Automated Assay for Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate

Abstract

An automated procedure for the determination of Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru 2,6-P₂) is described. The method based on the degree of activation of the enzyme Pyrophosphate: D-fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase from potato tuber by Fru 2,6-P₂, uses a discrete-sample automatic analyzer to perform the procedure and to monitor the spectrophotometric changes. The detection limit of Fru 2,6-P₂ levels is 0.016 pmol (6.25 × 10^?14 mol ml^?1). The coefficients of variation observed when assaying 0.5 nM of Fru 2,6-P₂ in the reaction mixture, 1.34% and 7.39% (n=10) for the automated and manual method are significantly different. Thus a 5-fold higher precision is shown by the automatic method. The same precision is observed when assaying biological samples from starved or refed animals.

In conclusion the assay is as sensitive as the manual spectrophotometric method previously described, but it shows higher precision and decreases the processing time allowing routine determinations. It is specially useful when purifying 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase or assaying a large number of tissue samples for Fru 2,6-P₂.     

Enzyme Electrode for Fructose,Glucose-6-Phosphate and ATP Determination

Abstract

A bienzyme electrode for glucose-6-phosphate and ATP based on the sequential reactions of coimmobilized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase and for fructose using the competition with glucose has been developed. Electrochemical indication is performed using air-oxidation of reduced N-methylphenazinium ion. The sensor responds linearly to fructose up to 3 mM with a lower detection limit of 0.3 mM.     

离子液体中磺化无定形炭催化菊糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛

研究了以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)离子液体作溶剂,磺化无定形炭为催化剂催化菊糖脱水制5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)的反应.考察了溶剂、水量、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对HMF收率的影响.实验结果表明,反应温度为100°C,反应时间60min,R=5(R为水的物质的量与菊糖中所含果糖单位的物质的量的比值),m(催化剂):m(菊糖)=1:3时,HMF的收率可达50%.     

Determination of mannitol and three sugars in Ligustrum lucidum Ait. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

A method based on capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection has been developed for the separation and determination of mannitol, sucrose, glucose, and fructose in Ligustrum lucidum Ait. for the first time. Effects of several important factors such as the concentration of NaOH, separation voltage, injection time, and detection potential were investigated to acquire the optimum conditions. The detection electrode was a 300 μm diameter copper disc electrode at a working potential of +0.65 V (versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE)). The four analytes can be well separated within 13 min in a 40 cm length fused-silica capillary at a separation voltage of 12 kV in a 75 mM NaOH aqueous solution. The relation between peak current and analyte concentration was linear over about three orders of magnitude with detection limits (S/N = 3) ranging from 1 to 2 μM for all analytes. The proposed method has been successfully applied to monitor the mannitol and sugar contents in the plant samples at different growth stages with satisfactory assay results.     

果糖催化合成四氢苯并[b]吡喃衍生物:动力学和机理研究(英文)

Fructose was used as an efficient catalyst for three-component condensation reactions of aryl aldehydes,malononitrile,and dimedone in a mixture of EtOH and H_2O as green solvents.The advantages of this method are a short reaction time,high yields,low cost,easy accesses,and simple work-up.The mechanism of the synthesis of a derivative of 4H-tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran was clarified using spectroscopic kinetic methods.The activation energy(Ea=65.34 kJ/mol)and related kinetic parameters(ΔG=69.14 kJ/mol,ΔS=20.99 J/(mol·K),andΔH=62.89 kJ/mol)were calculated,based on the effects of temperature,concentration,and solvent.The first step in the proposed mechanism was identified as the rate-determining step(k1),based on the steady-state approximation.     

双相体系中凹土负载型固体酸 SO42-/In2O3-ATP催化己糖降解5-羟甲基糠醛

凹土(ATP)有“千用之土、万土之王”之美誉,我国江苏省盱眙凹土矿资源量占世界储量的49%和我国储量的74%. ATP是一种天然链层状结构的含水镁铝硅酸盐黏土矿物,其分子式为(Mg,Al)4(Si)8(O,OH,H2O)26·nH2O. ATP具有一定酸性,层结构中的结构羟基可形成 Br?nsted酸位点,暴露的 Al3+离子可形成 Lewis酸位点. ATP经酸化或离子交换后作为催化剂直接应用较少.由于 ATP具有较大的比表面积和较好的热稳定性,是良好的催化剂载体,因此多将 ATP作为载体负载催化活性组分制备负载型催化剂. 5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是由生物质得到的十二种平台化合物之一,是非常重要的中间体,可用于生产呋喃类衍生物,制备精细化学品、液体燃料和多种聚合物,还可生产5-羟基-4-酮-2-戊烯酸和乙酰丙酸.γ-戊内酯(GVL)是一种乙酰丙酸的加氢产物,可以代替乙醇作为汽油添加剂,也可用来生产丁烯同分异构体等化学品.本文以天然 ATP为载体,通过浸渍-焙烧法设计和制备了兼具 Br?nsted酸和 Lewis酸的新型固体酸催化剂 SO42?/In2O3-ATP.该催化剂可催化己糖直接转化为 HMF. ATP固有的微观结构和高比表面积使反应选择性提高.同时,结合固体酸活性位表征技术探索了己糖转化历程和 HMF生成机制.结果表明, In(III)的引入使 ATP催化性能更加优越.固体酸的 Lewis酸位和 Br?nsted酸位能分别有效催化葡萄糖异构和果糖脱水.优化的最佳反应条件为： GVL：H2O双相体系比例9：1,反应温度180oC,反应时间60 min.底物为葡萄糖时, HMF最高收率为40%. SO42?/In2O3-ATP固体酸比纯 ATP酸性更强,可重复使用4次,且不腐蚀设备,后处理简单,绿色环保.     

Fructose dehydration to 5HMF in a green self-catalysed DES composed of N,N-diethylethanolammonium chloride and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (p-TSA)

Due to the increasing concerns about the availability and accessibility of fossil fuel reserves, and the subsequent effect of using them on climate change, production of green energy has recently become a hot area of interest in the research field. As a renewable energy source, biomass conversion to biofuels has shown a great potential towards green fuel production; particularly fructose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF) as a building block material and source of green fuels and other high value chemicals.Herein, we investigate fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF) as a green fuel precursor, using a green self-catalysed environmentally friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES), composed of inexpensive N,N-diethylethanolammonium chloride as organic salt and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (p-TSA) as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and novel medium for the fructose dehydration reaction.The advantage of using this DES is its ability to act as a solvent and catalyst simultaneously. It has shown to actively catalyse the dehydration reaction of fructose under moderate reaction conditions with a high 5HMF yield of 84.8% at a reaction temperature of 80 °C, reaction time of 1 h, DES mixing ratio of 1:0.5 salt to p-TSA (w/w), and initial fructose ratio of 5.     

Glucose Isomerization into Fructose Catalyzed by MgO/NaY Catalyst

The MgO/NaY catalysts prepared by impregnation method were used for the conversion of glucose to fructose in water medium.The effects of MgO loading, reaction temperature, glucose concentration and reaction time on the catalytic performance for the reaction were studied.The activity testing results indicated that fructose could be generated effectively by controlling the components of the catalyst and reaction conditions.The maximal fructose yield of 33.8% with the selectivity of 67.3% was achieved over the 10% MgO/NaY catalyst at 100 ℃ for 2 h.Moreover, the catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, and CO₂-TPD techniques.The structural property of NaY with higher surface area facilitated glucose conversion, and the modulated basicity of the catalyst with MgO addition contributed to the formation of fructose in the tautomerization of aldose to ketose.     

Stereoselective synthesis of nonsymmetrical difructose dianhydrides from xylylene-tethered d-fructose precursors

Nonsymmetrical furanose-pyranose difructose dianhydrides (DFAs), a class of cyclic disaccharides present in foodstuffs, have been prepared in high yield by connecting the reacting monosaccharide moieties through a xylylene bridge prior to triflic acid-promoted bis-spiroketalization. The reaction can then proceed either intra- or intermolecularly, both the regio- and the stereoselectivity being strongly dependent on the spacer length. Noteworthy, the longer m- and p-xylylene positional isomers led to the thermodynamic α-d-fructofuranose β-d-fructopyranose 1,2′:2,1′-dyanhydride 1, the major DFA in commercial caramel, in a stereoselective manner. The shorter o-xylylene tether afforded preferentially the elusive contra-thermodynamic β-d-fructofuranose α-d-fructopyranose diastereomer 2, a trace constituent of caramel. The results have been rationalized in terms of stereoelectronic and conformational properties and offer new perspectives for the preparation of pure DFA standards for analytical and nutritional studies.     

Selectively Chemocatalytic Conversion of Fructose to 1,2‐Propylene Glycol over Ru‐WOx/Hydroxyapatite Catalyst†

The conversion of fructose to 1,2‐propylene glycol (PG) is an important process from cellulosic biomass to high‐value added chemicals. Herein, Ru‐WO_x/hydroxyapatite (HAP) catalyst was employed for this reaction and reached up to 91.3% yield of PG at 180 °C, 1 MPa initial hydrogen for 8 h in water. On this catalyst, Ru and WO_x were highly dispersed on HAP support and they interacted with each other to form a special catalytic center. The lack of isolated Ru or RuW alloy site led to a moderate activity for hydrogenolysis and hindered the further conversion of PG to propanol. The weak basic HAP support efficiently prevented the humin formation. This precisely controlled catalyst has potential in green PG production.