晶碳,微晶碳与社会

工业金刚石消费量已成为衡量一个国家工业化程度的标准之一。制作铅笔芯的石墨现已广泛用于冶金、机械、电气、化学等工业,至本世纪束,它仍是畅销货。我国是首先用煤、焦炭炼铁的国家,也是三大产煤国之一。煤为人类提供多种宝贵原料,并将再次成为世界主要能源。活性炭具有极强的吸附性、特殊的催化性和较高的物理、化学稳定性,正在食品、医药、化学、石油、环保等工业中起着重要作用。     

富勒烯电化学研究

对１９９０年对来富勒烯电化学的文献进行了综述，总结了Ｃ６０、Ｃ７０和Ｃ７８及其衍生物在溶液、固体和薄膜中电还原、电氧化和光电化学的热力学和动力学，讨论了溶剂、支持电解质和温度等影响因素的作用机理，介绿了有关研究中现场和非现场表征测试的结果。     

Fullerene的译名及有关问题

Ｆｕｌｌｅｒｅｎｅ的译名及有关问题王宗睦（吉林大学分子生物学系长春１３００２３）Ｆｕｌｌｅｒｅｎｅ是当前理论化学和有机化学研究的热点之一，并且已经写进Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ－Ｂｏｙｄ的《有机化学》最新版中￣［１］。然而，迄今为止，还没有哪个化学名词象Ｆｕｌ...     

Studies of the Total Synthesis of Epothilone B and D:A Facile Synthesis of C7-C14 and C15-C21 Fragments

A mild and highly efficient synthesis of C7-C14 and C15-C21 fragments of epothilone B and D is described in which racemic C7-C14 fragment is prepared from nerol through four steps and C15-C21 fragment is obtained from 1,3-dichloroacctone.thioacetamide and propionaldehyde.     

广州大气细粒子中有机碳、元素碳和水溶性有机碳的分布特征

在广州市中山大学采样点进行了为期1年的大气细粒子(PM2.5)采样,监测分析得到PM2.5及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)等组分的质量浓度,并进行了比较和评价分析。结果表明广州市细粒子碳污染较严重。对OC、EC和WSOC质量浓度的月变化和季节变化特征进行了讨论,并分析了原因。OC、EC浓度相关性好,表明OC、EC来源大部分相同。根据OC/EC比值,估算二次有机碳(SOC)量,结果是SOC占OC的1/3。讨论了SOC和SOC/OC比值的季节分布,结果证明SOC夏季生成比冬季多。     

多色荧光碳点的制备新进展

碳点(碳量子点)是在紫外-可见光吸收区域具有有效吸收的、可多色发光的新型碳纳米材料,在生物医学、环境能源和催化领域有着重要的研究应用前景。但是,在过去的10年中,无论是自上而下还是自下而上的方法,所制备碳点的发光大部分集中在蓝光-橙光范围。最近,随着制备方法的改进,有多种方法制备出了红光或近红外发光的碳点。本文简述了近3年来各类代表性的制备碳点的方法,并主要介绍了红光或近红外发光碳点的制备新进展。     

C40,Nb@C40^＋,La@C40^＋的从头算研究

用量子化学从头算方法研究了Ｃ４０、Ｎｂ＠Ｃ４０＾＋，Ｌａ＾＠Ｃ４０＾＋的几何构型和电子结构，Ｃ４０最稳定构型具有Ｄ２对称性。Ｌａ和Ｎ原子内含于Ｃ４０笼中，形成金属夹心碳笼Ｎｂ＠Ｃ４０＾＋、Ｌａ＠Ｃ４０＾＋。Ｃ４０结合能大于Ｍ＠Ｃ４０＾＋（Ｍ＝Ｎｂ，Ｌａ）。     

富勒烯C60／C70的制备化学

评价了富勒烯制备化学的研究与进展，阐述了未来工业规模生产富勒烯的发展动向与前景，着重对有机合成制备Ｃ６０的研究进行了探讨。     

Mechanism of Lithium and Cobalt Recovery from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries by Sulfation Roasting Process

Different from the traditional pyrometallurgical recovery process of Li and Co from spent lithium-ion batteries, a new recovery method for Li and Co was established by converting LiCoO₂ into water-soluble metal sulfates by roasting a mixture of LiCoO₂ and NaHSO₄·H₂O. The evolution law of the mixture with increased roasting temperature was investigated by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC), in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD), XRD, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results show that the phase transition of LiCoO₂ mixed with NaHSO₄·H₂O with increased temperature proceeded as follows:LiCoO₂, NaHSO₄·H₂O→LiCoO₂, NaHSO₄→Li_1-xCoO₂, LiNaSO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂SO₄→Li_1-xCoO₂, Co₃O₄, LiNaSO₄, Na₂SO₄→Co₃O₄, LiNaSO₄. The reaction mechanism of this roasting process may be as follows:LiCoO₂+NaHSO₄·H₂O→1/2Li₂SO₄+ 1/2Na₂SO₄+1/3Co₃O₄+1/12O₂+3/2H₂O, Li₂SO₄+Na₂SO₄=2LiNaSO₄.     

Solid-liquid Phase Equilibria in the Process of Producing Lithium Hydroxide from Lithium Sulfate

The solid-liquid phase equilibria in the process of producing lithium hydroxide from lithium sulfate at 283.15, 298.15 and 323.15 K were studied via the isothermal solubility equilibrium method, and the solid species, phase diagrams, solution densities and pH were determined. The results show that four solid species of Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, Na₂SO₄·2.5H₂O, Na₂SO₄ and LiOH·H₂O occurred in the system, among them, Na₂SO₄·2.5H₂O was a new solid species not reported in the open literature, which was determined via chemical analysis, Karl Fischer water titration, X-ray diffraction(XRD), thermogravimetic analysis(TG) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) testing. Based on the SLE data, one systemic process to produce LiOH·H₂O from Li₂SO₄·H₂O was proposed including two crystallization steps at lower and higher temperatures.     

碳酸钠对选择性非催化还原反应影响的研究

在管式石英反应器中研究了Na₂CO₃对氨水-SNCR以及尿素-SNCR的影响。结果表明,添加少量的Na₂CO₃可以明显提高低温区域的脱硝效率,同时使NH₃泄漏曲线明显往低温方向偏移,尿素-SNCR过程尾部HNCO泄漏明显降低;添加少量的Na₂CO₃可以明显降低N₂O排放,这在尿素-SNCR过程中尤为明显;Na₂CO₃的添加明显提高了尿素热解气中HNCO向NH₃的转化率,这是尿素-SNCR过程中HNCO泄漏可以显著降低,N₂O排放得以大量减少的主要原因;Na₂CO₃添加量相同时,较低氨氮比工况的脱硝效率促进作用相对更为明显,较高氨氮比工况脱硝温度窗口宽度的扩展作用相对更为有效,而较低氧含量工况的脱硝效率促进效果也相对更为显著。     

沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂糠醛气相加氢制糠醇选择性的影响

采用共沉淀法制得分别以NaOH、Na_2CO_3和Na_2CO_3/NaOH为沉淀剂的CuZnAl-1、CuZnAl-2和CuZnAl-3催化剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、热重和NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床反应器上研究了沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂糠醛气相加氢制糠醇选择性的影响。结果表明,糠醛加氢在三种催化剂上均有较高转化率,而CuZnAl-3催化剂对糠醇有较高选择性。沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂的物相结构、比表面积、酸性和氧化还原性均有较大影响。以Na_2CO_3/NaOH为沉淀剂得到的CuZnAl-3催化剂具有适宜的比表面积、CuO晶相、较弱的酸性位,且表面CuO易于还原,这些因素有利于催化反应生成糠醇。CuZnAl-3催化剂上糠醛气相加氢制糠醇优化工艺参数为:常压、反应温度180℃、氢醛物质的量比为5∶1、糠醛体积空速0.3h~(-1);糠醛转化率为99.4%,糠醇选择性为98.3%。     

Structural Characterizations of Spherical Octadecavanadates Encapsulating Na+, K+ or I- and Ellipsoidal Octadecamolybdate Encapsulating two Anions of SO42-

Polyoxoanions of tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium have been the subject of interest since their wide variety of compositions, structures, and properties give rise to numerous important applications^[1]. From the NH₄VO₃/Na₂S_x (or (NH₄)₂S_x) reaction system we synthesized several spherical octadecavanadates with Na⁺,K⁺, NH₄⁺ or I encapsulated using hydrothermal method. These complexes include (NH₄)₁₁[V₁₈O₄₂(Na)]·(H₂O)₂₀ 1; (NH₄)₁₁[V₁₈O₄₂(K)]·(H₂O)₆, 2; (NH₄)₁₀(Na)[V₁₈O₄₂(Na)]·(H₂O)₂₆, 3; (NH₄)₁₁[V₁₈O₄₂(NH4]·(H₂O)₂₀, 4; and (NH₄)₂₀(I)₇[V₁₈O₄₂(I)]·(H₂O)₁₂, 5, in which the structures of 1, 2, 3, and 5 have been determined by X-ray analyses. In the analogous reaction system of (NH₄)₂MoS₄/(NH₄)₂S_x, we also obtained one ellipsoidal octadecamolybdate, (NH₄)₄[Mo₁₈O₅₄(2SO₄)]·(H₂O)₄, 6 with a standard Wells-Dawson structure^[2]. The Ortep drawings of the two kinds of structures are viewed as follows.     

草酸二甲酯气相催化加氢合成乙二醇的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列 CuO/SiO₂ 催化剂,进行草酸二甲酯气相加氢活性评价,分别考察了不同沉淀剂（Na₂CO₃、NH₃·H₂O、NaOH）、催化剂组成以及反应工艺条件对加氢性能的影响。采用N₂ 吸附脱附、N₂O吸附、XRD、TG热重分析、H₂-TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,草酸二甲酯加氢反应活性与Cu⁰有关,提高铜比表面积有利于提高加氢活性。采用以NaOH沉淀剂制备的CuO质量分数为50%的CuO/SiO₂催化剂,在200℃、2MPa、0.07h^-1和氢酯摩尔比为100时,草酸二甲酯转化率可达 98%,乙二醇选择性87%,且催化剂表现出较好的稳定性。     

BaO∙4B2O3∙5H2O纳米材料的制备及其对聚丙烯阻燃性能的热分解动力学方法评价

Borate is considered one of the most important additives for improving the fire-resistance of combustible polymers because of its smoke suppression, low toxicity, and good thermal stability. However, the size of prepared borate is usually in the micrometer range, which makes it difficult to disperse in a polymer matrix, thus hindering its use as fire-retardant material. The preparation and application of borate nanomaterial as flame retardant is considered an effective method. However, the preparation of barium borate nanomaterials as flame retardant has not been reported. In this paper, nanosheets and nanoribbons with different sizes for a new barium borate BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O are prepared by hydrothermal method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The flame-retardant properties of polypropylene (PP)/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis methods and limited oxygen index (LOI) method. Considering the near TG mass losses and the near LOI values for PP with 10% prepared BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet and nanoribbon, their flame-retardant properties need to be further evaluated by non-isothermal decomposition kinetic method. The apparent activation energy for this decomposition reaction was obtained from the slope by plotting ln(β/T_p²) against 1/T_p according to Kissinger's model. With the reduction of TG mass loss, increased heat absorption in DSC under N₂ atmosphere, increased apparent activation energy E_a for the thermal decomposition of PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O composite as well as increased LOI value, the flame-retardant performance of prepared BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O samples with PP gradually improved from bulk to nanoribbon to nanosheet. This can be attributed to the decrease in the size of BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O samples because the smaller sample size leads to improved dispersion and increased contact area with the polymer. The flame-retardant mechanism is discussed by analyzing the after-flame chars of the PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O composite in SEM images, which show that the char layer is more compact and continuous for the PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet composite. The influence of loading BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanomaterials on the mechanical properties of PP is also tested using a universal material testing machine, in which the PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet composite has higher tensile strength. The PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet composite has the best flame-retardant and mechanical properties, which is promising to be developed for the application as flame-retardant material.     

基于氨基化煤基碳点的复合光催化剂的制备及对CO2还原的催化性能

采用过氧化氢氧化法剥离出煤炭结构中的晶体碳[煤基碳点(CDs)], 并通过亚硫酰氯氯化及乙二胺钝化等步骤对其进行氨基化修饰, 制得N, S共掺杂的氨基化煤基碳点(NH₂-CDs), 再利用其表面的氨基和含氧基等官能团的配位及分散作用, 将由氯化铜原位还原得到的氧化亚铜(Cu₂O)纳米粒子包覆于其中, 制备了复合催化剂Cu₂O/NH₂-CDs, 表征了其结构和形貌, 并考察了其可见光催化还原CO₂/H₂O的性能. 结果发现, NH₂-CDs的存在使复合催化剂不仅具备了较强的CO₂吸附性能, 而且还具有了高效的电子-空穴对分离和电子转移能力, 从而表现出优异的光催化还原CO₂制备HCOOH的性能. 反应6 h时, 产物HCOOH的量为2582.4 μmol/g cat, 约为同条件下纯Cu₂O作为光催化剂时产物HCOOH产率的7.3倍.     

碱金属碳酸盐改性对Au/TS-1催化剂的丙烯气相环氧化活性和稳定性的提升作用研究

制备了不同碱金属碳酸盐（Na₂CO₃、K₂CO₃、Rb₂CO₃和Cs₂CO₃）超声浸渍改性的Au/TS-1催化剂，采用XRD、ICP、XPS、UV-vis、NH₃-TPD、FT-IR和HAADF-STEM等手段对催化剂结构性质进行了表征，研究了碱金属碳酸盐改性对Au/TS-1催化剂的丙烯气相环氧化活性和稳定性的影响。结果表明，碱金属碳酸盐改性可以降低Au/TS-1催化剂的表面酸性，减缓环氧丙烷（PO）在催化剂表面吸附引起的积炭失活，抑制金颗粒粒径的增大；此外，Cs₂CO₃和Rb₂CO₃改性还可减少Au/TS-1催化剂上的骨架外Ti含量。碱金属碳酸盐改性后的Au/TS-1的催化活性和稳定性都得到明显的改善，其中，Cs₂CO₃改性的Au/TS-1表现出最佳的催化活性，丙烯转化率为6.2%，环氧丙烷选择性为86.2%，氢气利用效率为26.2%。相关研究为提高Au/TS-1催化剂的丙烯气相环氧化活性和稳定性提供了新的思路。     

碱性介质中制备纳米四氧化三锰及其超级电容特性

比较了不同碱溶液中纳米Mn₃O₄的制备及其超级电容性能。用X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜等技术手段分别测试了晶体结构和表面形貌。用循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗测试了材料的电化学性能。结果表明,在氢氧化钠、氨水中Mn²⁺沉淀氧化可以直接制备纳米Mn₃O₄;碳酸钠中先生成MnCO₃,加氢氧化钠可转化为纳米Mn₃O₄。NaOH、NH₃和Na₂CO₃ 3种介质中制备的Mn₃O₄晶粒尺寸分别为29.5、20.2和36.3 nm。纳米Mn₃O₄经连续充放电循环后可活化为Birnessite-type MnO₂。氨水中制备的Mn₃O₄活化后比容量最大,达到239 F/g,是一种具有应用前景的超级电容器材料。