河底和岸壁水流剪切应力“标准断面”法

零剪切应力分割线法和分割线表观剪切应力法是计算河底和河岸水流剪切应力的两种常用方法.为简化分割线表观剪切应力经验表达式,提出了“动量传输 平衡偏离”（momentum transfer equilibrium deviation,MTED）假设,认为表观剪切应力可由分割线一侧单位时间动量传输与其平衡值的差值来表示.为了确定平衡值,提出了标准断面的概念,所有矩形或者梯形断面都有对应的标准断面.基于MTED假设和标准断面的概念,建立了分割线表观剪切力以及河底和河岸剪切力占总剪切力比重的计算表达式.利用不同实验的200多个数据对不同的计算方法进行了对比分析,结果表明:该文的方法有效改善了计算精度,适用范围广,适用于矩形和梯形断面,以及河岸与河底糙率相同或不同的情况.     

磁流变体流变学特性研究

对所研制的矿物油介质和硅油介质磁流变体样品的零场粘度、磁流变性能、示功及速度特性进行了系统的测试和分析,并对其影响因素进行了详细的讨论.研制的磁流变体零场粘度小于0.5 Pa s(γ=81 s-1)且具有良好的粘温特性; 磁流变体的剪切应力接近和超过70 kPa(B=6000 Gs); 在智能减振器的应用试验中获得理想的示功特性曲线.     

TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF RIGID CIRCULAR PLATE ON TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC SATURATED SOIL

An analytical method was presented for the torsional vibrations of a rigid disk resting on transversely isotropic saturated soil. By Hankel transform, the dynamic governing differential equations for transversely isotropic saturated poroelastic medium were solved. Considering the mixed boundary-value conditions, the dual integral equations of torsional vibrations of a rigid circular plate resting on transversely isotropic saturated soil were established. By appropriate transform, the dual integral equations were converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Subsequently, the dynamic compliance coefficient, the torsional angular amplitude of the foundation and the contact shear stress were expressed explicitly. Selected examples were presented to analyse the influence of saturated soil's anisotropy on the foundation's vibrations.     

SCATTERING OF HARMONIC ANTI-PLANE SHEAR STRESS WAVES BY A CRACK IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PIEZOELECTRIC/PIEZOMAGNETIC MATERIALS

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of a permeable crack in functionally graded piezoelectric/piezomagnetic materials is investigated. To make the analysis tractable, it is assumed that the material properties vary exponentially with the coordinate parallel to the crack. By using the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with the help of a pair of dual integral equations in which the unknown is the jump of displacements across the crack surfaces. These equations are solved to obtain the relations between the electric filed, the magnetic flux field and the dynamic stress field near the crack tips using the Schmidt method. Numerical examples are provided to show the effect of the functionally graded parameter and the circular frequency of the incident waves upon the stress, the electric displacement and the magnetic flux intensity factors of the crack.     

基于拉曼光谱方法研究不同剪切力下的红细胞亚损伤

利用共聚焦拉曼光谱技术,对人工心脏泵不同剪切应力下受到亚损伤的红细胞进行实验研究,验证拉曼光谱对红细胞亚损伤程度的评估能力,为血液损伤评价提供了一种新的思路。实验采集血红蛋白和红细胞的拉曼光谱标准谱图并进行对比分析,以确定红细胞谱图特征峰的归属。用血液剪切力试验平台对测试血样施加暴露时间为1 s,大小分别为0,50,100,150,200,250和300 pa的剪切力。利用共聚焦拉曼仪器,在10倍长焦物镜,532 nm激光光源波长,积分时间10 s,积分次数2次,2.5 mW功率下采集剪切应力作用后的红细胞拉曼谱图。通过归一化的方法对比红细胞的拉曼谱图变化,评估红细胞亚损伤的程度,运用曲线拟合方法对特征峰和剪切应力进行拟合,验证拉曼光谱对红细胞亚损伤的评估能力。对比血红蛋白和红细胞的拉曼光谱标准谱图发现,红细胞谱图能够反映血红蛋白的内部结构。且结果表明,拉曼光谱法可以用于区分不同剪切应力下亚损伤的红细胞,推断剪切应力可以透过细胞膜从而影响到其内部的血红蛋白结构。且随着剪切力的增大,1 376 cm-1位置左侧谱线呈现明显抬高趋势,1 549和1 604 cm-1位置的峰强增高,1 639 cm-1位置的氧浓度标记带ν₁₀振动谱带减弱。其中1 549 cm-1位置的峰强为亚铁离子高自旋带,在不同剪切力的作用下,峰强差异表现最明显,与剪切应力呈明显的正向线性关系,拟合效果良好。拉曼光谱法检测样本处理简单、耗时短、操作简便、重现性好,且可以精确的检测到细胞内部结构的细微变化,可以评估红细胞的亚损伤程度,弥补了传统评价溶血的方法的不足,为人工心脏泵血液损伤评价提供了新的技术手段,拓宽了拉曼检测方法的应用领域。     

基于能量转换原理的磁电层合材料低频磁电响应分析

提出了一种基于能量转换原理的磁致伸缩/压电层合材料低频磁电响应模型,并对不同层合结构的磁电响应特性进行了对比研究.该模型假定层合材料层间能量传递通过层间剪切力来实现,利用应力函数法分析了磁致伸缩层和压电层的应力与应变,求出了磁致伸缩层的应变能和存储磁场能以及压电层的应变能和电场能;利用Hamilton最小能量原理求出了层间剪切力的大小,获得了开路状态下层合材料的低频磁电响应模型.发现磁电电压系数与磁致伸缩材料的磁导率、泊松比、磁机耦合系数以及压电材料的泊松比、机电耦合系数等有关,并对这些参数的影响进行了分析.同时对两层和三层结构的层合材料磁电特性进行了对比研究,发现层合结构不同则获得的磁电系数公式不同,用相应的公式计算得到的误差才会最小.研究结果表明,本文的理论误差小于6.5%,与其他方法相比,本文的理论模型能更好地描述磁电层合材料的低频磁电响应特性.     

浅谈磨擦学

 ４０多年前,在英国剑桥大学的卡文迪许实验室,Ｄ．Ｔａｂｏｒ负责的摩擦、润滑和磨损实验组曾被笑称为“摩擦和擦洗部”,如今情况今非昔比．Ｔａｂｏｒ在１９５０年将物理学引入摩擦、润滑和磨损等方面,将研究相对运动的表面间的相互作用及其有关理论和实践的一门科学技术命名为摩擦学（Ｔｎｂｏｌｏｇｙ来自希腊学“ｔｒｉｂｏｓ”意即摩擦）．由于摩擦规律蕴含大量微观和纳米量级现象,涉及物理、化学、材料学和工程学的基础,阐明这些现象已成为应用物理中引人入胜的研究工作,所以当今的摩擦学可以说是很时髦的边缘学科,本文将对这一领域以往的研究成果和现状做简要介绍．     

聚烯烃共混物注射制品的形态控制与多层次结构

从注射制品形态控制和结构表征的角度探讨高分子材料加工-形态-性能之间的关系.研究中采用动态保压成型方法来制备注射样品,在注射成型过程中引入剪切应力场的作用,制得的样品表现出明显的多层次结构,从外向里分别为皮层、剪切层、芯层,表现出不同的相形态、结晶形貌以及取向行为.研究发现,剪切应力对聚烯烃的形态发展和结构变化具有重要影响.在剪切应力的作用下,聚烯烃共混物中分散相会发生变形、取向,从而导致共混物的相转变点发生移动;结晶形态从球晶转变为shish-kebab结构;聚烯烃共混物在高剪切应力下相容,低剪切下发生相分离;HDPE/PP共混物的注射制品中出现附生结晶等现象.     

Numerical analysis of respiratory flow patterns within human upper airway

A computational fluid dynamics （CFD） approach is used to study the respiratory airflow dynamics within a human upper airway. The airway model which consists of the airway from nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and trachea to triple bifurcation is built based on the CT images of a healthy volunteer and the Weibel model. The flow character- istics of the whole upper airway are quantitatively described at any time level of respiratory cycle. Simulation results of respiratory flow show good agreement with the clinical mea- sures, experimental and computational results in the litera- ture. The air mainly passes through the floor of the nasal cavity in the common, middle and inferior nasal meatus. The higher airway resistance and wall shear stresses are distrib- uted on the posterior nasal valve. Although the airways of pharynx, larynx and bronchi experience low shear stresses, it is notable that relatively high shear stresses are distrib- uted on the wall of epiglottis and bronchial bifurcations. Besides, two-dimensional fluid-structure interaction models of normal and abnormal airways are built to discuss the flow-induced deformation in various anatomy models. The result shows that the wall deformation in normal airway is relatively small.