多肽中氢键强度的理论研究

用B3LYP/6-31G^*法优化了多肽分子的几何构型,计算了各个构型的电荷分布和氢键酸度,进而对多肽分子中的氢键强度进行了研究.结果表明,多肽分子中氢键的强度同时取决于形成氢键的H…O原子间距R和N-H…O之间的键角β;多肽分子倾向于形成R值小、β值大的大环氢键.3₁₀螺旋结构的多肽分子中的氢键具有协同效应,分子越大,分子中氢键越多,氢键的协同效应越强.     

鲍林与现代化学

美国著名化学家莱纳斯·鲍林(LinusPauling,1901～)是当代伟大的科学家之一。早在1954年他因研究化学键的性质,特别是对复杂分子结构的研究而荣获诺贝尔化学奖。事隔数年,他又因支持进步事业,积极维护世界和平反对非正义战争而荣获1962年诺贝尔和平奖。在美国他是唯一的一位两次诺贝尔奖(Nobel Prize)获得者。对于鲍林     

电负性研究的新进展——1.桑德逊电负性标度及其对经典电负性概念的改进

1932年鲍林(Pauling)首次提出元素电负性概念,经化学家和物理学家长期运用与研究,其定义、计算方法、应用范围和理论根据等方面都得到了广泛发展与许多成功改进。     

锂电池中的“锂键”效应

由于广泛存在,氢键在化学领域备受重视。“锂键”具有类似于氢键的一些性质,但锂的金属性和相对较大的原子半径,又使得“锂键”具有自己独特的一些特征。在氢键的基础上,介绍了“锂键”的概念、结构特点及其在锂电池中的应用,有助于人们深刻理解和应用“锂键”。考虑到“锂键”的新概念目前在化学教学中还较少涉及,期望今后可以适当增加“锂键”化学的相关知识,紧跟科技发展的潮流,进一步培养学生的科研创新意识。     

分子动力学方法研究聚甲基乙烯基醚／水体系中氢键和准氢键的结构与分布

用分子动力学方法模拟室温下不同浓度的聚甲基乙烯基醚／水体系的微观溶剂化结构．得到的径向分布函数和氢键给体和受体距离分布表明,聚合物与水形成的氢键比水之间形成的氢键短约0．005nm．准氢键C—H…O的数目是范德华作用对的7．2％．我们发现,在各浓度下,水分子并不能均匀地分布在聚合物结构单元上,即使在很稀的溶液（3．3％,质量分数）中,仍然有10％左右的醚氧没有和水分子形成氢键．这说明在溶液中,不但高分子链间有紧密的接触,而且高分子链内的链段间也有紧密的接触,导致链上的一些醚氧不能和水分子有效地接触而形成氢键．准氢键随浓度的变化和氢键的变化趋势类似,但形成准氢键的结构单元数目与形成氢键的结构单元数目比值在0．2附近．文献上用动态DSC测量低分子量聚甲基乙烯基醚（PVME）水溶液的相转变焓发现,在浓度为30％左右有一转折,与本模拟所得出的在浓度为27％左右氢键和准氢键比例的转折相关,这给相转变焓的转折点提供了分子尺度的微观解释．另外,浓度小于54％的溶液中存在“自由水”,在86％的浓溶液中每个结构单元大约与1．56个水分子缔合．     

鲍林及其共振论简评

著名的美国化学家鲍林（L.Pauling,1901— ）,曾任加利福尼亚理工学院化学教授及康奈尔大学客座讲学教授,是一位对现代化学多方面都有卓越贡献的科学家。早期,他创立了杂化轨道理论,对化学键理论做出了重大的贡献;他又在结晶化学中提出晶体半径的概念、鲍林规则等,这些都是奠基性的成就;特别在蛋白质的结构研究中,他的成就是非常出色的。     

二水合氯精氨酸的构象变化

以X光衍射实验对二水合氯酸的晶体结构进行了研究,重点讨论了影响精氨酸构象变化的主要因素并比较了在不同阴离子存在条件下精氨酸构象的变化情况。该晶体为单斜晶系,P21/c,a=11.0490(18);b=8.4876(13);c=11.2261(17);β=91.386(2);°Z=4;Dx=1.443Mg.m-3。精氨酸分子以顺式和反式两种构象沿C轴方向交错排列而羧基氧原子和相邻分子中的α-氨基N-H以氢键相连,形成常见的“头尾”相连构型;分子中的结晶水参与氢键的形成,类似“盐桥”作用;氯离子参与电荷平衡并和精氨酸的N-H形成较强的氢键作用和静电吸引力。上述作用使得精氨酸分子晶体形成了三维氢键网状超分子结构。     

7─羟基喹啉与甲醇、乙醇形成1：2桥式氢键化合物的AM1法研究

利用半经验ＡＭ１方法计算了基态与第一激发态７－羟基喹啉的两种异构体及其与甲醇等溶济分子形成１：２桥式氢键化合物的结构与稳定性。在基态，烯醇式结构比酮式结构稳定；而在第一激发态酮式比烯醇式稳定。１：２桥式氢键的形成使得酮式能量降低比烯醇式多。烯醇式１：２桥式氢键化合物呈交叉式结构，酮式１：２桥式氢键化合物呈折叠式结构，激发态的形成对氢键结构影响不大。在７－羟基喹啉羟基（或羰基）的邻位和间位引入取代基后，对喹啉环和桥式氢键结构的影响均不明显。     

7─羟基喹啉与甲醇、乙醇形成1：2桥式氢键化合物的AM1法研究

利用半经验ＡＭ１方法计算了基态与第一激发态７－羟基喹啉的两种异构体及其与甲醇等溶济分子形成１：２桥式氢键化合物的结构与稳定性。在基态，烯醇式结构比酮式结构稳定；而在第一激发态酮式比烯醇式稳定。１：２桥式氢键的形成使得酮式能量降低比烯醇式多。烯醇式１：２桥式氢键化合物呈交叉式结构，酮式１：２桥式氢键化合物呈折叠式结构，激发态的形成对氢键结构影响不大。在７－羟基喹啉羟基（或羰基）的邻位和间位引入取代基后，对喹啉环和桥式氢键结构的影响均不明显。     

水分子与聚苯胺间氢键的形成对电子性质的影响

用量子化学SCF-LCAO-MO AM1方法, 对于水分子与聚苯胺(PAn)间氢键体系进行了结构优化, 从理论上系统地研究了聚苯胺分子链不同位置形成氢键的可能性以及成键方式。运用晶体轨道EHMACC方法, 对具有不同氢键结构的PAn体系进行了能带结构计算, 揭示了水分子存在和氢键的形成对PAn掺杂导电性能的贡献。氢键形成后, 能带结构变化表明有利于导电能力的提高。     

原子间的另一种作用力——氢键

从氢键定义的延伸、键能大小及其共价性质的表现，认为氢键内容的发展已经可以将之称为"原子间的另一种作用力"。在此基础上，尝试推动氢键教学内容的改革，这样不但可以丰富基础无机化学中"氢键"的内容，而且可以有效增进学生从基础课教学提高科学研究的意识。     

Mutual Weakening of Hydrogen Bonds Between Hydrogen Fluoride and Proton Donors

The mutual effect of hydrogen bonds in BHF(HHal) _n complexes (Hal = F, Cl, Br, I; B = –, CH₃CN, NH₃; n = 1-3) was examined using the self-consistent field ab initio approach (6-31++G(d,p) and ECP-HW). When two and three equivalent H bonds are formed from the lone electron pairs of the fluorine atom of the HF molecule, the mutual weakening effect is 17% and 28%, respectively. The coefficients of the mutual effects of hydrogen bonds in HF(HHal)₂ and H₂O(HHal)₂ bridges are close in magnitude.     

Anomalous Density and Permittivity Effects on the Structure of Water

The relationship between the structural peculiarities of the hydrogen bond net and the anomalous behavior of density and dielectric permittivity of water is investigated. The degree of ordering in the network of hydrogen bonds is described in terms of the structural functions, among which the most important ones are tetrahedricity and the mean number of hydrogen bonds per molecule. The temperature dependence of the number of hydrogen bonds per molecule is discussed in terms of the analysis of the experimental temperature dependences of density and permittivity of water on the saturation line. The estimated density of hexagonal ice at the melting point is reproduced in terms of the concepts suggested for analysis; the estimate is rather close to the experimental value. Possible applications of the new approach are discussed.     

A comparative study of the dimers of selected hydroxybenzenes

Hydroxybenzenes are the parent compounds of large classes of derivatives, many of which exhibit biological activities. This work presents the results of a comparative study of the dimers of selected hydroxybenzenes, considering all the possible mutual geometrical arrangements of the two monomers and comparing their relative stabilities and interaction energies. The OH···OH hydrogen bond between the two monomers is the dominant stabilizing factor, with frequent preference for mutual perpendicularity of the two aromatic rings. C? H···O unconventional H‐bonds, OH···π unconventional H‐bonds, H···π interactions and π··π interactions also may play significant roles. The factors stabilizing individual hydroxybenzenes (presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds; number, positioning and orientation of the OH groups; symmetry features) have greater influence on the dimers' relative energy than on the interaction energy between monomers. While results from different calculations methods (HF, MP2, and DFT/B3LYP) show consistency for all the features just‐mentioned, they show some relevant differences in the way they take into account different types of interactions between monomers, resulting in some differences in the geometry arrangements of the monomers in the lowest energy dimers and in differences in the relative preferences among higher‐energy dimer geometries. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012     

Hydrogen Oxidation on a Platinum Microelectrode: Effect of Carbon Monoxide Impurities

The kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation and the CO adsorption on a Pt (ultra)microelectrode is studied in a 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution saturated with a mixture of gaseous H₂ and CO at partial CO pressures p _CO = 10–500 ppm. The balance between rates of diffusion and adsorption of CO at different adsorption times is studied. Studied is the effect of CO impurities in H₂ on steady-state polarization curves for the hydrogen ionization and nonsteady-state curves of the oxidation current decay with time at 0.02–0.05 V. Conditions under which in a certain time interval and at a certain CO concentration the slope of an I vs. t curve is proportional to p _CO are determined. The obtained dependence may be used when designing a technique for monitoring CO impurities in technical hydrogen.     

汽油制氢反应催化剂制备方法研究

对汽油氧化重整制氢反应催化剂制备方法进行了实验 ,研究了双金M N/Al2 O3 预还原与否对汽油制氢反应的活性、生成氢气的选择性及催化剂的稳定性。实验结果表明 ,催化剂的制备方法不同 ,在汽油氧化重制氢反应中催化剂活性、生成氢的选择性不同 ,还原态的好于非还原态的双金属催化剂 ;还原与否对该双金属催化剂的稳定性影响不大。     

光催化制氢中助催化剂表面氢氧复合反应的抑制

在光催化分解水产氢的过程中,Pt等助催化剂在催化产生氢的同时也会诱导催化氢气和氧气重新复合为水的逆反应,严重降低了悬浮体系光催化全分解水产氢的效率。本文综述了近年来在逆反应抑制方面的研究进展,总结和对比分析了各种抑制逆反应策略的特点,并对这些方法的应用于悬浮体系光催化全分解水制氢的前景进行了展望。     

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in the presence of 1,3-butadiene using a hydrogen anode in a nonaqueous medium

The possibility of anodic generation of a solvated proton on a gas-diffusion electrode in an aprotic medium in the presence of carbon dioxide and 1,3-butadiene has been demonstrated. Formic acid was shown to be the only product of the reaction in the initially aprotic medium with the use of a hydrogen gas-diffusion anode. The influence of the counterion on the reactivity of the CO₂ ^.− radical anion in electrocarboxylation was shown experimentally. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 295–300, February, 1999.     

Two-dimensional confined hydrogen: An entropy and complexity approach

The position and momentum spreading of the electron distribution of the two-dimensional confined hydrogenic atom, which is a basic prototype of the general multidimensional confined quantum systems, is numerically studied in terms of the confinement radius for the 1s, 2s, 2p, and 3d quantum states by means of the main entropy and complexity information-theoretical measures. First, the Shannon entropy and the Fisher information, as well as the associated uncertainty relations, are computed and discussed. Then, the Fisher-Shannon, lopezruiz-mancini-alvet, and LMC-Rényi complexity measures are examined and mutually compared. We have found that these entropy and complexity quantities reflect the rich properties of the electron confinement extent in the two conjugated spaces.     

Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen Atoms in the Pyridazine Series. (Review)

Information has been generalized on the nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in monocyclic and condensed pyridazines, pyridazine N-oxides, and pyridazinium cations.