浊点萃取-石英双缝管捕集火焰原子吸收光谱法分析铬价态

在不同pH值的缓冲溶液中,亚硝基苯胲铵盐(铜铁试剂)可与Cr(Ⅵ)及Cr(Ⅲ)络合生成中性疏水络合物,以Triton X-114为萃取剂,浊点萃取分离富集Cr(Ⅵ)及总铬,石英双缝管原子捕集-火焰原子吸收光谱法(STAT-FAAS)测定铬价态.实验对浊点萃取时溶液的pH值、铜铁试剂和Triton X-114的用量、离心分离时间、平衡温度和时间等影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,分别在pH=3.0和6.0的溶液中,40 ℃恒温加热15 min后,离心5 min,Triton X-114浊点萃取Cr(Ⅵ)及总铬的富集倍数达到50倍(100 mL起初样品溶液/2 mL最终测定液).和普通火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)相比,利用石英双缝管原子捕集技术,STAT-FAAS法测定铬的灵敏度提高了近5倍.本方法测定Cr(Ⅵ)及总铬的线性范围分别为0.005～0.5 mg/L和0.01～1.2 mg/L;检出限分别为0.66 μg/L和0.81μg/L.     

交联羧甲基淀粉预富集-悬浮体进样-石墨炉原子吸收法测定水样中铬(Ⅲ)和铬(Ⅵ)

以交联羧甲基淀粉(CCMS)为吸附剂,悬浮体进样-石墨炉原子吸收法(GFAAS)测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)形态。研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间、溶液体积、共存离子等对CCMS吸附Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:在pH=6.0时,吸附15 min,CCMS可以选择性地吸附Cr(Ⅲ),对Cr(Ⅵ)不吸附,从而实现Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的分离。将吸附Cr?的CCMS加0.1%的琼脂制成悬浮体直接进石墨炉检测,用1 mL 1%盐酸羟胺将Cr(Ⅲ)还原成Cr(Ⅵ),测总铬。方法对Cr(Ⅲ)的检出限为0.044μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为10.4%(初始浓度CCr(Ⅲ)=1.0μg/L,n=11),富集倍数为50倍。将本方法应用于环境标准样品的测定,测得结果与标准值相符。     

嵌段分子筛聚合材料P123-SH萃取分离-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析痕量铬的形态

研究了嵌段分子筛聚合材料P123-SH萃取分离-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对尿中痕量铬的形态分析方法,探讨了嵌段分子筛聚合材料P123-SH吸附铬的原理和最佳条件。在pH 7.0、常温下,Cr3+和Cr(Ⅵ)被很好的分离,且Cr3+可被该材料定量吸附,其吸附容量为6.15 mg/g。吸附的Cr3+可用2 mol/L的HCl洗脱,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定洗脱下来的Cr3+,往溶液中加入0.1%抗坏血酸将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr3+测总铬,Cr(Ⅵ)含量为总铬减去Cr3+,方法测定Cr3+的检出限为0.011μg/L(3σ,n=11),线性范围为0.1～10μg/L,加标回收率在94%～106%之间,对0.50μg/L的Cr3+溶液平行测定7次,RSD为3.6%。方法可应用于生物样品和环境样品中痕量铬的形态分析。     

分散液相微萃取-连续光源-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中痕量铬(Ⅵ)

采用分散液相微萃取-连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,以吡咯烷基二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)为螯合剂,CCl4为萃取溶剂,乙醇为分散剂测定环境水样中痕量Cr(VI),并考察了pH、萃取时间、温度和盐度等影响因素。结果表明,DLLME萃取5 mL水样的最佳条件为:pH 2.0,温度为35℃,螯合剂0.012 g/L,萃取溶剂30μL,分散剂0.5 mL。在此条件下,水样中铬(VI)的检出限为0.005μg/L,线性范围为0.05~2.00μg/L,对0.20μg/L,1.00μg/L Cr(VI)标准液分别测定10次的相对标准偏差为0.3%和2.4%。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定印刷油墨中可迁移Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)

建立以NH4NO3为流动相,高效液相色谱–电感耦合等离子体质谱联用(HPLC–ICP–MS)技术测定印刷油墨中可迁移的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的方法。样品以0.07 mol/L的pH 1.1～1.3盐酸溶液为萃取剂,于(937±2)℃水浴振荡萃取1 h,然后静置1 h,用0.45μm过滤头过滤后取1.0 mL滤液,加入1.0 mL 0.07 mol/L氨水及8.0 mL缓冲液在50℃水浴中静置50 min,取出样品溶液,冷却至室温后用HPLC–ICP–MS仪分析测试。Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度在0.04～0.20μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数分别为0.999 1和0.999 8,方法检出限分别为0.007 mg/kg和0.002 mg/kg。加标回收率为88.2%～114.6%,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.7%和3.5%(n=10)。该方法快速、准确,适用于测定基体复杂的油墨中可迁移Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)。     

浊点萃取-电热原子吸收光谱法分析铬的形态

提出了测定铬形态的新方法——浊点萃取-电热原子吸收光谱法(PPE-ETAAS)。该法基于利用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100的浊点现象，当加热至其浊点时，溶液分为两相，Cr(Ⅲ）与8-羟基喹啉形成的疏水性螯合物进入富胶束相中，从而实现与Cr(Ⅵ）的分离。在本法中，8-羟基喹啉既作为化学分离，富集剂，又作为ETAAS测定中的化学改进剂。对影响浊点萃取分离的主要因素进行了详细的研究。在最优实验条件下，方法测定Cr(Ⅲ）的检出限为0．023μg/L；相对标准偏差为1．1％(C=2．0μg/L，n=6)。本法具有简便、灵敏、富集倍数高和避免使用有机溶剂的优点。     

在线还原富集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的形态

采用单阀双阳离子交换树脂微柱并联，设计了双路采样逆向洗脱在线分离富集系统，该系统与原子吸收测量技术相结合，实现了在线分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法同时测定水中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)，富集1min时，分析速度为60样/h，测定Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的特征浓度分别为6．08μg/L和11．58μg/L(相当于1％吸收)，线性范围分别为0～1．0μg/mL和0～2．0μg/mL，对质量浓度为100μg/L的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)测定的相对标准偏差分别为2．9％和3．0％、检出限分别为8．70和10．8μg/L。该法对实际水样加标回收率在94．5％～104．3％之间。     

SPE–ICP–AES法测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)

建立固相萃取与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP–AES)测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)含量的方法。合成了功能化铁氧体磁性材料作为固相萃取剂,优化了固相萃取条件。当样品溶液的p H值为2.5时,固相萃取剂能在5 min内完成Cr(Ⅲ)的富集。使用1 mol/L HNO3在3 min内即可解吸附分离Cr(Ⅲ),饱和吸附容量为15.2μg/mg,研究了共存离子的影响。Cr(Ⅲ)含量在1~50μg/L范围内与发射光谱强度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 9,检出限为0.09μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.2%(n=8),回收率为97.7%~104.8%。该方法高效、快速,测定结果准确可靠,可用于测定环境水样品中的痕量Cr(Ⅲ)。     

原子吸收光谱法研究双水相体系对铬的选择性萃取分离效率

研究了乙醇-硫酸铵双水相体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的选择性萃取分离效率及其原子吸收光谱法(AAS)分析. 配制乙醇-硫酸铵双水相体系, 并考察不同种类盐, 盐用量, 酸度和时间对体系萃取分离效率的影响, 用AAS法测定体系对以重铬酸根形式存在的Cr(Ⅵ)的选择性萃取分离效率, 通过乙醇和水相的AAS法测定选择了最佳萃取分离条件, 在pH为4的酸性介质中把水相中的Cr(Ⅵ)萃取到乙醇相而Cr(Ⅲ)留在水相中, 使两种形态的铬彼此分离, 通过对醇相Cr(Ⅵ)和水相Cr(Ⅲ)的 AAS测定, 得到最佳测定条件及体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的萃取率为: 双水相体系的体积为10.0 mL, V(EtOH)∶V(H2O)=2∶3, (NH4)2SO4的质量为1.7 g, pH 4, Cr(Ⅵ)萃取率为90% 以上, Cr(Ⅲ)回收率为98%～108%. 本法可用于铬的形态分析.     

微波消解-浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定空心胶囊中铬含量

研究了微波消解-浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定空心胶囊中痕量铬的方法。空心胶囊通过微波消解,以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)为络合剂络合消解液中铬(Ⅵ),非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114为萃取剂,结合FAAS测定空心胶囊中痕量铬,与《中国药典》(2010版)检测方法具有较好一致性。考察了溶液的pH值、络合剂和表面活性剂浓度、平衡温度和时间等条件对浊点萃取效果的影响。在最优条件下,铬(Ⅵ)线性范围为0～10μg/mL,检出限(3σ)为7.6ng/mL,相对标准偏差为1.5%(n=10),回收率在95%～102%之间。方法灵敏度高,重复性好,适合于胶囊中铬的日常检测。     

微波灰化-液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定干食用菌中的三价铬和六价铬

建立了干食用菌中三价铬(Cr(Ⅲ))和六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))的液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LC-ICP-MS)检测方法。采用微波灰化技术对食用菌样品进行灰化处理,灰化样品用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)二钠盐稳定其中的Cr(Ⅲ),并使其保留在阴离子交换柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,10 μm)上;用含有60 mmol/L硝酸(pH 9.3)的流动相分离其中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定。标准溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度在0.5~50 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性回归系数均达到0.9999。食用菌样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)不同加入量的平均回收率为78.0%~90.7%,相对标准偏差小于4%(n=6);定量限均为0.5 μg/L。该方法稳定、可靠、灵敏,可满足干食用菌中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的测定。     

纳米二氧化锆微柱分离电感耦合等离子-质谱分析水样中铬的形态

以纳米ZrO2为微柱填充材料,采用电感耦合等离子-质谱(ICP-MS)研究了Cr(Ⅵ)/Cr(Ⅲ)在纳米ZrO2微柱上的吸附性能。当pH值为8时,纳米ZrO2能完全吸附Cr(Ⅲ),而对Cr(Ⅵ)基本不吸附。对影响Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分离的主要因素进行了详细研究,据此建立了纳米ZrO2微柱分离ICP-MS分析铬形态的新方法。方法对铬的检出限(3σ)为0.06ng/mL,定量测定下限(10σ)为0.37ng/mL,相对标准偏差为2.2%(n=9,c=100ng/mL)。本法选择性好、简便、快速,已用于不同水样中铬形态的测定,结果满意。     

离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10中的六价铬

建立了大气颗粒物PM_2.5、PM₁₀中六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））的离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱（IC-ICP-MS）检测方法。采用碳酸氢钠（NaHCO₃）溶液超声提取大气颗粒物样品中的Cr（Ⅵ）,并使用含有0.22 g/L 乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐（Na₂EDTA）的75 mmol/L硝酸铵溶液（pH 7.0）淋洗液通过离子色谱柱（AG7,50 mm×4 mm）分离出样品中的Cr（Ⅵ）,电感耦合等离子体质谱测定。标准溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度在0.05~5 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数达0.9999,标准溶液测定的精密度为1.0%~4.0%,标准样品测定的相对误差为3.3%;纤维素滤膜适用于Cr（Ⅵ）的采样,将纤维素滤膜碱化后,Cr（Ⅵ）的回收率从75%增加到102%;样品在20 mmol/L碳酸氢钠溶液中超声30 min后上机测试,提取完全且回收率稳定;当采样体积为20 m³,方法的检出限为0.0004 ng/m³;采集并测定了PM_2.5及PM₁₀实际样品,样品的加标回收率为91.6%~102%,精密度为1.7%~7.6%。该方法高效、稳定、灵敏,适用于大气颗粒物中六价铬的测定。     

Separation,preconcentration and speciation of chromium by solid phase extraction on immobilised ferron

A sensitive and simple method for determination of chromium species after separation and preconcentration by solid phase extraction (SPE) has been developed. For the determination of the total concentration of chromium in solution, Cr(VI) was efficiently reduced to Cr(III) by addition of hydroxylamine and Cr(III) was preconcentrated on a column of immobilised ferron on alumina. The adsorbed analyte was then eluted with 5?mL of hydrochloric acid and was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometery. The speciation of chromium was affected by first passing the solution through an acidic alumina column which retained Cr(VI) and then Cr(III) was preconcentrated by immobilised ferron column and determined by FAAS. The concentration of Cr(VI) was determined from the difference of concentration of total chromium and Cr(III). The effect of pH, concentration of eluent, flow rate of sample and eluent solution, and foreign ions on the sorption of chromium (III) by immobilised ferron column was investigated. Under the optimised conditions the calibration curve was linear over the range of 2–400?µg?L^?1 for 1000?mL preconcentration volume. The detection limit was 0.32?µg?L^?1, the preconcentration factor was 400, and the relative standard deviation (%RSD) was 1.9% (at 10?µg?L^?1; n?=?7). The method was successfully applied to the determination of chromium species in water samples and total chromium in standard alloys.     

Speciation of Chromium in Water Samples by Cloud Point Extraction Combined with Low Temperature Electrothermal Vaporization ICP‐OES

Abstract

A new method based on cloud point extraction (CPE) separation and electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ETV‐ICP‐OES) detection was proposed for the determination of chromium species. Thenoyltrifluoracetone (TTA) was used as both an extractant for CPE of Cr(III) and a chemical modifier for ETV‐ICP‐OES determination. When the system temperature is higher than the cloud point temperature (CPT) of the selected surfactant, Triton X‐114, the complex of Cr(III) with TTA could enter the surfactant‐rich phase, whereas the Cr(VI) remained in aqueous solutions. Thus, an in situ separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) could be realized. The concentrated analyte was introduced into ETV‐ICP‐OES for determination of Cr(III) after proper disposal. Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) prior to determining total Cr, and its assay is based on substracting of Cr(III) from total chromium. The main factors affecting cloud point extraction and the vaporization behavior of the analyte were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for Cr(III) was 0.22 µg/L by preconcentration of a 10 mL sample solution, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.8% (C_Cr(III)=0.5 µg/mL, n=5). The proposed method was applied to the speciation of chromium in different water samples. In order to verify the accuracy of the method, a certified reference water sample was analyzed, and the results obtained were in good agreement with certified values.     

Development of a cloud point extraction and preconcentration method for chromium(III) and total chromium prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of chromium in water samples based on using cloud point extraction (CPE) preconcentration and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method is based on the complexation of Cr(III) ions with Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) in the presence of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114. Under the optimum conditions, the preconcentration of 50 mL of water sample in the presence of 0.5 g/L Triton X-114 and 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ M BCB permitted the detection of 0.42 μg/L chromium(III). The calibration graph was linear in the range of 1.5–70 μg/L, and the recovery of more than 99% was achieved. The proposed method was used in FAAS determination of Cr(III) in water samples and certified water samples. In addition, the developed CPE-FAAS method was also used for speciation of the inorganic chromium species after reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) using a thiosulphate solution of 120 mg/L in the presence of Hg(II) ion as a stabilizer.     

Speciation of chromium in river water samples contaminated with leather effluents by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after separation/preconcentration by cloud point extraction

In the present work, a cloud point extraction (CPE) system has been proposed for determination of species de chromium in the natural water samples, Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The procedure was based on the reaction of Cr(III) with 1-(2-pyridilazo)-2-naphtol (PAN) in a surfactant solution (Triton X-114) yielding a hydrophobic complex, which then is entrapped “in situ” in the surfactant micelles. When the temperature of the system was higher than the cloud point of Triton X-114, the complex of Cr(III)-PAN entered the surfactant-rich phase and thus separation of the analyte from the matrix was achieved. Separation of the two phases was accomplished by centrifugation for 15 min at 2500 rpm. The Cr(VI) assay is based on its reduction to Cr(III) by ascorbic acid which subsequently reacts with PAN in a similar manner. The main factors affecting the cloud point extraction, such as complexation pH (7.7), buffer concentration (0.025 mol L^{− 1}) and microwave irradiation time (10 min) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken design. Under the optimized conditions, the preconcentration system (50 mL sample) permitted an enrichment factor of 48, linear range of 2.5–80 μg L^{− 1}, limit of detection and quantification of 0.7 and 2.5 μg L^{− 1}, respectively, and the relative standard deviation (n = 10) of 2.0% for 50 μg L^{− 1} Cr(III) solution and (n = 10) 5.5% for 10 μg L^{− 1}. The proposed procedure was applied to the speciation of chromium in river water samples. The procedure affords recoveries of 84–115% and a relative standard deviation lower than 4.2%. The analytical results of total chromium in the river water samples under study agreed well with those by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS). It is proved that the procedure can be successfully employed as an alternative to the commonly used preconcentration and speciation analytical techniques.     

Tea-industry waste activated carbon, as a novel adsorbent, for separation, preconcentration and speciation of chromium

Activated carbon was produced from tea-industry wastes (TIWAC) and employed as a low cost and effective solid phase material for the separation, preconcentration and speciation of chromium species without using a complexing agent, prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The characterization of TIWAC was performed by utilizing several techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis. The adsorption experiments were conducted in a batch adsorption technique. Under the experimental conditions, Cr(VI) adsorption amount was nearly equal to zero, however the adsorption percentage of Cr(III) was in the range of 95–100%. Therefore total chromium was determined after the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was calculated by subtracting Cr(III) concentration from total chromium concentration. The suitable conditions for adsorption and speciation processes were evaluated in terms of pH, eluent type and volume, TIWAC concentration, adsorption and desorption contact time, etc. Adsorption capacity of TIWAC was found to be 61.0 mg g⁻¹. The detection limit for Cr(III) was found to be 0.27 μg L⁻¹ and the preconcentration factor was 50 for 200 mL of sample volume. The procedure was applied to the determination and speciation of chromium in stream, tap and sea water. Also, the proposed method was applied to total chromium preconcentration in microwave digested tobacco and dried eggplant samples with satisfactory results. The method was validated by analyzing certified reference materials (CRM-TMDW-500 Drinking Water and CRM-SA-C Sandy Soil C) and the results were in good agreement with the certified values.     

Speciation of Chromium in Natural Waters,Tea, and Soil with Membrane Filtration Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A sensitive and selective method was developed for the speciation of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in environmental samples based on membrane filtration and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Chromium(III) reacts with cochineal red A, yielding a complex that is adsorbed on a cellulose acetate membrane filter, whereas chromium(VI) remains in aqueous solution, permitting separation. After reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the total concentration of chromium was determined, and the concentration of chromium(VI) was calculated by subtraction. The pH, amount of cochineal red A, and sample volume were optimized on the basis of the recovery of Cr(III). The influence of matrix ions was also investigated. The preconcentration factor was 94. The detection limit (3 sigma) for Cr(III) was 1.4 micrograms per liter. The method was validated using environmental certified reference materials. The method was successfully employed for the speciation of chromium in wastewater and lake water.