SFE with carbon dioxide-based fluids. Each method has its own unique advantages and applications. The ability to carry out both solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction with one system has obvious economical advantages.     

环境模拟样品中多环芳烃的超临界流体萃取I．利用正交设计选择最佳萃取条件

采用正交设计实验方法，研究了从环境模拟样品中超临界流体萃取（ＳＦＥ）多环芳烃（ＰＡＨ）的最佳萃取条件。着重考察了超临界流体的压力、温度和用量等对萃取效率的影响。结果表明，压力的影响居第一位，温度影响次之，超临界ＣＯ２的用量的影响居第三位。建立了选择超临界流体萃取条件的简单方法     

离线超临界流体萃取和气相色谱-红外-质谱联用测定水中有机污染物

利用吸附剂ＧＤＸ－３０１对黄河水中的有机污染物富集并以超临界ＣＯ２脱附后,通过气相色谱、色谱－红外－质谱联用技术对各目标分析物逐一定性,并比较了超临界ＣＯ２萃取和溶剂洗脱的结果。实验表明,在２０ＭＰａ,６０℃,４０ｍｉｎ条件下进行超临界ＣＯ２萃取时的萃取效率和溶剂萃取效率相当或略高。     

超临界流体萃取用于水中有机污染物的富集

研究了用固相吸附与超临界流体萃取相结合富集水中有机污染物的方法。考察了萃取压力,温度,改性剂种类及其浓度,收集溶剂种类,流体流速,平衡时间,流体用量８种因素对样品萃取脱附效果的影响及吸附剂的吸附线性范围,并对标准水样的富集回收率进行了测定。     

煤烟气中痕量有机物的分析及去除

采用不同吸附剂对煤烟气中的痕量有机物进行了富集，比较了各种吸附剂的富集能力，对富集的样品用索氏提取及超临界流体萃取装置进行了萃取，用ＧＣ－ＭＳ－ＤＳ联用方法作了定性鉴定，指出超临界萃取技术在提取煤烟气中痕量有机物方面的优势。探讨了用催化转化法去除煤烟气中有机污染物的可能性。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of polyhalogenated pollutants from aquaculture and marine environmental samples: a review

This article focuses on the state-of-the-art in sample preparation using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), to monitor the content of polyhalogenated pollutants in aquaculture and marine environmental samples. Marine sediments and biological applications, including several types of samples matrices (fish, shellfish, seaweed and fish feed) and analyte groups (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD)/Fs and organochlorinated pesticide (OCPs)) are discussed with respect to SFE use and optimisation of conditions. We also discuss the great analytical potential of SFE, the integration of the extraction and clean-up steps for rapid sample processing justifying its use for routine work. The most recent SFE applications to the determination of these pollutants in marine environmental (biota and sediment) samples, published in the last 15 years, are reviewed.     

Supercritical-fluid extraction as a method for investigating the fate of the organic contaminants in soil

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has proven to be a method for the extraction of pollutants from the soil having serious difficulties to be standardized. A new possibility to use SFE for investigate the fate of pollutants in the soil structure is suggested. The recovery of the analyte from the soil matrix depends on the mass transfer. This includes the desorption of the analyte from the soil surface, its diffusion through the interior of the soil structure, and its transport within the bulk flow of supercritical fluid through the interstitial pores of the soil. The mass transfer can be expected to depend on both the different types of soil and the different location of the analyte in the soil structure. The analyte extraction is also controlled by thermodynamic factors such as the sorption/desorption equilibrium from the soil. On this basis, a mathematical model based on the supercritical fluid extraction conditions (viz, temperature, pressure, fluid flow, modifier,...), which are directly linked to the status of the analyte in the soil, is developed. The elaboration of the kinetical results using our model would permit to approximate the distribution of the contaminant to a non porous- or to a deep porous-soil structure model as a function of a fresh contamination or an aged contamination. These conditions can be described by spiked or native contaminant extraction time profiles, respectively.     

超临界流体萃取对大气飘尘中有机污染物的分析

采用超临界流体萃取与气相色谱／质谱联用技术对兰州市大气飘尘中有机污染物进行了测定。实验考察了对强致癌性化合物多环芳烃类萃取的最佳条件,在２６．０ＭＰａ,８０℃下,０．５ｍＬ甲醇做改性剂,用ＣＯ２作为超临界萃取介质,静态萃取１０ｍｉｎ后再以０．５ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ的流速动态萃取３０ｍｉｎ,对实际样品进行了定性定量分析,共检测出６９种有机污染物,该方法简便,快速,适合于飘尘中有机污染物的测定。     

Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural product studies - a practical review

Due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has gained wide acceptance in recent years as an alternative to conventional solvent extraction for separation of organic compounds in many analytical and industrial processes. In the past decade, SFE has been applied successfully to the extraction of a variety of organic compounds from herbs and other plants. This review article presents the practical aspects of SFE applications in sample preparation, selection of modifiers, collection methods, on-line coupling techniques, means for avoiding mechanical problems, and approaches to optimization of SFE conditions. SFE can also be used to clean up pesticides from herb medicines. SFE processes can be modeled to acquire useful information for better understanding of the extraction, mechanisms and optimization of the extraction procedures. With increasing public interest in natural products, SFE may become a standard extraction technique for studying herbal, food and agricultural samples.     

Determination of PAHs in dust from Shanghai by optimized SFE and GC/MS

EPA 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted from dust by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Parameters (pressure, temperature and time) affecting the collection efficiencies of PAHs were assessed according to the extraction efficiency, and 30 MPa, 80 degrees C and 30 min dynamic extraction time were confirmed to be the best and simplest conditions of SFE to extract 16 priority PAHs from dust. The characterization of the extracts was carried out by gas chromatography with mass detector in selective ion mode (GC/MS/SIM). Ultrasonic extraction (USE) was used as a comparison with SFE. The results showed that the SFE method has a better efficiency than USE for the extraction of PAHs in dust. With the optimized conditions of SFE, the distribution of PAHs in dust samples in urban areas of Shanghai from Mar 10, 2005 to May 28, 2005 was investigated. The results demonstrated that traffic emission, especially from gasoline engines, was the main source of PAHs in dust of Shanghai.