葡萄酒中10种多酚类物质的高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道高分辨质谱测定方法研究

利用高分辨质谱的定性鉴别能力,建立了葡萄酒中10种多酚类物质含量的高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道高分辨质谱(HPLC-QE HRMS)分析方法。样品经酸化后乙酸乙酯提取,ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)分离,全扫描和目标离子二级扫描定性,外标法定量。10种多酚类物质的定量下限为0.000 5~0.002 5 mg/L,加标回收率为82.0%~109.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。     

气相色谱-质谱对三种硅藻脂肪酸组成的测试规律性分析

借助气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术比较分析了角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、新月菱形藻(Nitzshia closterium)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)等3种硅藻在保留时间和质谱裂解方面的异同性规律.结果表明,强极性柱中各脂肪酸的分离顺序为低碳原子数到高碳原子数,碳原子数相同的组分分离顺序按低不饱和度到高不饱和度,弱极性柱中色谱出峰顺序也为低碳原子数到高碳原子数,与强极性柱一致,但碳原子数相同的组分分离顺序则从低饱和度到高饱和度,与强极性柱恰好相反;不同脂肪酸的质谱裂解表明,饱和脂肪酸甲酯的基峰为m/z 74,单烯脂肪酸甲酯的基峰为m/z 55,双烯脂肪酸甲酯的基峰为m/z 67,而三烯以上脂肪酸甲酯的基峰则为m/z 79,本文认为基峰这一特点可用来确定不饱和度,以助于快速准确的对脂肪酸甲酯进行定性分析;本文还比较了TMSH和NaOH-CH3OH两种甲酯化方法的区别.在此基础上用面积归一化法测定了硅藻脂肪酸的含量,发现3种硅藻都含有饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,其中ω-3 PUFAs主要为EPA.     

通过式固相萃取-液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱快速筛查鱼肉中全氟化合物及其前体物质

采用通过式固相萃取技术去除样品基质中脂肪和磷脂等杂质干扰,利用液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱( LC-Q Exactuve Orbutrap MS)的同时定性定量功能,建立了鱼肉中18种全氟化合物( Perfluoru-nated compounds, PFCs)及其21种前体物质的同时分析方法。样品经90%乙腈溶液提取,Oasus PRuME HLB通过式固相萃取柱净化,C18色谱柱分离,同时在液相色谱系统混合器和进样器之间串联一根延迟色谱柱,去除液相色谱系统的背景干扰;质谱数据采集使用Q Exactuve高分辨质谱的Full MS/dd-MS2监测模式,以Full MS一级质谱全扫描提取母离子精确质量数所得的色谱峰面积进行定量,以保留时间和dd-MS2数据依赖子离子扫描所得的二级子离子质谱图进行定性确证。39种目标物的精确质量数偏差不大于3×10-6,浓度与母离子峰面积的线性关系良好,相关系数≥0.99,检出限为0.02~0.50μg/kg。基质加标回收率在61.7%~122%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.9%~18.8%。本方法实现了18种PFCs及其21种前体物质的同时确证和测定,拓展了生物基质中全氟化合物的检测种类,而且前处理方法更为简化、部分化合物的灵敏度比文献报道方法提高约一个数量级,为全氟化合物前体物质的生物转化研究提供了高效的技术基础。     

气相色谱法用于煤油轻镏分烃类组成分析

用氰乙基化反应合成的强极性固定液制成强极性色谱柱!与分子筛柱串联,结合分子筛扣减技术,测定了几种航空煤油油样中正烷烃、芳烃、异构烷加环烷三个烃族组成。进一步用一种弱极性色谱柱与分子筛柱串联,由分子筛扣减法可测定各单体正构烷烃的含量,对所提出的方法的准确度和重复性进行了讨论。@汪燮卿$用氰乙基化反应合成的强极性固定液制成强极性色谱柱!与分子筛柱串联,结合分子筛扣减技术,测定了几种航空煤油油样中正烷烃、芳烃、异构烷加环烷三个烃族组成。进一步用一种弱极性色谱柱与分子筛柱串联,由分子筛扣减法可测定各单体正构烷烃的含量,对所提出的方法的准确度和重复性进行了讨论。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定除虫菊素水乳剂中氯氰菊酯残留量

提出了气相色谱-质谱法测定除虫菊素水乳剂中氯氰菊酯残留量的方法。除虫菊素水乳剂(WE)样品经乙酸乙酯高速匀浆提取、固相萃取柱净化后,分别经双柱(弱极性色谱柱和中等极性色谱柱)气相色谱仪和气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定。试验结果表明:采用双柱气相色谱法分析复杂样品,易出现样品假阳性。采用气相色谱-质谱法测定,氯氰菊酯在0.1～4.0 mg.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限为0.04 mg.L-1。方法回收率在82.5%～90.0%之间。     

液相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定壮阳类保健品中非法添加物

采用液相色谱-高分辨质谱法检测壮阳类保健品中的5种非法添加物。样品经甲醇超声提取后,以C18色谱柱为分离柱,以0.1%(体积分数)乙酸溶液与乙腈组成的混合溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子源及全扫描/二级质谱目标离子扫描模式进行测定。5种非法添加物的线性范围为1.0~50μg·L-1,方法测定下限(10S/N)在0.3~0.4μg·L-1之间。对样品进行加标回收试验,回收率在78.0%~102%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.62%~2.3%之间。     

在线净化液相色谱-高分辨质谱法快速筛查果蔬中212种农药残留

基于在线净化液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱技术建立了快速筛查果蔬中212种农药残留的方法和数据库。样品经0.1%乙酸乙腈提取,提取液经在线净化柱(Cyclone-P)净化、富集后,以乙腈-0.5 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%乙酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,待测物经C_(18)分析柱色谱分离后,采用四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱以正负同时扫描的Full Scan/dd MS2模式进行检测。结果表明,212种农药在0.5~50μg/L范围内呈良好线性,相关系数均大于0.998。方法的定量下限(LOQ)均可达到5μg/kg。通过实际样品的加标回收试验,212种农药在10μg/kg的加标回收率为58.3%~129.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%~16.0%。该方法利用精确质量数、保留时间、同位素峰比、二级碎片等多个定性信息可在无标准物质的情况下实现对果蔬中212种化合物的快速筛查与确证。     

超高效液相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定木质素氧化降解产物中单酚类化合物

建立了木质素氧化降解产物中单酚类产物的超高效液相色谱/高分辨质谱联用(UPLC/HRMS)检测方法。采用反相C18色谱柱,柱温30℃,0.1%(V/V)甲酸溶液-10%(V/V)甲醇乙腈溶液为流动相二元梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL/min,280 nm波长下紫外检测,可实现木质素氧化降解获得的9种单酚类化合物的有效分离,结合电喷雾离子源超高分辨飞行时间质谱(ESI-Q-TOF)正离子模式进行检测,对单酚类降解产物进行准确定性分析;通过高分辨质谱精确离子流抽提,面积外标法定量分析。本方法的线性范围为5.0~10000μg/L,线性相关系数大于0.9998,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.7%,检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.1~0.3μg/L和0.3~0.5μg/L,平均加标回收率为98.9%~105.1%。结果表明,酸性流动相体系下的正离子模式进行单酚类产物的质谱分析,具有较好的色谱分离效果和较高灵敏度。     

高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱法鉴定水稻稻曲病菌毒素

建立了高效液相色谱-线性离子阱高分辨质谱(HPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS)鉴定稻曲球中5种稻曲病菌毒素的方法。样品匀浆后以水为提取剂超声提取10 min,混合阳离子交换柱PCX净化,采用Xselect HSS T3色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm)分离,以水(含0.1%(v/v)甲酸)和甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱。在m/z 200~1000范围内进行一级质谱全扫描,结合准分子离子峰的精确质量数和同位素相对丰度进行质谱分析。结果表明,鉴定到5种稻曲病菌毒素,质量准确度小于1×10^-6(1 ppm),同位素相对丰度偏差绝对值≤3.3%,二级质谱碎片离子与理论裂解一致,回收率为90%~105%。该方法简便,灵敏度高,定性准确,为稻曲病菌产毒能力等相关研究提供了技术手段。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法测定毒蘑菇中5种鹅膏肽类毒素北大核心CSCD

鹅膏肽类毒素是毒蘑菇中毒事件中最常见的致死毒素,因此研究建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱检测毒蘑菇中5种鹅膏肽类毒素的方法。样品经纯水提取后,以乙腈-5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,用HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.0 mm, 2.1μm)对待测组分进行色谱分离;采用可加热电喷雾电离源(HESI),全扫描/数据依赖二级质谱扫描(Full mass-ddMS^(2))模式对待测物进行定性分析;在目标离子选择性扫描(Targeted-SIM)模式下,以外标法对待测物进行定量测定。结果显示,5种鹅膏肽类毒素在1.0~20.0μg/L范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限均为0.006 mg/kg,加标回收率为81.8%~102.4%,相对标准偏差为3.2%~8.3%。方法提供了丰富的化合物特征信息,可根据提取离子流色谱图结合同位素分布信息锁定可疑化合物,根据一级质谱和二级质谱碎片离子的精确质荷比,在没有相关标准品的情况下可对未知化合物进行结构推断和确证。方法样品前处理简单,定性分析特异性强,定量测定灵敏度高,可满足突发公共卫生事件快速定性定量的检测要求,同时也为开展此类毒素中毒快速筛查及未知毒素的结构锁定提供了可靠的技术支撑。     

Consequence of boar edible tissue consumption on urinary profiles of nandrolone metabolites. I. Mass spectrometric detection and quantification of 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone in human urine

For the first time in the field of steroid residues in humans, demonstration of 19-norandrosterone (19-NA: 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-estran-17-one) and 19-noretiocholanolone (19-NE: 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-estran-17-one) excretion in urine subsequent to boar consumption is reported. Three male volunteers agreed to consume 310 g of tissues from the edible parts (meat, liver, heart and kidney) of a boar. The three individuals delivered urine samples before and during 24 h after meal intake. After deconjugation of phase II metabolites, purification and specific derivatisation of target metabolites, the urinary extracts were analysed by mass spectrometry. Identification was carried out using measurements obtained by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) (R = 7000) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) (positive electrospray ionisation (ESI+)). Quantification was realised using a quadrupole mass filter. 19-NA and 19-NE concentrations in urine reached 3.1 to 7.5 microg/L nearby 10 hours after boar tissue consumption. Levels returned to endogenous values 24 hours after. These two steroids are usually exploited to confirm the exogenous administration of 19-nortestosterone (19-NT: 17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one), especially in the antidoping field. We have thus proved that eating tissues of non-castrated male pork (in which 17beta-nandrolone is present) might induce some false accusations of the abuse of nandrolone in antidoping.     

Study on Tissue Distribution of A Variety of Endogenous Metabolites By Air Flow Assisted Ionization-Ultra High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Imaging

As a promising new molecular imaging technique, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has attracted more and more attention in the field of biomedicine. A method of air flow assisted ionization-ultra high resolution mass spectrometry-based mass spectrometric imaging (AFAI-MSI) was developed to profile endogenous metabolites in rat kidney tissue in this study. Rat kidneys were collected and cut into frozen tissue sections, and then were analyzed on an AFAI-MSI system operated in positive ion mode using acetonitrile- isopropanol-water (4:4:2, V/V, 5 μL min^?1) as spray solvent, nitrogen gas as spray gas (0.6 MPa) and air as assisting gas (45 L min^?1). The mass range and resolution were set to be 70–1000 Da and 70000, respectively. As a result, a total of 38 metabolites, ranging from 10³ to 10⁷ in signal strength and belonging to different metabolite types, including organic amines, sugars, vitamins, peptides, neurotransmitters, organic acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerides, and cholesterol esters, were identified and imaged to characterize their tissue-specific distribution in kidney tissues. Some metabolites, such as choline, acetycholine, betaine, phosphocholine, and glycerolphosphocholin were found to have distinct distribution along the cortex-medulla axis, which may be involved in the formation of osmotic pressure gradient in the kidney. The proposed ultra high resolution mass spectrometry based AFAI-MSI method can work without sample pretreatment, showing high sensitivity and wide metabolite coverage, and is expected to provide a new analytical approach in the research of in situ characterization and metabolic regulation mechanism of endogenous metabolites in kidney.     

Quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of chloramphenicol residues in food using sub-2 microm particulate high-performance liquid chromatography columns for sensitivity and speed

The use of chloramphenicol (CAP)--a highly effective broad-spectrum antibiotic used in animal husbandry--is banned in many countries. Therefore, a very low minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 0.3 microg/kg CAP in meat for human consumption has been defined. Analytical methods capable of quantifying and confirming such low residue levels require sophisticated instrumentation. Preferably sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods have been used. This paper suggests the use of sub-2 microm particulate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns to gain additional sensitivity and improve resolution as well as speed. Depending on the operating conditions, higher chromatographic resolution and speed can be obtained at the price of a significantly increased operating pressure, requiring dedicated LC equipment. A 3-4-fold overall improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio for CAP was obtained compared to more classical 5 microm particulate HPLC columns. The proposed analytical methodology includes an enzymatic digestion, which liberates glucuronide-bound CAP from kidney tissue. The extracts obtained after an Extrelut clean-up are sufficiently pure to permit routine injection of biological samples into the sub-2 microm particulate HPLC column, without observing rapid deterioration of peak shape or column clogging problems. The time for one chromatographic run was 4.2 min. The described method was validated for two particularly difficult matrices (kidney and honey). Decision limits (CC alpha) were 0.007 microg/kg (honey) und 0.011 microg/kg (kidney), which are significantly below the current MRPL.     

A derivatization and validation strategy for determining the spatial localization of endogenous amine metabolites in tissues using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) studies increasingly focus on endogenous small molecular weight metabolites and consequently bring special analytical challenges. Since analytical tissue blanks do not exist for endogenous metabolites, careful consideration must be given to confirm molecular identity. Here, we present approaches for the improvement in detection of endogenous amine metabolites such as amino acids and neurotransmitters in tissues through chemical derivatization and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) IMS. Chemical derivatization with 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxycinnamaldehyde (CA) was used to improve sensitivity and specificity. CA was applied to the tissue via MALDI sample targets precoated with a mixture of derivatization reagent and ferulic acid as a MALDI matrix. Spatial distributions of chemically derivatized endogenous metabolites in tissue were determined by high‐mass resolution and MSⁿ IMS. We highlight an analytical strategy for metabolite validation whereby tissue extracts are analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐MS/MS to unambiguously identify metabolites and distinguish them from isobaric compounds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of Apigenin Metabolites in Rat Liver Perfusate by Column Switching High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Summary.  A selective column switching high performance liquid chromatographic method has been used for the simultaneous determination of apigenin and metabolites in rat liver perfusate. This new method clearly separated apigenin and the metabolites with high resolution. The structures of metabolites were proposed based on selective ion recording and full scan analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Corresponding author. E-mail: basly@pharma.unilim.fr Received May 15, 2002; accepted (revised) September 13, 2002     

Simultaneous determination of metabolic stability and identification of buspirone metabolites using multiple column fast liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A recent trend in the drug discovery and development process is to shift the starting point of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) studies to a time as early as possible in the development chain to address potential issues in parallel with the optimization of the drug's lead structure. Therefore, it is necessary to develop assay methods to determine early adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) parameters like metabolic stability and metabolite identification. For metabolite identification it is of crucial importance to work with fast liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) systems, which provide the necessary high throughput functionalities to handle a large number of samples in combination with high speed and high resolution chromatography as well as mass accuracy. In this study a fast two-column liquid chromatography (LC) method will be used to simultaneously determine metabolic stability and to identify metabolites of buspirone using highly accurate mass measurement by means of an electrospray time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) mass spectrometer. Whereby, the metabolic stability will be determined on a short sub-two micron column, the main metabolites will be identified in the same experiment by the automated use of a long sub-two micron column, which provides the necessary high resolution.     

Matrix pre‐coated targets for high throughput MALDI imaging of proteins

We have developed matrix pre‐coated targets for imaging proteins in thin tissue sections by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Gold covered microscope slides were coated with sinapinic acid (SA) in batches in advance and were shown to be stable for over 6 months when kept in the dark. The sample preparation protocol using these SA pre‐coated targets involves treatment with diisopropylethylamine (DIEA)‐H₂O vapor, transforming the matrix layer to a viscous ionic liquid. This SA‐DIEA ionic liquid layer extracts proteins and other analytes from tissue sections that are thaw mounted to this target. DIEA is removed by the immersion of the target into diluted acetic acid, allowing SA to co‐crystallize with extracted analytes directly on the target. Ion images (3–70 kDa) of sections of mouse brain and rat kidney at spatial resolution down to 10 µm were obtained. Use of pre‐coated slides greatly reduces sample preparation time for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging while providing high throughput, low cost and high spatial resolution images. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comprehensive comparison of liquid chromatography selectivity as provided by two types of liquid chromatography detectors (high resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry): “Where is the crossover point?”

The selectivity of mass traces obtained by monitoring liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was compared. A number of blank extracts (fish, pork kidney, pork liver and honey) were separated by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Detected were some 100 dummy transitions respectively dummy exact masses (traces). These dummy masses were the product of a random generator. The range of the permitted masses corresponded to those which are typical for analytes (e.g. veterinary drugs). The large number of monitored dummy traces ensured that endogenous compounds present in the matrix extract, produced a significant number of detectable chromatographic peaks. All obtained chromatographic peaks were integrated and standardized. Standardisation was done by dividing these absolute peak areas by the average response of a set of 7 different veterinary drugs. This permitted a direct comparison between the LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS data. The data indicated that the selectivity of LC-HRMS exceeds LC-MS/MS, if high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data is recorded with a resolution of 50,000 full width at half maximum (FWHM) and a corresponding mass window. This conclusion was further supported by experimental data (MS/MS based trace analysis), where a false positive finding was observed. An endogenous matrix compound present in honey matrix behaved like a banned nitroimidazole drug. This included identical retention time and two MRM traces, producing an MRM ratio between them, which perfectly matched the ratio observed in the external standard. HRMS measurement clearly resolved the interfering matrix compound and unmasked the false positive MS/MS finding.     

Distribution study of atorvastatin and its metabolites in rat tissues using combined information from UHPLC/MS and MALDI-Orbitrap-MS imaging

The combination of ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry imaging (UHRMSI) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) was used for the identification and the spatial localization of atorvastatin (AT) and its metabolites in rat tissues. Ultrahigh-resolution and high mass accuracy measurements on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed better detection of desired analytes in the background of matrix and endogenous compounds. Tandem mass spectra were also used to confirm the identification of detected metabolites in complex matrices. The optimization of sample preparation before imaging experiments included the tissue cryogenic sectioning (thickness 20 μm), the transfer to stainless steel or glass slide, and the selection of suitable matrix and its homogenous deposition on the tissue slice. Thirteen matrices typically used for small molecule analysis, e.g., 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN), 9-aminoacridine (AA), etc., were investigated for the studied drug and its metabolite detection efficiency in both polarity modes. Particular matrices were scored based on the strength of extracted ion current (EIC), relative ratio of AT molecular adducts, and fragment ions. The matrix deposition on the tissue for the most suitable matrices was done by sublimation to obtain the small crystal size and to avoid local variations in the ionization efficiency. UHPLC/MS profiling of drug metabolites in adjacent tissue slices with the previously optimized extraction was performed in parallel to mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) measurements to obtain more detailed information on metabolites in addition to the spatial information from MSI. The quantitation of atorvastatin in rat liver, serum, and feces was also performed.

GC/MS characterization of urinary metabolites of doxylamine succinate: Identification of the aglycones formed from intestinal microflora metabolism of the polar glucuronide metabolites

This study describes the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the characterization of polar glucuronide conjugates of doxylamine and their subsequent aglycones following deconjugation. Rat urinary extracts which contained doxylamine and both nonconjugated and conjugated doxylamine metabolites, were examined by HPLC before and after incubation with rat intestinal microflora. The subsequent deconjugated urinary metabolites and the nonconjugated products remaining in the urinary extracts were then isolated, acetylated, and assayed by GC/MS. Incubation with the intestinal microflora indicated that anaerobic bacteria were capable of effecting hydrolytic cleavage of these polar O-glucuronide metabolites of doxylamine and its demethylated products to their subsequent aglycones. GC/MS analysis was performed using a fused silica DB-5 GC column and was utilized for the identification of these deconjugated metabolites.