半胱氨酸传感器的研究进展

半胱氨酸(Cys)作为人体中一种不可缺少的氨基酸,对维持蛋白质功能和新陈代谢等方面起着重要作用,因此半胱氨酸的检测与传感器的开发也显得十分重要。本文综述了近些年来半胱氨酸传感器的研究进展,对半胱氨酸电化学传感器、比色传感器以及荧光传感器等的研制与应用方面进行了阐述和评价,并对半胱氨酸传感器的发展前景进行了展望。     

基于菁染料响应G-四链体结构变化的半胱氨酸检测探针

半胱氨酸是生物体中起着重要作用的还原性氨基酸,其在体内的含量变化可能会诱发机体发生多种病变。因此高选择性、高灵敏度和低成本的半胱氨酸检测技术具有重要意义。目前,高效的半胱氨酸检测方法有毛细管电泳、质谱、高效液相色谱和表面增强拉曼散射等,这些方法往往需要复杂的样品制备和精细的实验仪器,可能会限制其在半胱氨酸检测中的应用。本文利用富含鸟嘌呤的DNA链序列在钾、钠等金属离子诱导下形成对汞离子产生特殊响应的二级结构,而菁染料能够对DNA结构进行识别,并由此引起其超分子聚集形式的改变,致使其紫外和可见光谱性质随之变化。最终以Hg²⁺调控G-四链体与菁染料(ETC)组建的传感器,实现对溶液体系中半胱氨酸高选择性的快速可视化检测。     

基于dsDNA模板的荧光铜纳米簇探针用于药物中乙酰半胱氨酸的无标记快速检测

以乙酰半胱氨酸为研究对象,以双链DNA为模板合成的铜纳米簇为荧光探针,建立了一种无标记荧光快速检测方法,并应用于药物的检测。研究发现,乙酰半胱氨酸与铜纳米簇之间可形成Cu-S金属配位键,随着乙酰半胱氨酸浓度的增加,铜纳米簇的荧光强度能够被有效地淬灭。在优化的条件下,方法对乙酰半胱氨酸检测的线性范围为0.2～2.5μmol/L,检测限为42.0 nmol/L,当其他分析物浓度高出10倍时,荧光强度几乎没有变化。该方法在药物样品中对乙酰半胱氨酸的检测,不需要任何荧光染料标记或复杂的DNA序列设计,检测过程均在室温下10 min内完成,加标回收率为99.0%～100.7%。方法适用于低浓度范围内乙酰半胱氨酸的检测。     

基于蛋白质半胱氨酸的活性蛋白表达谱分析

蛋白质中的半胱氨酸对维持和调控细胞内的氧化还原平衡起着重要作用,同时它们也是多种蛋白质的功能活性位点,参与诸多生理过程。此外,蛋白质中的半胱氨酸上所发生的一系列翻译后修饰也扩展了蛋白质功能的多样性。随着化学蛋白质组学的发展,基于活性的蛋白表达谱(Activity-basedproteinprofiling,ABPP)分析技术在探究蛋白质半胱氨酸及其翻译后修饰方面取得了很多重要的研究成果。本文简要介绍了用于蛋白质半胱氨酸的活性蛋白表达谱分析方法,讨论了针对蛋白质半胱氨酸及其翻译后修饰的蛋白质组学领域的最新研究,并对该领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

“Turn-on”型磷光Hcy/Cys纳米探针的制备与性质研究

在本工作中,我们以制备纯水相检测的纳米探针为目标,以二氧化硅纳米粒子作为载体,以含特异性检测基团的长发光寿命的磷光铱配合物作为信号单元,通过共价键接枝方法得到几种纳米探针。采用SEM、TEM、SAXRD和氮气吸附等表征方法对纳米探针的表面形貌和内部结构进行表征,并用磷光发射光谱研究基于不同载体所得到的纳米探针的光物理性质以及对高半胱氨酸(Hcy)和半胱氨酸(Cys)的响应性,最后通过理论计算对其响应机理进行探讨。实验结果表明,以MCM-41作为载体的杂化纳米探针具有更强的发光强度和更好的响应性,并且在纯水体系中实现了对半胱氨酸和高半胱氨酸的高选择性检测。     

基于指示剂置换法利用紫外-可见光谱和比色检测水溶液中的半胱氨酸

基于半胱氨酸(Cys)与二价铜离子的配位作用, 发展了一种在纯水溶液中以4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)为指示剂, 通过紫外-可见光谱定性定量检测半胱氨酸的方法. 研究发现, 在pH=7.0的含有PAR和二价铜离子(摩尔比为1: 1)的缓冲溶液中, 当加入半胱氨酸后, 由于配位竞争使PAR释放出来, 实现了对半胱氨酸的识别, 选择性研究结果表明, 其它氨基酸不干扰体系对半胱氨酸的测定. 通过紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)对识别过程进行了研究, 确定了Cu²⁺与PAR的配位比为1: 1, Cu²⁺与Cys的配位比为1: 3; 半胱氨酸的线性关系变化范围为0~240 μmol/L, ε=7519 L/(mol·cm), 线性相关系数为0.9982. 在检测过程中可观察到溶液颜色由桃红色变成了黄色.     

MIL-53(Fe)/碳纳米管复合材料的半胱氨酸电化学传感器的研究

本文制备了基于MIL-53(Fe)负载碳纳米管复合材料的电化学传感器,并将其应用于半胱氨酸检测。首先通过溶剂热合成法制备了有机金属框架MIL-53(Fe)负载碳纳米管复合物,并采用X-射线衍射分析和扫描电子显微镜对其进行了微观结构表征;然后采用滴涂法制备了可用于半胱氨酸检测的电化学传感器,并使用循环伏安法和计时电流法对其进行了电化学性能研究。结果表明,该电化学传感器对半胱氨酸检测的线性检测范围为20μM～100μM和100μM～800μM,检测限为1.35×10~(-5 )mol·L~(-1)(S/N=3),该传感器具有良好的抗干扰能力、重现性、稳定性,可应用于实际食品中半胱氨酸的快速检测。     

荧光探针在半胱氨酸检测的应用

半胱氨酸(Cys)是三种生物硫醇之一,是20种天然氨基酸中唯一一种含还原性巯基的天然氨基酸,是组成细胞内多肽和蛋白质的基本氨基酸之一。其参与体内细胞的氧化还原调控,调节体内氧化还原平衡,维持机体正常代谢,在生理过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而体内的Cys浓度水平异常会引起一系列生理疾病,体内的Cys浓度作为几种疾病的生物标志物具有临床意义。因此有效地识别和检测半胱氨酸受到越来越多的研究者们的青睐。相较传统检测方法,荧光探针因其操作简单、灵敏度高、响应迅速和实时检测等优点,已被广泛用于检测生物硫醇。本文基于常见荧光团的结构性能特征,综述了近三年来检测Cys的荧光探针,重点概述了其传感机制,并对其生物应用进行了简要说明,展望了未来Cys探针的研究方向与应用前景。     

AE-HG-AFS测定长期汞暴露人群补硒后尿中硒的形态

建立了一种利用阴离子交换高效液相色谱与氢化物发生原子荧光光谱联用同时测定四、六价硒及硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)形态的方法。优化了六价硒的还原条件及仪器检测参数,以不同浓度的柠檬酸铵作为流动相,在10 min内同时分离了四、六价硒及硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)。采用加标法定量,加标回收率在90%～119%之间,相对标准偏差为1.6%～3.1%(100μg/L),四、六价硒及硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)的检出限分别为0.32μg/L、0.47μg/L和0.44μg/L(进样量为100μL)。应用该法对长期汞暴露人群补硒后尿中的小分子硒的形态进行了分析,仅检测到硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)。     

基于碳点荧光恢复法测定生物巯基化合物

碳点(CDots)是一种新型荧光纳米材料,Cu2+可以有效猝灭其荧光;而当有生物巯基化合物存在时,碳点-Cu2+体系的荧光可以恢复.基于此原理,我们成功地构建了检测生物体内总巯基化合物的新方法.该方法具有很好的选择性,常见氨基酸和金属离子对谷胱甘肽(GSH)、半胱氨酸(Cys)和高半胱氨酸(Hcy)的检测无影响.最佳实验条件下,谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸、高半胱氨酸的浓度在6.0×10-6mol/L～1.0×10-4mol/L与相对荧光强度呈线性,R>0.996,检出限为2.0×10-6mol/L.该体系成功用于血清样品中总巯基化合物的检测.     

Benzothiazole‐Pyimidine‐Based BF2 Complex for Selective Detection of Cysteine

Due to the similar structure and reactivity of cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH), the simultaneous discrimination of Cys over Hcy and GSH by a single fluorescent sensor is still a great challenge. In this work, a benzothiazole‐pyimidine‐based boron difluoride complex ( BPB ) was developed as a new fluorescent sensor for Cys. The sensor exhibits a highly selective “turn‐on” response to cysteine over Hcy, GSH and other amino acids in aqueous solution at physiological pH. The observed pseudo‐first‐order rate constant for the reaction of BPB with Cys was calculated to be about 0.062 min⁻¹. The detection limit of this sensor for Cys was determined to be 332 nm, and bioimaging of exogenous Cys by this sensor was successfully applied in living cells, thus indicating that this sensor holds great potential for biological applications.     

A Sensitive and Selective Fluorescent Probe for Cysteine Based on a New Response‐Assisted Electrostatic Attraction Strategy: The Role of Spatial Charge Configuration

A new strategy for fast fluorescent detection of cysteine (Cys), based on a response‐assisted electrostatic attraction, is demonstrated. By utilizing this strategy, we designed and synthesized three fluorescent probes for the specific detection of Cys under actual physiological conditions. The probe m‐ CP , a coumarin fluorophore conjugated with a substituted methyl pyridinium group through an unsaturated ketone unit, showed highly selective and sensitive detection for cysteine (Cys) over homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH). The kinetic analysis indicated that the sensing process was highly accelerated (a response time less than 1 min) by the response‐assisted electrostatic attraction. More importantly, control experiments with isomeric probes first demonstrated that the spatial charge configuration of the probe played an important role in Cys‐preferred selectivity and kinetic rate acceleration. Furthermore, the practical utility of the probe m‐ CP in the fluorescent labeling of Cys residues within proteins was demonstrated. Finally, these probes were employed in living cell imaging with HeLa cells, in which it displayed satisfactory cell permeability and enabled us to distinguish active thiols in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria.     

A Novel L‐Cysteine Electrochemical Sensor Using Sulfonated Graphene‐poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene) Composite Film Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles

By exploiting the electrostatic interaction between positively charged 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene cation radicals and negatively charged sulfonated graphene (SG) sheets, we prepared a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐sulfonated graphene (SG‐PEDOT) composite film by a one‐step electrochemical process. The composite was further decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and employed as an electrode material for the detection of L ‐cysteine (Cys). The SG‐PEDOT composite film is shown to provide a rough surface for the electrodeposition of AuNPs and to improve substrate accessibility and interaction with Cys. Moreover, the AuNPs‐decorated composite exhibits better electrocatalytic performance than that of a SG‐PEDOT composite only. Under optimum experimental conditions, the amperometric current of the sensor is linearly related to the concentration of Cys in the 0.1 to 382 µM range, and the detection limit is 0.02 µM (at S/N=3). The modified electrode displays favorable selectivity, good stability and high reproducibility. The method was successfully applied to the detection of Cys in spiked human urine.     

A Nanostructure Based Electrochemical Sensor for Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of L‐Cysteine in the Presence of High Concentration of Folic Acid

This study describes the development, electrochemical characterization and utilization of 8,9‐dihydroxy‐7‐methyl‐12H‐benzothiazolo [2,3‐b]quinazolin‐12‐one (DMBQ)/ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO/Nps)‐carbon paste electrode (DMBQ/ZnO/NPs/CPE) as a modified sensor for the electrocatalytic determination of cysteine (Cys) in the presence of folic acid (FA). ZnO/NPs was synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) method. The prepared DMBQ/ZnO/NPs/CPE was developed as a highly sensitive voltammetric sensor for determination of Cys in the presence of FA in real samples. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) of Cys exhibited linear dynamic range with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.05 µmol/L.     

Y-type, C-rich DNA probe for electrochemical detection of silver ion and cysteine

An electrochemical assay for the detection of silver ion was reported, which was based on the interaction of the Y-type, C-rich ds-DNA with Ag(+). Upon addition of Ag(+), Y-type, C-rich ds-DNA could form an intramolecular duplex, in which Ag(+) can selectively bind to cytosine-cytosine (C-C) mismatches forming C-Ag(+)-C complex. The binding result was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and analyzed with the help of Randles' equivalent circuits. The differences of charge transfer resistance, ΔR(CT), after and before the addition of Ag(+), allows the detection and quantitative analysis of Ag(+) with a detection limit of 10 fM. Moreover, cysteine (Cys) was applied to remove Ag(+) from the C-Ag(+)-C complex, which allowed the Ag(+) sensor to be reproduced. In the same way, ΔR(CT) for the C-Ag(+)-C system in the absence and presence of Cys allows the detection of Cys at a concentration as low as 100 fM. Finally, the potential application of the Ag(+) sensor was also explored, such as in lake and drinking water.     

基于1,8-萘酰亚胺的半胱氨酸荧光探针的合成及在生物成像方面的应用

设计合成了一种用于检测半胱氨酸的新型荧光探针乙二醛(N-羟乙基-1,8-二甲酰亚胺-4-萘基)单腙(NAD),该荧光探针对半胱氨酸表现出较高的灵敏度和选择性.当半胱氨酸加入NAD溶液中,会形成分子内氢键,抑制C■N的异构化,导致荧光增强.此外,探针NAD可应用于细胞内半胱氨酸的检测,表明该类型探针在生物检测应用方面具有较大的潜力.     

Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid,Dopamine and Uric Acid Based on Gold Nanoparticles‐PTCA‐Cys Composites Modified Electrodes

In this study, a nanocomposite of 3, 4, 9, 10‐perylenetetracarboxylic acid and L‐cysteine (PTCA‐Cys) with satisfactory water‐solubility and film‐forming ability was prepared and worked as substrate for modifying the glassy carbon electrode. Then, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were immobilized to achieve a PTCA‐Cys‐AuNPs modified electrode which provided more reaction positions on the sensor. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and different pulse voltammetry were employed to characterize the assembly process of the sensor. The constructed sensor displayed desirable sensitivity, selectivity and stability towards the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). Under the optimal experimental conditions, the oxidation peaks of AA, DA and UA appeared at 64, 240 and 376 mV, respectively. The corresponding linear response ranges were 3.2–435, 0.04–100 and 0.80–297 μM, and the detection limits were 1.1, 0.010 and 0.27 μM (S/N=3), respectively.     

Highly selective fluorescent sensor for homocysteine and cysteine

A new fluorescent sensor (1) based on a coumarin was synthesized for the selective detection of homocysteine (Hcy) and cysteine (Cys). The chemosensor has shown a selective response to Hcy or Cys over other various amino acids via a ring formation of thiazinane or thiazolidine. When Hcy or Cys was added, the fluorescent intensity of 1 was completely quenched through a photo-induced electron transfer with the sensitivity of sub-millimolar concentration.     

Cysteine combined with carbon black as support for electrodeposition of poly (1,8-Diaminonaphthalene): Application as sensing material for efficient determination of nitrite ions

Poly 1,8-Diaminonaphtahlene/cysteine (poly 1,8-DAN/Cys) combined with carbon black (CB) nanoparticles are proposed as an excellent sensor for the detection of nitrite ions. To design the electrocatalyst, a simple approach consisting on drop-casting method was applied to disperse carbon black on the surface of glassy carbon electrode, followed by the immobilization of cysteine on the surface of CB nanoparticles. The electrochemical polymerization of 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene was conducted in acidic medium by using cyclic voltammetry. The prepared hybrid material was denoted poly 1,8-DAN /Cys/CB. Several methods were used to characterize the structural and electrochemical behavior of the reported hybrid material including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), amperometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The prepared electrode displayed an outstanding electroactivity towards nitrite ions reflected by an enhancement in the intensity of the current and a decrease of the charge transfer resistance. Poly 1,8-DAN/Cys/CB displayed an excellent sensing performance towards the detection of nitrite with a very low detection limit of 0.25 µM. Two linear ranges of 1–40 µM and 20–210 µM when using amperometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were obtained respectively. This work highlights the simple preparation of a polymeric film rich in amine and thiol groups for nitrite detection.     

Rational Design of an Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Chemodosimeter by a Dual Quenching Mechanism for Cysteine Based on a Facile Michael‐Transcyclization Cascade Reaction

Differentiation of biologically important thiols, such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH) is still a challenging task. Herein, we present a novel fluorescent chemodosimeter capable of selectively detecting Cys over other biothiols including Hcy and GSH and other amino acids by a facile thiol‐Michael addition/transcyclization rearrangement cascade click process. The unique transcyclization step is critical for the selectivity as a result of the kinetically favorable formation of a six‐membered ring with the Cys Michael adduct. Moreover, the probe adopts a distinctive dual quenching mechanism—photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) to deliver a drastic turn‐on fluorescence response only at the Cys‐selective transcylization step. The judicious selection of strong electron‐withdrawing naphthalimide fluorophore with maleimide group enhances the electrophilicity and thus reactivity for the cascade process leading to fast detection and ultrasensitivity with a detection limit of 2.0 nm (S/N=3). The probe has demonstrated its practical utility potential in Cys imaging in live cells.