Light scattering of nanocrystalline TiO2 film used in dye-sensitized solar cells

This paper studies the light scattering and adsorption of nanocrystalline TiO2 porous films used in dye-sensitized solar cells composed of anatase and/or rutile particles by using an optical four-flux radiative transfer model. These light properties are difficult to measure directly on the functioning solar cells and they can not be calculated easily from the first-principle computational or quantitative theoretical evaluations. These simulation results indicate that the light scattering of 1 25 nm TiO2 particles is negligible, but it is effective in the range of 80 and 180 nm. A suitable mixture of small particles （10 nm radius）, which are resulted in a large effective surface, and of larger particles （150 nm radius）, which are effective light scatterers, have the potential to enhance solar absorption significantly. The futile crystals have a larger refractive index and thus the light harvest of the mixtures of such larger rutile and relatively small anatase particles is improved in comparison with that of pure anatase films. The light absorption of the 10μm double-layered films is also examined. A maximal light absorption of double-layered film is gotten when the thickness of the first layer of 10 urn-sized anatase particles is comparable to that of the second larger rutile layer.     

铁基纳米晶合金的介观阻抗率及应用

提出了铁基纳米晶合金介观阻抗率的物理概念，用Maxwell方程组求得其计算公式ρ=-μ{A}/{t}/Δ×H，该式表明铁基纳米晶合金的介观阻抗率与材料内部的介观磁场强度H、介观磁矢势A和介观磁导率μ有关，磁矢势A是由介观结构引起的量子力学效应，是由合金的微观结构决定的.这个理论很好地解释了铁基纳米晶粉末、粉芯     

磁控溅射法制备金团簇纳米颗粒及性能表征

 采用磁控溅射法制备金团簇纳米颗粒，用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见光分光光度计(UV-Vis)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对其表征，研究了金团簇纳米颗粒的形貌、颗粒度、结构、光吸收性质及物质成份。研究结果表明：制备的金团簇纳米颗粒呈球形，平均粒径在10 nm左右，粒径分布均匀，无团聚、氧化现象，颗粒的结构为面心立方。在519 nm处出现团簇颗粒的表面等离子共振吸收峰，测试得到Au(4f_7/2)和Au(4f_5/2)电子的结合能分别为83.3 eV和86.9 eV，并且没有出现金的氧化产物。     

流动注射分析在线研究Cr（Ⅵ）在纳米TiO2表面上的吸附 …

用溶胶－凝聚法在不同的水解和热处理条件下制备了纳米尺寸的ＴｉＯ２微粉，所得的ＴｉＯ２表面性质迥异，粒径从几个纳米到数百个纳米，晶型也由低温煅烧的锐钛型转成高温地的金红石型。利用流动注射微柱富集在线分析方法对Ｃｒ离子在纳米ＴｉＯ２表面上的吸附动力学特性进行了原位表征。     

高熵纳米合金在电化学催化中的应用

The implementation of clean energy techniques, including clean hydrogen generation, use of solar-driven photovoltaic hybrid systems, photochemical heat generation as well as thermoelectric conversion, is crucial for the sustainable development of our society. Among these promising techniques, electrocatalysis has received significant attention for its ability to facilitate clean energy conversion because it promotes a higher rate of reaction and efficiency for the associated chemical transformations. Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts typically show high activity for electrochemical conversion processes. However, their scarcity and high cost limit their applications in electrocatalytic devices. To overcome this limitation, binary catalysts prepared by alloying with transition metals can be used. However, optimization of the activity of the binary catalysts is considerably limited because of the presence of the miscibility gap in the phase diagram of binary alloys. The activity of binary electrocatalysts can be attributed to the adsorption energy of molecules and intermediates on the surface. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), which consist of diverse elements in a single NP, typically exhibit better physical and/or chemical properties than their single-element counterparts, because of their tunable composition and inherent surface complexity. Further, HEAs can improve the performance of binary electrocatalysts because they exhibit a near-continuous distribution of adsorption energy. Recently, HEAs have gained considerable attention for their application in electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent research advances in HEA nanostructures and their application in the field of electrocatalysis. First, we introduce the concept, structure, and four core effects of HEAs. We believe that this part will provide the basic information about HEAs. Next, we discuss the reported top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies, emphasizing on the carbothermal shock method, nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, fast moving bed pyrolysis, polyol process, and dealloying. Other methods such as combinatorial co-sputtering, ultrashort-pulsed laser ablation, ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry, and scanning-probe block copolymer lithography are also highlighted. Among these methods, wet chemistry has been reported to be effective for the formation of nano-scale HEAs because it facilitates the concurrent reduction of all metal precursors to form solid-solution alloys. Next, we present the theoretical investigation of HEA nanocatalysts, including their thermodynamics, kinetic stability, and adsorption energy tuning for optimizing their catalytic activity and selectivity. To elucidate the structure–property relationship in HEAs, we summarize the research progress related to electrocatalytic reactions promoted by HEA nanocatalysts, including the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, and CO₂ reduction reaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and various strategies toward the development of HEAs.     

一种用表面增强拉曼光谱进行免疫检测的方法

一种结合表面增强拉曼(SERS)技术和纳米粒子标记技术,通过银增强来实现免疫检测的方法。将p-巯基苯甲酸(MBA)作为探针,固定在免疫金溶胶粒子表面形成纳米标记,其与被基底捕获抗原分子发生免疫识别。通过银增强技术,在"三明治"结构对探针进行拉曼检测。     

Composites of nanotubular polyaniline containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Results of charge-transport and magnetic measurements of nanotubular polyaniline (PANI) composites containing Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles (～10nm) synthesized by a "template-free" method are reported. The T^{-1/2} resistivity has been observed, and dc magnetic susceptibility data are fitted to an equation χ=χ^*_P+C/T. With increasing weight ratio of Fe_3O_4, the electrical conductivity and temperature- independent susceptibility χ^*_P increase, and the Curie-type susceptibility is suppressed at low temperatures. Further discussions have been given. The PANI-H_3PO_4/Fe_3O_4 composite containing 27wt% of Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles is superparamagnetic, exhibiting very little hysteresis even at 5K.     

N2分压对ZrN/WN纳米多层膜缺陷性质与力学性能的影响

利用射频磁控溅射系统在不同N₂分压的条件下，制备了一系列ZrN/WN纳米多层膜.借助慢正电子湮没技术分析了样品的缺陷性质，采用纳米压痕仪研究了多层膜的力学性能.结果发现：N₂分压为0.4Pa的多层膜具有最小的空位型缺陷浓度，其中心层和膜基结合层的平均S参数分别为0.4402和0.4641，而较低或较高的N₂分压都可能导致空位型缺陷浓度的增加.随着空位型缺陷浓度的减小，多层膜的硬度和临界载荷增大.对于空位型缺陷浓度最小的多层膜，其硬度和临界载荷达到最大值，分别为34.8GPa和100mN，说明较低的缺陷浓度有利于提高多层膜的力学性能. 关键词： ZrN/WN纳米多层膜 缺陷性质 力学性能 慢正电子湮没     

双离子(40Ar+, C2H+6)辐照合成金刚石纳米晶颗粒

用双离子(⁴⁰Ar⁺，C₂H⁺₆)辐照实验完成了从多壁碳纳米管向金刚石纳米晶颗粒的转变.对转变机理进行了初步探讨.这一探索有望能成为一种金刚石纳米晶合成的新途径.由此可知，多重荷能离子辐照用于其他材料纳米结构的制备也不是凭空设想. 关键词： 金刚石纳米晶 离子辐照 透射电子显微镜     

种子法制备三角形银纳米粒子及其性能表征

 以十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)为软模板剂，采用种子法制备出三角形银纳米粒子，应用透射电镜、能量散射X射线谱仪、紫外 可见分光光度计研究了粒子的性能。结果表明：所得三角形银纳米粒子是面心立方单晶，边长随着种子加入量的减少而递增，可在20～100 nm范围内调节；CTAB以薄膜形式包覆于粒子表面阻止其氧化，粒子胶体的吸收光谱呈现典型的三角形粒子吸收峰。用扫描电镜观测到粒子在硅片上自组装成一定的2维阵列结构。