CH4裂解制备C2H2过程气体空芯光纤增强拉曼光谱检测研究

基于空芯反谐振光纤设计搭建了光纤增强拉曼光谱检测平台,实现了95%的激光耦合效率;提出CCD和小孔协同降噪方法,使信噪比提高约6倍;相比于未使用光纤时,信噪比提高约270倍。基于单一标准浓度气体分析,确定了用于气体定性的特征拉曼谱峰及标定模型并建立了过程气体定量分析模型,实现了CH₄裂解制备C₂H₂过程气体现场样本的同时检测分析,主要成分包含H₂、CO、CO₂、CH₄、C₂H₂、C₂H₆和C₂H₄。各气体同时最小检出限分别达到6.3、26.6、1.2、2.2、4.2、3.9、9.1μL/L·bar,各气体含量分别为560 588.51μL/L、230 678.21μL/L、33 107.65μL/L、56 086.77μL/L、77 945.56μL/L、1 307.19μL/L、1 823.55μL/L,各气体浓度与色谱仪标...     

黏惰化及酸敏感修饰对纳米粒子黏膜穿透的影响

使用纳米粒子进行疾病的诊断和治疗是当前研究的一个热点. 由于受到黏液层的阻碍, 纳米粒子对于黏膜上皮细胞的进入效果不佳, 从而限制了其对黏膜相关疾病的诊断和治疗. 本文设计合成了一种具有黏惰性的酸敏感纳米粒子(MSNs-pCBMA-DMMA), 可有效穿透黏液层进入黏膜上皮细胞. 首先采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了表面氨基化的介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(MSNs-NH₂), 然后通过原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)使两性离子羧基甜菜碱甲基丙烯酸酯(CBMA)在MSNs-NH₂表面上聚合形成聚羧基甜菜碱甲基丙烯酸酯(pCBMA), 获得惰性化的粒子(MSNs-pCBMA), 最后将酸响应性分子2,3-二甲基马来酸酐(DMMA)修饰于MSNs-pCBMA表面, 制备了MSNs-pCBMA-DMMA. 场发射透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 氢核磁共振波谱(¹H NMR)和纳米粒度Zeta电位测定仪等分析结果表明, 本文合成了MSNs-pCBMA-DMMA, 且粒子表面电位随pH值降低显著增加, 在pH=7.4~5.7范围内具有酸敏感能力. Transwell^?小室实验表明, pCBMA的接枝提高了粒子在模拟黏液中的渗透速率, 而DMMA的修饰则进一步增强了粒子的扩散能力, 4 h内MSNs-pCBMA-DMMA的模拟黏液渗透率达到16.3%, 为MSNs-pCBMA的1.9倍, MSNs-NH₂的3倍, 而以MSNs-NH₂的表观渗透系数（P_app）为标准计算得到的MSNs-pCBMA-DMMA的相对表观渗透系数达到了2.96. 细胞毒性试验验证MSNs-pCBMA-DMMA粒子的生物安全性良好. 细胞摄取试验表明, 相比于其它粒子MSNs-pCBMA-DMMA能够更快的被黏膜上皮细胞摄取. 本文所构建的纳米粒子能够快速渗透黏液且易于被黏膜上皮细胞摄取, 为其应用于黏膜相关疾病的活体诊断和治疗提供了基础.     

基于扩散强化的Pickering界面生物催化系统构建及CO2矿化过程研究

CO₂的有效利用有助于解决环境和生态问题.碳酸酐酶(CA)等酶分子可精准活化CO₂分子以降低反应能垒,为CO₂的高效和高选择性转化提供了一种有前景的途径.然而,酶离开生物体后易失活,且难以重复利用.目前,包埋型固定化酶是常用且有效的提高酶稳定性与回用率的方法之一,但载体的存在会造成反应物CO₂内扩散阻力增加,降低反应活性.此外,CO₂酶促转化是一个气-液-固三相反应过程,反应体系中CO₂的外扩散性能也需要加强.金属有机骨架(MOFs),特别是咪唑酯骨架(ZIFs),常被用作酶固定化的载体.ZIFs的拓扑结构可被设计成不同形貌,进而通过ZIFs的结构工程来加强分子向其中的内扩散.Pickering乳液是指以固体颗粒代替常规表面活性剂而稳定的乳液.当固体颗粒具有催化活性时,催化剂颗粒会扩大液-液-固或气-液-固三相接触面积,从而有效协调反应物在不同相中的扩散时间.如果酶被用作这些颗粒的活性中心,所制备的Pickering乳液也可能具备类似的特性,可加强底物分子向酶的外扩散.本文选择两种具有不同结构的ZIFs(ZIF-L和ZIF-8),原位包埋CA后形成CA@ZIFs颗粒以稳定Pickeirng乳液.ZIF-L和CA@ZIF-L颗粒显示出独特的二维层状堆叠结构.ZIF-8和CA@ZIF-8颗粒呈棱角清晰的十二面体结构.与CA@ZIF-8颗粒相比,CA@ZIF-L颗粒显示出更大的孔径和更宽的孔径分布,这有助于CO₂从CA@ZIF-L颗粒表面扩散至酶活性中心.利用酶活测试来研究内扩散是否通过结构工程得到了加强,发现CA@ZIF-L颗粒的活性比CA@ZIF-8颗粒高22.3%,推测这是由于CA@ZIF-L颗粒特殊的十字花状结构会缩短CO₂从颗粒表面扩散至酶活性中心的距离.同时,十字花状结构可暴露更多的酶活性位点(CA@ZIF-L颗粒的暴露面积是CA@ZIF-8颗粒的~8倍),从而提升了反应物浓度并显示出更高的催化活性.本文还设计了吸附实验来进一步验证上述假设,发现BSA@ZIF-L颗粒对香豆素的吸附率远高于BSA@ZIF-8颗粒,说明与ZIF-8相比,酶包埋于ZIF-L具有更强的捕获小分子的能力,表明CO₂分子向CA@ZIF-L的扩散速度更快,即CA@ZIF-L的十字花状结构可强化系统的内扩散过程.进一步比较了PIBS和游离多酶体系的催化活性,将CO₂通入每个系统,在反应前20 min,PIBS的pH值下降速度比游离体系快得多,说明PIBS通过在气相和液相间构建更大的界面,缩短了CO₂向CA的扩散距离,从而提高了催化效率,促进了CO₂转化.上述假设也通过扩散动力学的计算得到了验证.为进一步研究PIBS的CO₂矿化能力,本文开展了CaCO₃矿化反应,发现PIBS的CaCO₃产量远高于游离多酶体系,表明构建的PIBS在强化内外扩散方面具有显著优势.最后,评估了PIBS在工业应用中的性能,由CA@ZIF-L和CA@ZIF-8颗粒构建的PIBS显示出较好的可回收性,在第8个循环后,PIBS仍可保持8.9 mg/5 min的CaCO₃产量.综上,PIBS可为CO₂的酶促转化和框架提供一个新方法和新平台.     

基于混酸回流制备碳点的中和过程

Carbon dots (C dots) are relatively novel carbon nanomaterials that have attracted significant interest due to their unique photoluminescence, good biocompatibility, and stability. The preparation methods of C dots was usually summarized into "top-down" and "bottom-up", and mixed acid reflux is a top-down strategy that can be used to synthesize C dots, during which neutralization is a necessary step that can significantly influence the properties and potential applications of the final product. Previously, this research area mainly focused on tuning the properties of C dots by changing the starting materials and/or varying the reaction conditions; the influence of the reagents used during neutralization has been largely ignored. As the previously reported C dots prepared by mixed acid reflux were obtained from different starting materials under varied conditions, a meaningful comparison is difficult. Herein, yellow-emitting C dots were prepared by mixed acid-refluxing a carbon-rich material derived from fullerene carbon soot. For the same batch of as-prepared C dots, the influences of four reagents, i.e., NaOH, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and NH₃·H₂O, during neutralization on the structures and photoluminescence of the resulting C dots were investigated in detail. The results of thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy clearly showed that the reagent used during neutralization can affect the degree of dissociation of the acidic functional groups on the C dots. This is further supported by examination of the C dot/surfactant mixtures where subtle changes in the phase behavior were observed. Structural changes of the C dots cause variations in their surface states, ultimately altering the optical characteristics, including UV-vis absorption and fluorescence. Among the treated C dots, the sample prepared with Na₂CO₃ showed the strongest emission under the same excitation wavelength, while that prepared with NH₃·H₂O exhibited a distinct red shift (~8 nm) in the emission curve. The results presented herein provide clear evidence that neutralization reagent selection is important for optimizing the properties of the resulting C dots obtained by mixed acid reflux. In addition, the photoluminescence of the C dots can be influenced by their counterions, providing a novel method for tuning the properties of C dots while explaining their behavior in saline solutions. In short, the basicity of the neutralizing reagent and the type of counterions affect the structure of the C dots surface, which brings different performances. This work reminds researchers that it is necessary to use the type of neutralizing reagent as an experimental condition when preparing C dots in the future.     

MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DYNAMIC STRESS ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC WAVES IN A FIBER—REINFORCED COMPOSITE WITH INTERFACES

Based on the theory of elastic dynamics, multiple scattering of elastic waves and dynamic stress concentrations in fiber-reinforced composite are studied. The analytical expressions of elastic waves in different regions are presented. The mode coefficients of elastic waves are determined in accordance with the continuous conditions of displacement and stress on the boundary of the multi-interfaces. By using the addition theorem of Hankel functions, the formula of scattered wave fields in different local coordinates are transformed into those in one local coordinate to determine the unknown coefficients and dynamic stress concentration factors (DSCFs). The influences of the distance between two inclusions, material properties and structural size on the DSCFs near the interfaces are analyzed. As examples, the numerical results of DSCFs near the interfaces for two kinds of fiber-reinforced composites are presented and discussed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19972018)     

RESEARCH ON RELIABILITY GROWTH FOR SYNCHRONOUSLY DEVELOPED MULTI-SYSTEMS

IntroductionAMSAA model could evaluate reliability growth test for mono-system perfectly[1-8].Butfor multi-systems,especially for synchronously developed multi-systems,the model parametersneed to be estimated by developing some newmethods.AMSAA-BISE model…     

基于拓扑描述函数的连续体结构拓扑优化方法

提出了一种利用拓扑描述函数(TDF)作为拓扑设计变量求解连续体结构拓扑优化问题 的新方法. 优化问题的目标函数是结构的整体柔顺性，约束条件为对于可利用材料的体积限 制. 这种方法不仅可以消除拓扑优化中经常出现的棋盘格式等数值不稳定现象，而且能够有 效地抑制传统算法处理此类优化问题时所引发的边界扩散效应. 与其它的基于水平集描述函 数的拓扑优化方法相比，所提出的算法不仅无需求解控制水平集函数演化的双曲守恒方 程，而且合理地考虑了目标函数的拓扑导数信息，因而使得算法的计算效率有了显著的提高.     

几种高分子材料的磨粒侵蚀机理

本文采用自行设计制造的磨粒侵蚀试验台对聚氨酯、丁苯橡胶、尼龙6和聚四氟乙烯4种高分子材料的磨粒侵蚀行为进行了试验研究,并且通过扫描电镜对试样磨损表面进行了观察分析,分别提出了这4种高分子材料磨粒侵蚀的物理模型和物理过程,阐明了它们的磨粒侵蚀机理:具有一定动能的固体颗粒对材料表层产生微切削;微观裂纹的萌生与扩展导致材料表层微观剥落;材料的力化学分解和热分解;材料表层局部塑性变形发展成塑性断裂而从表面脱落。     

THREE HIGH-ORDER SPLITTING SCHEMES FOR 3D TRANSPORT EQUATION

IntroductionWith the development of modern industry, various pollutants discharge into the air,rivers, lakes and oceans, which makes the environmental qualities worse and has bad effectson the mankind’s health and the sustained development of industry an…     

冰排与斜面结构作用时的破断长度分析

研究了冰排与斜面结构的相互作用过程．文中将冰排分为在斜面附近脱离水面部分和较远处漂浮于水面部分两个区域，建立了冰排因弯曲而发生破断的数学模型，根据弯矩分布分析了冰排可能的破断位置，从而得到冰排与斜面结构相互作用时的破断长度解析表达式．结果表明，冰排破断长度既不是冰厚的固定倍数，也不与冰排特征长度直接相关．计算结果与前人实验结果吻合较好，可以为近海冰区抗冰结构的设计提供参考．