磺酸多相催化剂用于二甲基亚砜中C_6-单糖脱水制5-羟甲基糠醛(英)

Sulfonic acid-functionalized heterogeneous catalysts have been evaluated in the catalytic dehydration of C(,monosaccharides into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) using dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)as solvent.Sulfonic commercial resin Amberlyst-70 was the most active catalyst,which was ascribed to its higher concentration of sulfonic acid sites as compared with the other catalysts,and it gave 93 mol%yield of HMF from fructose in 1 h.With glucose as the starting material,which is a much more difficult reaction,the reaction conditions(time,temperature,and catalyst loading) were optimized for Amberlyst-70 by a response surface methodology,which gave a maximum HMF yield of 33 mol%at 147 °C with 23 wt%catalyst loading based on glucose and 24 h reaction time.DMSO promotes the dehydration of glucose into anhydroglucose,which acts as a reservoir of the substrate to facilitate the production of HMF by reducing side reactions.Catalyst reuse without a regeneration treatment showed a gradual but not very significant decay in catalytic activity.     

由果糖催化合成5-羟甲基糠醛的研究进展

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是一种具有重要应用价值的原材料和中间体,以果糖脱水合成HMF具有实现生物质转化利用的重大意义。本文综述了近三年来果糖制备HMF过程的两大关键因素:催化剂和反应介质的重要进展。固体酸(特别是杂多酸及其盐)、离子液体(ILs)中添加卤化物或ILs作为催化剂是近几年来研究的热点,固体酸的优点是可多次重复使用且易于分离,而ILs中果糖的降解条件较温和,副反应较少。目前,用于果糖转化HMF的反应溶剂优、缺点并存。最后对该反应存在的问题和今后的研究进行了总结和展望。     

Separation and identification of enzymatic sucrose hydrolysis products by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

An accurate carbohydrate analysis method, namely high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was successfully applied to the study of sucrose hydrolysis under enzymatic (baker's yeast invertase) conditions. The hydrolysis was monitored by determining sucrose degradation and the corresponding formation of D-glucose, D-fructose and five intermediate fructans using a CarboPac PA-100 (Dionex) analytical anion-exchange column. Highly reproducible results were obtained. The unknown fructans were collected from a semi-preparative CarboPac PA-100 (Dionex) column, neutralized and then desalted on a column containing mixed bed resin AG 501-X8 (D) before identification of the chemical structure. This procedure permitted us to obtain about 20 microg of pure product which is not enough for NMR analysis. Detailed GC-MS analytical data of the methylated compounds indicated that these oligosaccharides were beta-D-Fru-(2 --> 1)-beta-D-Fru-(2 --> 1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (1-kestose), beta-D-Fru-(2 --> 6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (6-beta fructofuranosylglucose), beta-D-Fru-(2 --> 1)-beta-D-fructofuranoside (inulobiose), beta-D-Fru-(2 --> 6)-beta-D-Fru-(2 --> 1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (6-kestose) and beta-D-Fru-(2 --> 6)-alpha-D-Glc-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside (neokestose) coeluating with a disaccharide.     

The Structure of N‐(1‐Deoxy‐β‐D‐fructopyranos‐1‐yl)‐L‐proline Monohydrate (“D‐Fructose‐L‐proline”) and N‐(1,6‐Dideoxy‐α‐L‐fructofuranos‐1‐yl)‐L‐proline (“L‐Rhamnulose‐L‐proline”)

Nano n-propylsulfonated γ-Fe₂O₃ was found to be a highly efficient, reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the conversion of a range of monosaccharides and some of their derivatives to the corresponding O-isopropylidene derivatives in good to excellent yields by refluxing the reaction mixture in dry acetone. The magnetic property of the catalyst enabled its separation from the reaction mixture by a simple process of filtration along with the aid of an external magnet. The efficiency of the catalyst was found to be largely unaffected for at least up to six cycles of reuse, thus proving the new methodology to be environmentally rewarding besides being simple and facile in operation.     

贮藏期内灵武长枣果糖含量的高光谱预测

高光谱成像可将图像和光谱相结合,同时获得目标对象的图像和光谱信息,已在农产品定性和定量分析检测方面得到广泛利用。利用可见-近红外高光谱成像结合化学计量学方法对贮藏期内灵武长枣果糖含量进行无损检测。采用高效液相色谱测量长枣果糖含量的化学值,可见-近红外高光谱系统采集长枣的高光谱图像,提取每个样本感兴趣区域的平均光谱;建立长枣贮藏期的径向基核函数支持向量机（radial basis kernel function support vector machine,RBF-SVM）模型;分别选用正交信号校正法（orthogonal signal correction,OSC）、多元散射校正（multiplicative scatter correction,MSC）、中值滤波（median-filter,MF）、卷积平滑（savitzky-golay,SG）、归一化（normalization,Nor）、高斯滤波（gaussian-filter,GF）和标准正态变换（standard normalized variate,SNV）等方法对原始光谱进行预处理;为减少数据量,降低维度,提高运算速度,采用反向区间偏最小二乘法（backward interval partial least squares,BiPLS）、间隔随机蛙跳算法（interval random frog,IRF）和竞争性自适应加权算法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）对光谱数据提取特征变量;建立全波段和特征波段的偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）和主成分回归（principle component regression,PCR）长枣果糖含量预测模型。结果表明：RBF-SVM判别模型校正集准确率为98.04%,预测集准确率为97.14%,能很好地预测长枣的贮藏期;利用BiPLS, IRF及CARS进行降维处理,提取特征波长个数为100, 63和23,占原光谱数据的80%,50.4%和18.4%;为简化模型运算过程并提高模型精度,采用CARS算法对BiPLS及IRF算法所选取的特征波长进行二次筛选,分别优选出18和15个特征波长,占原光谱数据的14.4%和12%,显著减少特征波长数;将全波段光谱与提取出的特征波长分别建立长枣果糖含量的PLSR及PCR预测模型,优选出CARS提取特征波长建立的PLSR模型效果最优,其中校正集的相关系数R_c=0.854 4,均方根误差RMSEC=0.005 3,预测集的相关系数R_p=0.830 3,均方根误差RMSEP=0.005 7,说明CARS有效地对光谱进行降维,简化了数据处理过程。研究表明,利用可见-近红外高光谱成像结合化学计量学方法及计算机编程,可以有效的实现灵武长枣果糖含量的快速无损分析,为灵武长枣内部品质的检测提供理论依据。