学科大概念统领下的高三有机复习大单元教学

学科大概念是单元整体教学设计的核心。从教学内容、学情、试题进行教学现状分析,基于课程标准、学科本质、学生认知构建学科大概念,进行学科大概念统领下的高三有机复习教学设计与实践,促进学生化学学科核心素养的发展。     

基于学科理解的初中化学教师专业发展研究——以大概念课例“物质成分的探究”研发项目为例

学科理解是教师专业发展的重要内容,可以为素养为本的课堂教学提供学科功能分析。收集在大概念课例“物质成分的探究”研讨过程中的研讨视频、教师访谈录音、课堂教学视频、教学设计等数据,利用学科功能分析要素通过定性内容分析法分析在专业学习共同体干预下初中化学教师的学科理解的特征及变化,从而探寻教师的专业发展情况。结果表明,教师的学科理解发生了显著的改变,教师的专业素养在理论和实践上均有转变。同时也证实了专业学习共同体干预下基于学科理解的大概念课例研讨活动可以促进教师的专业发展,为教研活动和教师培训提供新的视角和范式。     

发展学生化学学科核心素养离不开化学实验

化学实验是化学教学的重要组成部分,不仅具有教育教学功能,而且具有发展学生化学学科核心素养的功能。从认识层面、实践层面和价值追求层面来看,化学实验在发展学生科学本质观、科学实践观和科学价值观方面均发挥着不可替代的功能。教师可以利用化学实验史实呈现真实的科学发现过程,发展学生的科学本质观;可以通过引导学生对化学实验现象的观察和基于实验事实证据的推理发展学生“宏观辨识与微观探析”“证据推理和模型认知”素养;可以通过开展化学实验探究,引导学生拓宽认识视角和认识思路,发展学生“科学探究与创新意识”素养;可以通过化学实验评价发展学生的“科学态度和社会责任”素养。     

促进学生化学学科能力发展的有机化合物主题大单元整体教学研究——揭秘阿司匹林

基于有机化合物主题学科核心素养和关键能力的系统构成模型,提出促进学生化学学科能力发展的有机化合物主题大单元整体教学设计框架,以“揭秘阿司匹林”复习教学为例,从大单元教学目标确定、教学内容确定、情境素材选择、学科能力活动设计等阐述了大单元整体教学设计过程。通过案例设计和教学实践,对比分析教学效果,进而探讨促进学生有机化合物主题化学学科能力发展的大单元整体教学策略。     

基于概念多面描述理论的中学化学课程学科思维方式分布

学科思维方式是发展化学学科核心素养的重要抓手。外显我国化学课程内容中所蕴含的学科思维方式是学科核心素养在课堂层面落地的关键环节。概念多面描述理论是国际科学教育近年来新兴的表征思维方式的重要工具。在该理论视域下,研究者们构建了认识物质的6种思维方式。本研究通过质性内容分析,呈现了我国中学化学课程标准中6种思维方式的分布情况。研究结果表明,系统思维在我国中学化学课程标准中占据重要地位,学科思维方式随学段的变化呈现出由感性向理性转变的趋势。     

发展学生化学学科核心素养的课例研究——以“离子反应”为例

以高中化学“离子反应”概念教学为例,阐述了发展学生化学学科核心素养的课例研究思路和教学活动设计。围绕离子反应概念、离子方程式书写、离子反应发生条件等知识内容,挖掘教学内容与学科核心素养内涵的联系,创设真实且富有价值的问题情境,开设高水平的实验探究活动,注重微观分析过程,将离子反应概念的学习与从微观离子角度分析水溶液中反应的认识思路进行整合,力求发展学生的化学学科核心素养,帮助学生形成对“离子反应”概念的整体认识。     

基于化学学科理解的“化学平衡常数”教学设计与实施研究*

基于化学学科理解,凝练了化学平衡主题的学科本原性问题,抽提了认识视角,建构了概念的层级结构。从教学目标和教学思路、教学实施、学生收获、教师反思及专家评价等方面,系统呈现了基于化学学科理解的“素养为本”的课堂教学研究过程。     

学科核心素养视域下高中化学教材的新变化及教学启示*——以“化学与可持续发展”为例

基于学科核心素养视角对新、旧人教版教材的“化学与可持续发展”主题进行比较分析,厘清教材内容的变化并充分挖掘教材修订对学生学科核心素养的培育价值,抽提素养发展功能,分析教学价值取向,为有效开展新课标理念下的化学教学提供参考。     

基于学科理解的“物质成分”大概念教学*

以“物质成分”大概念教学为例,基于学科理解,以探究物质成分的相关化学史为线索设计教学,引导学生在追溯“物质成分”相关概念、理论的发展过程中,逐渐建构物质成分的宏观、微观、宏微结合视角。并在解决探究物质成分的真实问题的过程中,培养学生基于证据进行推理的科学论证能力,通过认识视角的发展,体会科学理论是在不断发展和进阶的,初步建立科学发展观。     

化学教学内容的学科理解研究——以“醛的结构与性质探究”为例

为在教学中切实落实化学学科核心素养,本研究从“学科”角度切入,针对教学内容探究教师如何进行学科理解。以乙醛课题为载体通过扎根理论分析专家团队基于学科理解的教学内容研讨过程,发现学科理解的对象主要是化学概念,在不同层级的概念理解中融汇化学学科思想方法。以核心概念羰基的理解过程为例,经历以下4个步骤:(1)比较烃类,确定乙醛的特殊性在于羰基;(2)基于乙醛特质挖掘本原性问题:如何基于结构认识羰基的性质;(3)运用比较分类逻辑方法抽提羰基的认识视角:极性多重键;(4)利用原子的杂化方式、电负性认识羰基结构特征,宏微结合发展认识思路。     

多环芳二酐型聚酯亚胺膜的透气性能

多环芳二酐型聚酯亚胺膜的透气性能李悦生，丁孟贤，徐纪平（浙江大学高分子科学与工程研究所，杭州，３１００２７）（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所）关键词聚醚酰亚胺，聚酯酰亚胺，膜，透气性通常的聚酰亚胺加工性能较差，在芳环二酐的苯环间引入醚键等柔性基团后，其...     

Determination and study on residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil

A QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for the determination of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed in this study. The residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil were determined with the developed method. The half-lives of benazolin-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 3.7–5.1 days and 14.3–26.3 days, respectively. The half-lives of quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 5.0-6.1 days and 0.3–9.7 days, respectively. The residue of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rapeseed and soil were below the detection limit (i.e., 0.5?mg?kg^?1, the maximum residue level of European Union for quizalofop-p-ethyl).     

微量元素与疾病诊断治疗的研究现状及展望

对国内外微量元素与疾病的关系及其诊断治疗的研究现状及研究动向进行了综述，包括：微量元素与地方病、癌肿、心血管病、糖尿病、眼病、神经系统病等。参考文献72篇。     

Synthesis and Optical and Redox Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric BODIPYs

Herein, we present the synthetic route and the photophysical, electrochemical as well as laser properties of novel red‐emitting boron‐dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) bearing arylethyne moieties. Such functionality is added along the main axis of the chromophore leading to single‐ and double‐substituted derivatives. The relationship between the dye structure and the lasing properties is studied in detail with the help of the photophysical and electrochemical properties as well as quantum mechanical simulations. The asymmetric substitution of the parent dye induces inhomogeneities in the charge distribution, which leads to an overall loss of the fluorescence capacity, mainly in polar media. Such non‐radiative deactivation processes can be softened by decreasing the electron‐donor ability of the substituent or even avoided by symmetrical substitution. Thus, grafting of the arylethyne moieties at the longitudinal axis of the indacene core results in an effective strategy to develop red‐edge BODIPYs with highly efficient and photostable laser emission.     

Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的物相结构与组分优化设计

Ti-V基储氢合金在室温、常压下即可表现出良好的储氢特性,且质量储氢容量明显高于传统AB₅型储氢合金,从而在氢气的精制和回收、运输和储存及热泵等方面有较早的应用。 此外,在混合气体分离、核反应堆中处理氢的同位素、镍氢电池及燃料电池负极材料等方面也得到了广泛的研究与关注。 基于目前Ti-V基储氢合金的研究现状,概述了该类合金的优势、限制性因素(包括成因)及改性手段。 此外,为了进一步理解Ti-V基合金储氢机理、构建合金组分与储氢特性之间的对应关系,本工作重点围绕Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的结构、组分优化设计展开综述,并对其未来研究方向做出展望。     

钒与糖代谢及糖尿病

微量元素钒作为生物体内必需元素，经证实有很重要的生理学功能，与机体糖代谢有十分密切的关系，且能降低糖尿病动物模型的高血糖，极有可能被开发为治疗糖尿病的药物。     

Ferrocene and ferrocenium modified clays and their styrene and EVA composites

In this work, ferrocene- and ferrocenium-containing salts were employed to modify montmorillonite. X-ray measurements show an increase in the interlayer spacing upon clay modification, which means that the larger and more organophilic cations were inserted into the gallery space of montmorillonite. Attempts to prepare nanocomposites of polystyrene and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers lead to immiscible systems; the morphology of these systems was elucidated with TEM, XRD and cone calorimetry. The thermal stability of the composites is greater than that of the virgin polymer.     

Synthesis of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol Glycofuranosides and Their Biochemical and Biological Activities in Cell-Free and Cellular Assays

Tyrosol (T) and hydroxytyrosol (HOT) and their glycosides are promising candidates for applications in functional food products or in complementary therapy. A series of phenylethanoid glycofuranosides (PEGFs) were synthesized to compare some of their biochemical and biological activities with T and HOT. The optimization of glycosylation promoted by environmentally benign basic zinc carbonate was performed to prepare HOT α-L-arabino-, β-D-apio-, and β-D-ribofuranosides. T and HOT β-D-fructofuranosides, prepared by enzymatic transfructosylation of T and HOT, were also included in the comparative study. The antioxidant capacity and DNA-protective potential of T, HOT, and PEGFs on plasmid DNA were determined using cell-free assays. The DNA-damaging potential of the studied compounds for human hepatoma HepG2 cells and their DNA-protective potential on HepG2 cells against hydrogen peroxide were evaluated using the comet assay. Experiments revealed a spectrum of different activities of the studied compounds. HOT and HOT β-D-fructofuranoside appear to be the best-performing scavengers and protectants of plasmid DNA and HepG2 cells. T and T β-D-fructofuranoside display almost zero or low scavenging/antioxidant activity and protective effects on plasmid DNA or HepG2 cells. The results imply that especially HOT β-D-fructofuranoside and β-D-apiofuranoside could be considered as prospective molecules for the subsequent design of supplements with potential in food and health protection.     

Conformations and steric and stacking interactions of trisubstituted ureas and thioureas with alkyl and phenyl groups

The monomeric ν(N—H) vibrations of various trisubstituted ureas of the R₂UPh type and -thioureas of the R₂TUPh type have been studied. The trans—out isomerism in the former and the trans—out—cis isomerism in the latter are discussed from the point of view of steric effect. The monomeric ν(N—H) vibrations of RPhUPh and RPhTUPh are also examined. The single band appearing in the spectrum of both ureas is characteristic of the cis form; this suggests the existence of phenyl—phenyl interaction (the stacking interaction proposed by Galabov et al. [10]). Behavior of ν(N—H) vibrations at several concentrations is shown to be clearly different in the three forms (trans, out and cis). The presence of the cis form is confirmed by solvent effect experiments.