330 MW燃煤机组异相凝并对重金属排放控制的实验研究

湖北某电厂1号机组容量为330 MW，配备双室四电场静电除尘器，为了考察异相凝并技术对细颗粒物以及重金属脱除效率的影响，对1号机组除尘器前后，脱硫塔后进行颗粒物与重金属采样测试。结果表明，在烟道中喷射凝并吸附剂后，ESP入口颗粒态重金属占比增加，其中，Se元素在PM_2.5和PM₁₀上增加尤为明显，而气态的重金属含量有所降低，表明凝并吸附剂增强了颗粒态重金属的凝并效果，小颗粒态与气态重金属通过异相凝并过程转移至大颗粒态。喷入凝并吸附剂后，石膏中重金属含量显著降低，说明能够进入脱硫石膏的重金属含量减少，异相凝并提升了ESP对重金属的脱除作用；在尾部烟道末端烟囱排放口采样点，重金属含量相较于未喷入凝并吸附剂的工况，有着明显的降低，表明了经过异相凝并之后，排放至大气中的重金属显著减少，异相凝并对于重金属的控制起到关键作用。     

附聚法合成大粒径丁苯胶乳

以丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸以及丙烯腈为主要原料合成了新型附聚剂。探讨了单体加料方式、附聚剂粒径、附聚剂的用量、滴加时间和pH对丁苯胶乳粒径大小及其分布和胶乳稳定性的影响,且对附聚后丁苯胶乳粒径分布及其形态进行了测试。     

复合聚并协同脱除燃煤颗粒物及颗粒态重金属的中试研究

燃煤颗粒物和其上富集的As、Se、Pb等重金属排入大气后危害环境和人体健康。本研究开发以湍流聚并、壁面回流吸附为原理的复合聚并器，研究了聚并前后对颗粒物和颗粒态重金属的聚并效果。首先采用数值模拟方法综合考虑压力损失、速度均匀性和颗粒物聚并效果，优选了折叶片作为复合聚并器的叶片类型。随后进行了不同流量的颗粒物聚并中试研究，发现复合聚并器对PM₁的聚并率可达32.84%，随着流量从11.1 m/s增加到17.6 m/s，PM_2.5聚并率呈现一定下降趋势，说明了流量增加导致颗粒停留时间缩短和颗粒物聚并率的下降。通过对比聚并前后颗粒物中As、Se、Pb的浓度变化，发现聚并过程增强了对气态重金属的吸附，也会聚集富含重金属的纳米级颗粒物，从而造成PM₁中重金属浓度的增加。聚并后PM₁内的As、Se、Pb绝对浓度的降低，显示了复合聚并器对颗粒物和颗粒态重金属的协同脱除效果。     

Investigation of the influence of humidity on the ultrasonic agglomeration of submicron particles in diesel exhausts

Removing very fine particles in the 0.01-1 micro m range generated in diesel combustion is important for air pollution abatement because of the impact such particles have on the environment. By forming larger particles, acoustic agglomeration of submicron particles is presented as a promising process for enhancing the efficiency of the current filtration systems for particle removal. Nevertheless, some authors have pointed out that acoustic agglomeration is much more efficient for larger particles than for smaller particles. This paper studies the effect of humidity on the acoustic agglomeration of diesel exhausts particles in the nanometer size range at 21 kHz. For the agglomeration tests, the experimental facility basically consists of a pilot scale plant with a diesel engine, an ultrasonic agglomeration chamber a dilution system, a nozzle atomizer, and an aerosol sampling and measuring station. The effect of the ultrasonic treatment, generated by a linear array of four high-power stepped-plate transducers on fumes at flow rates of 900 Nm(3)/h, was a small reduction in the number concentration of particles at the outlet of the chamber. However, the presence of humidity raised the agglomeration rate by decreasing the number particle concentration by up to 56%. A numerical study of the agglomeration process as a linear combination of the orthokinetic and hydrodynamic agglomeration coefficients resulting from mutual radiation pressure also found that acoustic agglomeration was enhanced by humidity. Both results confirm the benefit of using high-power ultrasound together with humidity to enhance the agglomeration of particles much smaller than 1 micro m.     

On temperature- and space-dimension dependent matter agglomerations in a mature growing stage

Model matter agglomerations, with temperature as leading control parameter, have been considered, and some of their characteristics have been studied. The primary interest has been focused on the grain volume fluctuations, the magnitude of which readily differentiates between two commonly encountered types of matter agglomeration/aggregation processes, observed roughly for high- and low-density matter organizations. The two distinguished types of matter arrangements have been described through the (entropic) potential driving the system. The impact of the potential type on the character of matter agglomeration has been studied, preferentially for (low-density) matter aggregation for which a logarithmic measure of its speed has been proposed. A common matter diffusion as well as mechanical relaxation picture, emerging during the mature growing stage, has been drawn using a phenomenological line of argumentation. Applications, mostly towards obtaining soft agglomerates or so-called jammed materials, have been mentioned.     

Research on Performance Decay Mechanism of Pt/C Catalyst in Long-Term ORR Test北大核心CSCD

In proton exchange membrane fuel cells,cost,performance and durability are important issues that are need to be resolved before commercialization. The main reason for fuel cell performance degradation during operation is the loss of electrochemical surface area during long-term aging or transient. These losses mainly come from the degradation of the catalyst metal and the corrosion of the carbon support. This is a continuous and irreversible process that will greatly shorten the service life of the fuel cell. In order to explore this problem,20%（mass fraction）Pt/C catalyst is prepared based on carbon carrier etched by sulfuric acid. The morphology characterization test shows that it is uniformly dispersed and uniform in particle size,which is considered as an excellent material for long-term oxygen reduction （ORR） stability test. Next,the ORR stability test method with different cyclic voltammetry （CV） cycles is used to observe its performance degradation,and a series of physical characterizations,e. g. transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,high-resolution electron microscopy（HRTEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）and Raman spectroscopy （Raman）,are used to further intuitively analyzed the attenuation mechanism. It is reported that the reasons for the degradation of the stability of Pt/C catalysts are mainly from the dissolution,agglomeration,oxidation and migration of Pt particles and the corrosion of carbon supports. This study elucidates the source of the impact on the stability of fuel cells during operation,and provides a reference for designing high-stability commercial ORR catalysts. © 2022, Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

Numerical characterization of ultraviolet ink fluid agglomeration and the surfactant effect in nanoinkjet printing

Ultraviolet (UV) ink is a major ink type used in additive manufacturing via 3D inkjet printing. A major challenge in nanoinkjet printing is ink agglomeration. Among the UV ink components, oligomers have the highest tendency to agglomerate which can agitate the stability and quality of the printing fluid and possibly lead to nanoscale nozzle clogging. In this work, the first numerical study on the UV ink fluid, UV ink is modeled by using dissipative particle dynamics to study mesoscale agglomeration. The constituents of the ink model are composed of polystyrene and polyethylene glycol as photopolymers, BZP as a photoinitiator, and SDS as a surfactant. Styrene is a prevalent and established commercial photopolymer in present 3D inkjet applications, while ethylene glycol is a photopolymer known to improve ink viscosity. The morphological characteristics of the UV ink are studied here, where the results for different models from four cases considered here show how the kind of photopolymers and their constituent ratios affect the agglomeration morphology of the fluidic system. The existence of both oligomers and monomers results in mutual morphological benefits against agglomeration, while the photoinitiator occurs between photopolymers. In addition, we find that the surfactant can reduce the average size of agglomeration and improve the dispersion uniformity by increasing the number of agglomerates. These results highlight the important role additives can play to prevent, reduce, and control various forms of agglomeration to achieve enhanced nanoinkjet printing quality. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of the Hydrate Plugging and Non-Plugging Properties of Oils

Three laboratories (Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology [NTNU], Institut Français du Pétrole [IFP], and the Colorado School of Mines [CSM]) determined hydrate plug formation characteristics in three oils, each in three conditions: (1) in their natural state, (2) with asphaltenes removed, and (3) with naturally occurring acids removed from the oil. The objective was to determine the major variables that affect hydrate plugging tendencies in oil-dominated systems, to enable the flow assurance engineer to qualitatively assess the tendency of an oil to plug with hydrates. In the past, it was indicated that chemical effects, for example, water-in-oil/hydrate-in-oil (emulsion/dispersion) stability, prevented hydrate plugs. For example, deasphalted oils provided low emulsion/dispersion stability and thus hydrate particles aggregated. In contrast pH 14-extracted oils were reported to remove stabilizing naphthenic acids, causing asphaltene precipitation on water/hydrate droplets, stabilizing the emulsion/dispersion to prevent aggregation and pluggage. This work suggests that in addition to chemistry, shear can enable plug-free operation in the hydrate region. High shear can prevent hydrate particle aggregation, while low shear encourages particle aggregation and plugging. As a result, flow assurance engineers may be able to forecast hydrate plug liability of an oil by a combination of chemistry and flow variables, such as: a) measurements of live oil emulsion stability, b) predictions of flow line shear, and c) knowledge of water cut. Plug formation qualitative trends are provided for the above three variables. Implications for flow assurance are given.     

Harnessing the Capabilities of Spray Granulation in the Food Industry for the Production of Functional Foods

The article is the literature review of a current state of production technologies of powdery foodstuff, concentrates and multicomponent mixes. The need of the food industry for qualitative methods of processing of raw materials of different physical and chemical structure is noted. The authors give the reasons about need and possibility of a choice of granulation as a method of data processing of products. Physical and chemical features of granulation methods of disperse environments of various aggregate states based on the studied regularities and works of other authors are considered. The authors made the assumption of the application prospects of the method of liquid dispersion on the surface of particles in a suspended state for a granulation of foodstuff and they offered the alternative option. The possibility to use whey as binding element is considered. At the end of article authors draw the conclusion about the prospects of use of a method of dispersion of liquid on the surface of particles in a suspended state for a granulation of foodstuff.     

滴管炉内新疆后峡煤挥发分释放和形态变化

对新疆后峡煤和滴管炉内的快速热解焦的比表面积、平均孔径、粒径和表面结构进行了分析,研究快速热解过程中原煤的形态变化。将热解焦在热重分析仪上进行气化实验,研究形态变化对气化反应的影响。结果表明,随热解温度的升高,煤焦比表面积与平均孔径变化趋势不同;快速热解过程中煤颗粒除破碎外,还会发生膨胀及凝聚形态变化;不同热解碎片气化趋势不一样,1200℃热解温度下的热解焦气化稳定性最好。