Numerical simulation of droplet ejection of thermal inkjet printheads

In this study, we present a method to predict the droplet ejection in thermal inkjet printheads including the growth and collapse of a vapor bubble and refill of the firing chamber. The three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a finite‐volume approach with a fixed Cartesian mesh. The piecewise‐linear interface calculation‐based volume‐of‐fluid method is employed to track and reconstruct the ink–air interface. A geometrical computation based on Lagrangian advection is used to compute the mass flux and advance the interface. A simple and efficient model for the bubble dynamics is employed to model the effect of ink vapor on the adjacent ink liquid. To solve the surface tension‐dominated flow accurately, a hierarchical curvature‐estimation method is proposed to adapt to the local grid resolution. The numerical methods mentioned earlier have been implemented in an internal simulation code, CFD3. The numerical examples presented in the study show good performance of CFD3 in prediction of surface tension‐dominated free‐surface flows, for example, droplet ejection in thermal inkjet printing. Currently, CFD3 is used extensively for printhead development within Hewlett‐Packard. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interaction of a heavy fluid flow in a channel with a transverse jet barrier

An experimental and numerical analysis of the interaction between a plane horizontal water flow in a rectangular channel (free water current) and a plane thin water jet (water jet curtain) is presented; the jet flows out vertically from either a slot nozzle in the bottom of the channel or the crest of a rigid spillway at a velocity appreciably (several times) greater than the water velocity in the channel. Numerical calculations were carried out using the STAR-CD software package preliminarily tested against the experimental data obtained. The dependence of the water level in the channel at a certain distance ahead of the jet barrier on the main jet parameters and the water flow rate in the horizontal channel is studied. It is found that in the region of the interface between the flows both steady and unsteady (self-oscillatory) flow patterns can be realized. Steady stream/jet interaction patterns of the “ejection” and “ejection-spillway” types are distinguished and a criterion separating these regimes is obtained. The notion of a rigid spillway equivalent to a jet curtain is introduced and an approximate dependence of its height on the relevant parameters of the problem is derived. The possibility of effectively controlling the water level ahead of a rigid spillway with a sharp edge by means of a plane water jet flowing from its crest is investigated. The boundary of transition to self-oscillation interaction patterns in the region of the flow interface is determined. The structure of these flows and a possible mechanism of their generation are described. Within the framework of the inviscid incompressible fluid model in the approximate formulation for a “thin” jet, an analytical dependence of the greatest possible depth of a reservoir filled with a heavy fluid at rest and screened by a vertical jet barrier on the jet parameters is obtained.     

运动参数惯性测量模拟弹设计与实验

在研制弹射式发射架的过程中,为了确保在高速飞行器上发射导弹的安全,需要预先在实验室内对发射架的弹射运动参数进行测试研究。而弹射分离过程时间短(仅为30～40 ms)、测量参数多(共18个运动和姿态参数),如何对其参数进行测量就成为一个研究重点。设计完成的弹射实验用模拟导弹是一种专用测试设备,它完全模拟真实导弹的机械特性,内部设计装有微型惯性测量系统(MIMS),可以在弹射过程中完全自主地对所有运动参数和姿态变化进行惯性测量,实验表明测量精度达到3%以内。其中应用的MIMS是惯性测量技术在该领域的创新型应用,具有测量范围大(±500(°)/s)、动态性能好(最高可达4 kHz)、操作简便等优势。     

Effects of phase explosion in pulsed laser deposition of nickel thin film and sub-micron droplets

Nickel (Ni) thin films were deposited on glass substrates in high vacuum and at room temperature with third-harmonic or 355-nm output from a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser. At low laser fluence of 1 J/cm², the deposition rate was about 0.0016 nm/shot which increased linearly until 4 J/cm². Above 4 J/cm², the onset of phase explosion in the ablation abruptly increased the optical emission intensity from laser-produced Ni plume as well as thin-film deposition rate by about 6×. The phase explosion also shifted the size distribution and number density of Ni droplets on its thin-film surface. On the other hand, the surface structures of the ablated Ni targets were compared between the scan-mode and the fixed-mode ablations, which may suggest that droplets observed on the thin-film surface were caused by direct laser-induced splashing of molten Ni rather than vapour-to-cluster condensation during the plume propagation.     

强激光加载下金属材料微喷回收诊断

金属材料在冲击载荷下的动态响应在许多民用工程、航空航天等领域都有重要的应用背景.而金属材料在冲击载荷下的微喷形成过程,包括微射流、碎裂以及微层裂的物理过程的研究中尚存在许多空白.介绍了国内首次在神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上开展的金属材料微喷回收实验,实现了激光加载下低密度泡沫材料对微喷颗粒的回收,对回收样品进行了X光CT分析,通过图像重建,获得了回收微喷颗粒的三维图像,以及颗粒不同形态分布、颗粒尺寸、颗粒质量等定量结果.     

A study on interaction of DNA molecules and carbon nanotubes for an effective ejection of the molecules

The ejection of DNA molecules from carbon nanotubes is reported from interaction energy perspectives by molecular dynamics simulations. The critical ejection energy, which is to be applied to a DNA molecule for a successful ejection from a carbon nanotube, is investigated based on a study on the friction and binding energy between the DNA molecule and the tube. An effective ejection is realized by subjecting a kinetic energy on the DNA molecule that is larger than the solved critical ejection energy. In addition, the relationship between ejection energies and sizes of DNA molecules and carbon nanotubes is investigated.     

“强光一号”等离子体开关及负载稳定性分析

"强光一号"等离子体断路开关(POS)及负载二极管系统工作性能不够稳定,通过分析数据指出POS等离子体源参数差异性是导致系统不稳定的主要原因。POS等离子体源参数重复性测量结果表明,在开关断路时刻等离子体源瞬时发射等离子体密度重复性极差在10%左右,而开关区间累积等离子体密度极差超过100%。开关区间累积等离子体密度和阴极重粒子发射会对POS断路性能产生显著影响。计算表明开关区间累积等离子体密度差异对POS断路电流阈值影响达到200kA,与运行数据统计结果一致;在断路电流阈值相同的条件下,阴极物质逸出对二极管电压影响显著,MCNP程序计算结果表明,产生辐射剂量差别可以达到80%,与统计数据相当。     

The influence of temporal pulse train modulation during laser percussion drilling

The temporal pulse train modulation during laser percussion drilling was found to effect significant changes to the material ejection processes. In particular, distinct differences in the material ejection processes have been observed between a temporal pulse train shaping technique termed as sequential pulse delivery pattern control (SPDPC) and the normal delivery pattern (NDP), wherein the parameters of successive laser pulses were constant. Due to the reduced upward material removal fractions in SPDPC drilling, the spatter deposition area was reduced from approximately 6.7 to 2.7 mm². In addition, the melt layer thicknesses at the hole bottom were significantly increased from 11–61 to 18–369 μm. Such changes were identified as being due to the low laser pulse intensities before beam breakthrough associated with the SPDPC method. It was observed that the use of the linearly increasing SPDPC method increased the downward material removal fractions, from 20% to 28% observed in NDP drilling, to 34%–39%. Such an increase in the downward material ejection mechanism in SPDPC drilling was identified as being primarily due to the pointed blind-hole profile generated before the onset of beam breakthrough. The work has shown that modulating the entire pulse train in laser percussion drilling could control the material ejection processes. Furthermore, the fundamental elements of the SPDPC technique are given in terms of the rate of energy deposition and total pulse train energy.     

Chemical mass shifts in resonance ejection experiments in the quadrupole ion trap

Chemical mass shifts were measured in a Paul ion trap operated in the mass-selective instability scan with resonance ejection using a custom-built instrument. These shifts, which can be as much as 2%, decrease with increasing endcap electrode separation owing to changes in the higher order contributions to the electric field. They also decrease with decreasing helium buffer gas pressure. Both of these effects are analogous to those found with boundary ejection. This suggests that the previously proposed chemical mass shift mechanism based on compound-dependent collisional modification of the ejection delay produced by field faults near the endcap electrode apertures holds true also for resonance ejection. The influence of the resonance frequency on chemical mass shifts was also investigated and it is shown that at certain working points (values of the Mathieu parameter q(z) and a(z)) non-linear resonances greatly reduce the ejection delay for all ions, regardless of their chemical structures, and thus reduce the magnitude of the chemical mass shift. Energetic collisions leading to dissociation can take place at an earlier stage during the ejection process in the mass analysis scan when using resonance ejection compared with boundary ejection. This leads to even larger chemical mass shifts of fragile ions in resonance ejection. Increasing the resonance voltage amplitude can enhance this effect. The chemical mass shifts of fragile ions increase with increase in the resonance voltage amplitude, whereas negligible changes occur for structurally stable ions.