CO2加氢制备二甲醚CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5催化剂的研究

以无水乙醇为溶剂,草酸为沉淀剂,采用悬浮共沉淀法,一步合成CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5双功能催化剂.并研究了该催化剂在CO2加氢合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能,考察了CO2加氢合成甲醇组分(CuO-ZnO-Al2O3)与甲醇脱水组分(HZSM-5)配比对催化剂性能的影响以及催化剂的稳定性.结果表明,双功能催化剂加氢与脱水组分配比为8∶1时,对CO2加氢直接合成二甲醚有较高的催化性能:在固定床反应器中,温度为270℃,压力为3.0 MPa,空速为4 800 h-1的反应条件下,CO2的单程转化率达到29.8%,二甲醚的选择性和收率分别达到53.8%和16%.XRD、BET、TPR和NH3-TPD对催化剂结构表征结果表明,不同组分配比影响双功能复合催化剂中脱水组分的酸性和加氢组分的结晶度、晶粒尺寸、CuO的还原性.     

助剂Mn对CO2加氢制二甲醚CuO-ZnO-ZrO2/HZSM-5催化剂的结构和性能影响

以无水乙醇为溶剂,草酸为沉淀剂,采用悬浮共沉淀法,一步合成Mn改性的CuO-ZnO-ZrO2/HZSM-5双功能催化剂.并研究了该催化剂在CO2加氢合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能,考察了助剂锰的添加量对催化剂性能的影响,并采用XRD、BET、TPR、NH3-TPD和XPS对催化剂结构进行表征.结果表明,双功能催化剂性能与助剂锰的添加量有密切联系,适量锰的加入可提供合适的表面酸性,提高二甲醚的选择性,降低副产物CO的选择性.表征结果表明,加入Mn可以促进CuO的分散,并降低CuO的还原温度,增加催化剂的比表面积,提高Cu+/Cu0比,从而能促进CO2的转化,有利于提高催化剂的活性.     

镁改性HZSM-5对Cu-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5催化合成气直接制二甲醚反应的影响

 采用浸渍法制备了一系列MgO改性的HZSM-5分子筛,并以MgO/HZSM-5为甲醇脱水催化剂与Cu-ZnO-Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂组成双功能催化剂,在连续流动加压固定床反应器上考察了其对合成气直接制二甲醚反应的催化性能. 结果表明,以适量MgO改性的HZSM-5分子筛组成的双功能催化剂上,二甲醚选择性可高达64.8%,CO2和烃类副产物的选择性分别为30.2%和0.4%; 由未改性的HZSM-5分子筛组成的双功能催化剂上,二甲醚选择性仅为49.1%,CO2和烃类副产物的选择性则分别高达37.1%和9.3%. 当MgO含量过高时,则CO转化率和二甲醚选择性均降低. 根据实验结果,提出了甲醇在MgO/HZSM-5上脱水的反应机理.     

二氧化碳加氢直接合成二甲醚催化剂的研究 Ⅰ. 沉淀剂对催化剂结构和性能的影响

使用不同沉淀剂制备了CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5复合型催化剂，考察了其对CO2直接加氢的催化性能，并采用H2-TPR、XRD、BET、CO2-TPD、H2-TPD等表征方法对催化剂物化性质进行了表征。研究结果表明，沉淀剂对催化剂的反应性能、晶相结构、还原难易程度、以及对CO2、H2的吸附性能等均有显著影响。催化剂上存在两种吸附位，催化剂的活性、选择性与其吸附性能密切相关。研究结果可以较好地解释CO2直接转化为甲醇和二甲醚的反应机理。     

含氮合成气直接制二甲醚的Cu基催化剂研究

研究了CuO-ZnO-Al2O3／HZSM－5系列双功能催化剂催化含N2合成气直接制二甲醚的性能，考察了助剂和催化剂制备方法对反应性能的影响，结果表明，在CuO-ZnO-Al2O3／HZSM－5催化剂中加入ZrO2，有利于提高催化活性；用胶体沉积法制备的CuO-ZnO-Al2O3／HZSM－5双功能催化剂，其CuO晶粒小，分散好、易于还原，同时增强了各组分间的协同作用，表现出良好的催化性能。     

镁改性HZSM-5对Cu-ZnO-Al2O3／HZSM5-催化合成气直接N-甲醚反应的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列MgO改性的HZSM-5分子筛，并以MgO/HZSM-5为甲醇脱水催化剂与Cu—ZnO-Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂组成双功能催化剂，在连续流动加压固定床反应器上考察了其对合成气直接制二甲醚反应的催化性能．结果表明，以适量MgO改性的HZSM-5分子筛组成的双功能催化剂上，二甲醚选择性可高达64.8％，CO2和烃类副产物的选择性分别为30．2％和0．4％；由未改性的HZSM-5分子筛组成的双功能催化剂上，二甲醚选择性仅为49．1％，CO2和烃类副产物的选择性则分别高达37．1％和9．3％．当MgO含量过高时，则CO转化率和二甲醚选择性均降低．根据实验结果，提出了甲醇在MgO／HZSM-5上脱水的反应机理．     

SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5催化剂及合成二甲醚性能

以廉价的硅酸钠为硅源，碳酸钠为沉淀剂，采用共沉淀沉积法制备了SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/ HZSM-5催化剂，用XRD、SEM、H2-TPR、XPS等手段进行了表征，考察了对CO2加氢合成二甲醚的催化活性。结果表明，SiO2促进了催化剂前驱体的分散，延缓了焙烧后催化剂晶粒的长大和颗粒的团聚。SiO2改性的同时影响了CuO的分布状态及还原过程。1.0%SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5催化剂，用于CO2加氢合成二甲醚，CO2转化率和二甲醚的收率达28.53%和16.34%，与未经改性的Cu-ZnO/ HZSM-5相比，CO2转化率和二甲醚收率分别提高了20%和34%；继续增大SiO2用量，催化剂的活性反而降低。XPS和AES表征表明，1.0%SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5催化剂中，Cu0是甲醇合成的活性中心，锌以ZnO的形式存在。     

SiO_2助剂对CuO-ZnO/HZSM-5催化CO_2加氢制DME性能的影响

采用均匀沉淀法制备了不同SiO_2含量的CuO-ZnO作为CO_2加氢合成甲醇的活性组分,接着采用研磨法将其与HZSM-5分子筛均匀混合形成双功能催化剂,考察了不同SiO_2含量催化剂在CO_2加氢合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能.通过XRD、N_2等温吸附脱附、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD、N_2O滴定对催化剂结构进行表征,研究了SiO_2含量对催化剂结构及表面酸性的影响.结构表征表明助剂SiO_2的加入增加了催化剂的比表面积,提高了催化剂的还原性,使催化剂的表面酸性较为合适,同时在一定程度上能够抑制催化剂活性组分的聚集,从而有效促进了催化剂的催化活性.     

Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox固溶体催化剂的制备及其催化甲醇合成性能

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、Zr(NO3)4·5H2O为原料,Na2CO3为沉淀剂,采用并流共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Zn/Zr摩尔比的双金属氧化物催化剂,其结构经XRD、BET、Raman光谱、TEM和H2-TPR表征。结果表明:Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox催化剂为固溶体结构,比表面积最大达46.2 m^2·g^-1,还原性能良好。以催化CO2加氢合成甲醇为目标反应,对不同Zn/Zr摩尔比的催化剂进行性能测试,并考察了反应温度和反应时间对Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox催化剂性能的影响。结果表明:反应温度250℃、空速GHSV为12000 mL·g^-1h^-1、反应压力2 MPa和H2/CO2(体积比)=3/1时,Zn0.2Zr0.8Ox固溶体催化剂催化活性最高,二氧化碳转化率达到了3.5%、甲醇选择性高达75.4%,甲醇收率达到2.6%,且催化剂能够稳定运行100 h而不失活。     

制备条件对新型糠醛加氢催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备CuO-ZnO-Al2O3-MnO2复合氧化物为活性组分体系的新型铜基催化剂,并评价其在糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇过程中的活性,比较Na2CO3、NH4HCO3、H2C2O4三种沉淀剂制得催化剂的活性差异并通过TPR、XRD、ICP、BET等手段表征,结果表明:用Na2CO3作沉淀剂制得催化剂转化率最高.进一步对制备条件进行考察,发现采用Al(OH)3的添加形式和并流共沉淀法有利于提高催化剂的活性,而助剂Mg的添加能有效提高催化剂稳定性.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。