介孔Ce1-xZrxO2负载的Cu基催化剂在富氢条件下催化CO选择性氧化

采用多元醇为模板剂合成了介孔Ce1-xZrxO2(x=0.2,0.35,0.5)固溶体材料,并以其为载体负载CuO制备了Cu基催化剂.应用透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、程序升温还原、程序升温脱附和N2吸附-脱附等技术对载体及催化剂进行了表征,并研究了Zr的取代比例x值对载体和Cu基催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,所有Ce1-xZrxO2样品均为介孔材料,其中Ce0.5-Zr0.5O2载体样品有较大的比表面积(181m2/g),CuO/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2催化剂样品在富氢条件下有较高的催化CO选择性氧化反应的活性和选择性.与其他催化剂样品相比,CuO/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2催化剂样品中形成的活性中心更多,分散性更好,对CO的吸附量更大,CO脱附温度更低,活性组分与载体的相互作用更强。     

CO/H_2在Cu/ZrO_2催化剂表面吸附行为原位红外表征

用原位FT IR法比较了Cu ZrO2 和ZrO2 催化剂表面对CO及CO H2 的吸附行为。结果表明 ,CO在 5 0℃便可以在Cu ZrO2 表面形成b HCOO Zr、Zr COO- 和b HOCOOZr物种 ,吸附温度升高 ,b HOCOOZr逐渐分解生成Zr OH和CO2 ,而b HCOO Zr吸附物种逐渐增强。b HCOO Zr物种在Cu ZrO2 催化剂表面生成速率远远大于ZrO2 催化剂。在Cu ZrO2 催化剂表面 ,所形成的合成甲醇中间物种 (HCOO Zr和CH3O Zr)均和ZrO2 有关 ,意味着CO加氢反应主要在ZrO2 表面进行 ,铜组分主要向ZrO2 提供吸附CO及H2 物种。     

不同改性组分对Cu-ZnO基催化剂低温甲醇合成性能的影响

通过共沉淀法制备了Al、Zr和Ce改性的Cu-ZnO基低温甲醇合成催化剂,采用氮气物理吸附、H2-TPR、CO2-TPD、N2O滴定、XRD和TEM等技术对其进行了表征,并考察了改性组分和煅烧温度对其在170℃下合成气制甲醇催化性能的影响。结果表明,经Zr改性的Cu-ZnO基催化剂,其低温甲醇合成性能较好;随着煅烧温度的降低,Cu在催化剂表面的分散度逐渐变大、颗粒逐渐变小,所得到的催化剂其活性也较高;其中,未经煅烧的Cu-ZnO/ZrO2催化剂的活性最佳,其甲醇时空产率为106.02 g/(kg·h),选择性达87.04%。     

稀土Sm对于Cu/Zr基合成醇催化剂的改性作用

 采用BET,XRD,TPR,H2－TPD和NH3－TPD等表征手段,考察了稀土助剂Sm2O3的添加方式对Cu／Mn／Zr／Ni催化剂结构的影响,并与催化剂催化CO加氢合成醇反应的活性及选择性相关联．结果表明,加入稀土助剂后,催化剂的表面酸性明显增强,催化性能发生了很大变化,副产物烃和CO2的含量明显降低;反应过程中有大量二甲醚生成．此外,稀土助剂Sm2O3对催化剂有一定的电子改性作用,改变了催化剂表面的吸附行为．     

Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox固溶体催化剂的制备及其催化甲醇合成性能

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、Zr(NO3)4·5H2O为原料,Na2CO3为沉淀剂,采用并流共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Zn/Zr摩尔比的双金属氧化物催化剂,其结构经XRD、BET、Raman光谱、TEM和H2-TPR表征。结果表明:Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox催化剂为固溶体结构,比表面积最大达46.2 m^2·g^-1,还原性能良好。以催化CO2加氢合成甲醇为目标反应,对不同Zn/Zr摩尔比的催化剂进行性能测试,并考察了反应温度和反应时间对Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox催化剂性能的影响。结果表明:反应温度250℃、空速GHSV为12000 mL·g^-1h^-1、反应压力2 MPa和H2/CO2(体积比)=3/1时,Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox固溶体催化剂催化活性最高,二氧化碳转化率达到了3.5%、甲醇选择性高达75.4%,甲醇收率达到2.6%,且催化剂能够稳定运行100 h而不失活。     

Cu-Ce-Zr-O复合氧化物催化剂的制备与三效催化性能

采用柠檬酸溶胶凝胶法制备了Cu-Ce-Zr-O复合氧化物催化剂. 当Ce∶Zr∶Cu摩尔比为2∶8∶5时,制得的Ce0.2Zr0.8Cu0.5-O2-λ催化剂具有较佳的三效催化性能和较宽的工作窗口. 当空燃比为1.33(富氧)时, CO, C3H6和NO的起燃温度分别为183, 257和236 ℃, 并且当温度高于340 ℃时都能完全转化; 催化剂经高温老化后CO, C3H6和NO的起燃温度仍较低,分别为225, 350和350 ℃. X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和程序升温还原的结果表明,部分Cu进入 Ce-Zr固溶体形成Cu-Ce-Zr固溶体; Cu与Ce产生协同效应使Ce0.2Zr0.8Cu0.5O2-λ催化剂的低温活性明显提高,并且在贫燃情况下具有更高的三效催化性能.     

一步合成二甲醚催化剂烧结失活和原位再生的研究

采用共沉淀沉积法制备了CuOZnOAl2O3/γ Al2O3 HZSM 5复合催化剂,考察了其对CO加氢直接合成二甲醚的催化性能,研究了催化剂的失活和再生,并用H2-TPR、XRD、TPO、N2O化学吸附等表征方法对反应前后和再生后催化剂的物化性质进行了表征。结果表明,一步合成二甲醚催化剂的失活主要是由于活性位Cu晶粒的烧结长大;反应温度和原料气的组成是影响催化剂失活的因素,在低于220℃下,以N2/H2/CO/CO2为原料气会显著降低催化剂的失活速率。研究使用的氧化还原循环的再生方法能够使Cu晶粒发生再分散,并使失活的催化剂恢复了75%以上的活性。     

Cu-Zn-Zr/SBA-15介孔催化剂的制备及CO2加氢合成甲醇的催化性能

以具有骨架结构的SBA-15介孔分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法合成了具有高比表面积、不同金属氧化物含量的Cu-Zn-Zr介孔催化剂CZZx/SBA-15(x=0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6).采用N2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、CO2吸附(CO2-TPD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对样品进行了表征.在固定床反应器上评价了其CO2加氢合成甲醇的催化性能.实验结果表明,CZZx/SBA-15催化剂具有介孔结构,负载的Cu O,Zn O和Zr O2能够很好地分散在表面,并且负载氧化物晶粒尺寸不同.催化剂的铜比表面积SCu与甲醇催化活性呈近似线性关系,其中CZZ0.4/SBA-15催化剂表现出最大甲醇选择性(54.32%),与CZZ相比,甲醇选择性增加24.85%.随着金属氧化物负载量的增大,催化剂比表面积和SCu明显减小,甲醇选择性与收率也相应减小,负载型CZZx/SBA-15催化剂表面结构对CO2加氢合成甲醇反应活性起关键作用.     

沉淀剂对悬浮共沉淀法制备二甲醚催化剂的影响

以无水乙醇为溶剂,将Cu、Zn和Al的硝酸盐并流共沉淀在HZSM-5分子筛的悬浮溶液中,一步合成CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5双功能催化剂.研究了沉淀剂的种类、加入顺序和加入量对催化剂活性的影响.结果表明,以适量的草酸作沉淀剂,采用悬浮液并流共沉淀法制备的双功能催化剂,对CO2加氢直接合成二甲醚有较高的催化性能:在固定床反应器中,温度为270℃,压力为3.0 MPa,空速为4 800 h-1的反应条件下,CO2的单程转化率达到28.7%,二甲醚的选择性达到53.2%.BET、XRD、TPR、TPD和N2O滴定等对催化剂结构表征结果表明,双功能复合催化剂CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5的结构影响CO2加氢合成二甲醚的催化性能.     

ZrO2晶型对CO加氢制异丁烯反应影响的研究

不同晶型结构的ZrO₂在CO加氢制异丁烯反应中表现出不同的催化性能。尽管单斜相ZrO₂在合成气制异丁烯反应中具有最优异的催化性能,但是对于其异构化活性位仍缺乏深入认识。通过研究ZrO₂晶型结构对反应性能的影响差异,有利于深入认识ZrO₂催化剂上合成气制异丁烯反应的关键影响因素。因此,本研究制备了一系列不同晶型结构的ZrO₂催化剂,研究了它们在结构性质及催化CO加氢制异丁烯反应性能方面的差异。相对于四方相和无定型ZrO₂,在单斜相ZrO₂催化剂表面,有较多的配位不饱和的Zr位点和O位点。配位不饱和的Zr位点是CO吸附活化的位点,有利于CO的转化。而较多的不饱和配位的O位点,为异丁烯的生成提供了更多的碱性位。此外,在单斜相ZrO₂催化剂表面,配位不饱和的Zr位点和O位点的存在,抑制了电子向反应中生成的甲酸盐物种转移,因此,甲酸盐物种在催化剂表面吸附较弱,有利于CO加氢生成异丁烯。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.