高中化学探究性实验设计一例——含磷洗衣粉对水藻生长的影响

结合高中新课程教科书,设计高中化学探究性实验——含磷洗衣粉对水藻生长的影响,通过实验原理、方法和具体实验过程得出结论,有效地促进了学生对化学知识的理解和掌握,培养学生实验设计和探究能力,达到知识、能力、情意目标。     

Electron field emission from single-walled carbon nanotube nonwoven

Field emission from single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) nonwoven has been investigated under high vacuum with different vacuum gaps. A low turn-on electric field of 1.05\,V/$\mu $m is required to reach an emission current density of 10 $\mu $A/cm$^{2}$. An emission current density of 10 mA/cm$^{2}$ is obtained at an operating electric field of 1.88\,V/$\mu $m. No current saturation is found even at an emission current of 5\,mA. With the vacuum gap increasing from 1 to 10 mm, the turn-on field decreases monotonically from 1.21 to 0.68\,V/$\mu $m, while the field amplification is augmented. The good field-emission behaviour is ascribed to the combined effects of the intrinsic field emission of SWNT and the waved topography of the nonwoven.     

Synthesis and characterization of axially periodic Zn2SnO4 dendritic nanostructures

Zn2SnO4 （ZTO） nanowires with a unique dendritic nanostructure were synthesized via a simple one-step thermal evaporation and condensation process. The morphology and microstructure of the ZTO nanodendrite have been investigated by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, x-ray diffraction （XRD） and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. SEM observation revealed the formation of branched nanostructures and showed that each branch exhibited a unique periodic structure formed by a row of overlaid rhombohedra of ZTO nanocrystals along the axis of the nanobranch. HRTEM studies displayed that the branches grew homoepitaxially as single-crystalline nanowires from the ZTO nanowire backbone. A possible growth model of the branched ZTO nanowires is discussed. To successfully prepare branched structures would provide an opportunity for both fundamental research and practical applications, such as three-dimensional nanoelectronics, and opto-electronic nanodevices.     

Growth of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes under ac electric fields through floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition

Through floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition(CVD) method,well-aligned isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and their bundles were deposited on the metal electrodes patterned on the SiO₂/Si surface under ac electric fields at relatively low temperature(280℃). It was indicated that SWCNTs were effectively aligned under ac electric fields after they had just grown in the furnace.The time for a SWCNT to be aligned in the electric field and the effect of gas flow were estimated. Polarized Raman scattering was performed to characterize the aligned structure of SWCNTs. This method would be very useful for the controlled fabrication and preparation of SWCNTs in practical applications.     

衬底对化学气相沉积法制备氧化硅纳米线的影响

通过化学气相沉积法在不同衬底上制备了大量的氧化硅纳米线.选用衬底为Si片、带有约100nm厚SiO2氧化层Si片和石英片.利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM，配备有能谱仪)对样品的表面形貌、结构和成分进行研究.结果表明：这些纳米线都为非晶态，但在不同衬底上生长的纳米线形貌、尺寸和化学成分不同.讨论了各种衬底对不同特征氧化硅纳米线生长的影响. 关键词： 化学气相沉积 纳米线 纳米颗粒     

科学探究能力的构成要素——基于国外科学课程文件的分析

科学探究能力构成要素的不明确使得对学生探究能力的培养和评价缺乏实效性。对国外科学课程文件中科学探究能力的构成要素进行频次统计,得出科学探究能力的构成体系：提出问题能力由“发现并建构明确的问题”等4个要素构成;猜想与假设能力由“基于观察和所学科学知识进行预测,建构可验证的假设”等4个要素构成;制定计划能力由“确定定性和定量方法”等6个要素构成;进行实验能力由“按照设计程序进行实验”等10个要素构成;收集证据能力由“用硬件）如计算机）和软件、电子资源收集和存储信息”等4个要素构成;解释与结论能力由“分析、推理证据的规律,通过归纳、演绎得出结论”等5个要素构成;反思与评价能力由“评价结论和观点正确性和局限性”等6个要素构成;表达与交流的能力由“口头进行探究实践报告,并准确地、有逻辑性地运用语言”等7个要素构成。     

Seed-mediated growth of gold nanoparticles using self-assembled monolayer of polystyrene microspheres as nanotemplate arrays

Arrays of noble metal nanoparticles show potential applications in (bio-)sensing, optical storage, surface-enhanced spectroscopy, and waveguides. For all such potential devices, controlling the size, morphology, and interparticle spacing of the nanoparticles is very important. Here, we combine seed-mediated growth with nanosphere lithography to study the controllable growth of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), in which the self-assembly monolayer of polystyrene (PS) on a silicon surface is used to guide the modification of alkanesilanes and the subsequent adsorption of gold seeds; seed-mediated growth is applied to controlling the morphology and size of Au NPs. The size of adsorption region (determining the number of adsorbed gold seeds) is controlled by etching PS microspheres with oxygen plasma or annealing PS microspheres at the glass transition temperature. The size and morphology of the Au NPs are controlled by changing growth conditions. In such a way, we have achieved the dual control of the obtained Au NPs. Preliminary results show that this strategy holds a great promise. This approach can also be extended to a wide range of materials and substrates.     

TiO2含量对铁铝尖晶石晶体结构影响的研究

以分析纯氧化铁、氧化铝和二氧化钛为原料,按FeO∶Al2O3质量比为40.8∶59.2配料,并于合成体系中分别引入质量分数为0、1;、3;和5;的二氧化钛.在保护气氛(CO2/CO)下于1550℃煅烧4h合成铁铝尖晶石.用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和能谱对烧后试样进行分析.结果表明:在铁铝尖晶石合成过程中,引入的TiO2参与了铁铝尖晶石的结晶、长大;添加TiO2的铁铝尖晶石衍射峰向小角度偏移,晶格常数增大.TiO2加入量小于1;时,各试样的微观结构都比较均匀,引入的TiO2进入了铁铝尖晶石的晶格,且以复合尖晶石的形式存在;TiO2添加量大于3;时,烧后试样的结晶形貌发生明显变化,铁铝尖晶石发生分解.     

Morphologies and microstructures of carbon nanotubes prepared by self—sustained arc discharging

We have investigated the morphology and microstructure of carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles in cathode deposits prepared by self-sustained arc discharge. Scanning electron microscopy images indicate that there are two regions exhibiting different morphologies on the top surface of the cathode deposits. In the central region, there is a triangular pattern of spots with a diameter up to 100μm, which consists of carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. In the fringe region, carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles are distributed randomly. In addition, carbon nanotubes in the central region have a larger inner diameter, compared with those in the fringe region. The outer diameter distribution of tubes in the central region is narrower than that of tubes in the fringe region, while the former has a smaller peak value than the latter. For the nanoparticles, they exhibit a different behaviour from the tubes existing in the same region. The difference between the microstructure of tubes or particles in the two regions is attributed to the different temperatures and temperature gradients during their formation.     

高中化学“铁及其化合物”的项目式教学*——探秘铁肥的合理使用

以“探秘铁肥的合理使用”为主题,开展高中化学“铁及其化合物”的项目式教学。通过完成“确定铁肥的主要成分”“检验铁肥是否变质”“铁肥的合理使用”等3个任务,学生学会不同价态铁元素化合物的转化和检验方法,形成从元素价态和物质类别角度探究物质性质的思路。初步培养了实验探究能力,提升创新意识,发展基于“铁及其化合物价类二维模型建构”的模型认知素养。学生收获了真实新颖、亲身实践、分组合作、交流展示等成就性体验,制作的铁肥保存和合理使用说明书体现了项目式教学的本质特征,实现学习结果的可视性、共享性、交流性。