微量元素对控制糖尿病大鼠动脉Ⅳ型胶原沉积的实验研究

探讨了微量元素对糖尿病（DM）大鼠动脉Ⅳ型胶原沉积的影响。链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导动物模型，经胃灌注微量元素后检测大鼠血糖及用免疫组化方法检测动脉Ⅳ型胶原水平。结果表明，微量元素钒，铬，硒能显著降低糖尿病大鼠血糖水平，减少Ⅳ型胶原沉积。抽示微量元素对糖尿病血管病变的发生有预防作用。     

糖尿病患者血清中铬钴镍钙镁含量的探讨

测定了１１１例糖尿病患者血清中铬、钴、镍、钙、镁的含量，与对照组比较，铬、钴、钙、镁均出现降低，两者差异有高度显著性，Ｐ〈０．０１。提示可根据以上元素含量变化辅助诊断和防治糖尿病。     

糖尿病患者治疗前后血细胞内液和血浆锌、铜、铁、镁和铷含量的研究

采用原子吸收分光光度计对６４名糖尿病患者血细胞内液和血浆中锌、铜、铁、镁、铷含量进行了测定．结果发现糖尿病组血细胞内液锌含量显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），血细胞内液铁含量亦显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），血浆铜含量显著高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）．提示糖尿病患者锌、铁、铜的代谢方面均存在一定缺陷，认为糖尿病患者补充锌、铁元素，可能对治病有益处．     

糖尿病人及糖尿病孕妇铅代谢观察

采用高频等离子体发射光谱法测定75例糖尿病患者头发铅含量，平均值为（2．68±2．23）×10－6，而健康对照组头发铅平均值为（1．61±1．68）×10－6，两者相比较有显著性差异，糖尿病患者组显著高于对照组。但因怀孕而引起糖尿病的孕妇与正常孕妇的发铅含量比较，两者并没有显著性差异，分别为（1．51±1．17）×10－6和（1．25±1．25）×10－6（P＞0．05），说明一般糖尿病患者与糖尿病孕妇的铅代谢并不一致。本研究还就糖尿病的不同分型、遗传、有无并发症等因素分析了铅的代谢情况。结果显示非胰岛素依赖型的糖尿病人铅含量明显高于胰岛素依赖型糖尿病人，铅在糖尿病的形成和发展中所起的作用值得进一步深人探讨。     

糖尿病母亲及其新生儿全血14种微量元素的研究

为了解糖尿病母亲及其新生儿全血微量元素的分布情况，采用日本岛津ICPQ－1012型高频等离子体发射光谱仪检测了糖尿病母亲及其新生儿的全血14种微量元素。以正常产妇及足月新生儿病例为对照组，观察糖尿病母亲及其新生儿的全血14种微量元素的改变。结果糖尿病母亲铜元素高于正常产妇，铬、锰、锌元素低于正常产妇，糖尿病母亲新生儿铜元素高于正常新生儿，锌、锰、镁、铬元素低于正常新生儿。糖尿病母亲新生儿镁、镍、铜、锌、钙、钼、锶、铁低于糖尿病母亲。结论：糖尿病母亲血铬、锌、锰元素低于正常，铜元素增高是由于糖尿病疾病所引起，糖尿病母亲新生儿铜元素增高，血镁、钙、锰、锌等低于正常，与糖尿病母亲本身微量元素特点有关。糖尿病母亲新生儿血镁、镍、铜、锌、钙、钼、锶、铁元素低于糖尿病母亲与先天发育不足有关。     

两种降血糖药的元素含量测定及其临床意义

用原子吸收分光光度法测定了两种降解药物中元素含量。结果显示，两种降糖药物中Ｍｎ，Ｚｎ，Ｎｉ较为丰富，明显高于正常值，其中Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ高于正常值的２￣１７０倍，提示两种降糖药物的元素含量，对纠正糖尿病含量的元素紊乱，有一定的临床意义，为糖尿病患者选择治疗药物提供了科学的依据。     

妊娠糖尿病与非妊娠糖尿病患者头发微量元素含量分析

采用高频等离子体发射光谱法测定了妊娠糖尿病患者、非妊娠糖尿病患者以及相应对照组的头发微量元素锌、铁、铜、锰、锶、镁和常量元素钙的含量。56例健康妊娠妇女的发锌含量为（139．9±31.5）×10－6，而11例妊娠糖尿病妇女为（114．3±29．4）×10－6，两者比较差异有显著性，（P＜0．05），其它元素铁、铜、锰、锶、镁和钙不存在显著性差异。而45例非妊娠糖尿病女性与33名健康非妊娠女性的头发微量元素含量比较表明：两者锌含量不存在显著性差异，但糖尿病组铜显著低于健康对照组（P＜0．05），分别为（6．32±2．31）×10－6和（9．05±16．50）×10－6，糖尿病组铁含量（21．5±11．7）×10－6亦显著低于健康对照组（26．9±10．7）×10－6，其余元素无显著性差异。前后两组实验结果表明妊娠糖尿病患者与非妊娠糖尿病患者的微量元素代谢状况并不相同，妊娠糖尿病患者的锌缺乏状态值得引起注意。     

应用中药材开发微量元素保健品

介绍了用中药村开发几种微量元素保健品，有补锌，有助小儿生长，补硒抗癌，补铁钴养血，补铬治糖尿病和补锌铅的肝病滋补保健品。     

糖尿病患者血清中微量元素分析

对２０例糖尿病患者血清锌、铁、锰、钙、铜含量检测发现，糖尿病组较对照组血清铁、铜高，差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５），血清锌、锰略低（Ｐ〉０．０５），血清钙略高（Ｐ〉０．０５）。表明糖尿病可导致微量元素代谢紊乱，在治疗糖尿病时要适当补充微量元素；同时微量元素含量可作为糖尿病的一个控制指标。     

2型糖尿病临床血清样本的内源性多肽定量组学分析

糖尿病是一种全身性代谢紊乱综合征，患者高血糖的形成与肝脏、胰脏、肠道、脂肪肌肉组织、肾脏、脑等多脏器的功能失调相关。在分子水平上呈现糖尿病的生物分子疾病谱图对糖尿病的临床早期诊断、分子分型及其病理过程的理解可提供更加全面的数据支持。本工作应用多肽组学分析技术，针对健康组、糖尿病前期组和2型糖尿病患者组临床血清样品进行内源性多肽定性、定量分析，共鉴定到690条可靠血清内源性肽段，其中163条为统计学差异血清内源性多肽，为2型糖尿病早期筛查、早期诊断及分子分型等提供了定量多肽组支持。     

钒胰岛素样作用研究进展

对钒酸盐的胰岛素作用的研究进行了综述，着重介绍了钒对糖尿病动物的降血糖作用及其机理的探讨。     

钒化合物抗糖尿病作用的研究进展*

在糖尿病的治疗研究中,体内和体外的研究表明,钒化合物可以降低I型和II型糖尿病血糖,促进葡萄糖转运和糖原合成,具有“类胰岛素作用”。本文综述了近年来钒化合物在降低和改善糖尿病症状的生物效应及其通过胰岛素信号通路在降糖作用的分子机制的研究进展。     

Sol–gel synthesis and XPS study of vanadium pentoxide xerogels intercalated with glucose

Vanadium–glucose xerogels (C₆H₁₂O₆)_xV₂O₅·nH₂O with different amounts of glucose (x = 0; 0.3 and 0.5) have been synthesized by sol–gel method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods were used to investigate the morphology and composition of obtained xerogels. SEM results show that after intercalation of the glucose molecules the surface structure became more spongy and porously. XPS analysis show that the increasing of glucose concentration in the compounds the reduction ratio of vanadium ions increases. The oxygen ions in the synthesized vanadium–glucose xerogels are bounded to the vanadium ions, carbon ions are involved in a chemical bounding in the hydroxyl group. The determined carbon ions chemical bonds are characteristic for glucose (C–C, CH–OH and C–O bonds). Some of the oxygen ions in the pure vanadium pentoxide xerogels are bonded in water molecules. This fact and the absence of the oxygen component which corresponds to the water in glucose-vanadium xerogels indicate that glucose molecules displaced structural water in vanadium hydrate and are intercalated between the vanadium–oxygen layers.     

Anti-diabetic effects of a series of vanadium dipicolinate complexes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

The effects of oral treatment of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes with a range of vanadium dipicolinate complexes (Vdipic) and derivatives are reviewed. Structure–reactivity relationships are explored aiming to correlate properties such as stability, to their insulin-enhancing effects. Three types of modifications are investigated; first, substitutions on the aromatic ring, second, coordination of a hydroxylamido group to the vanadium, and third, changes in the oxidation state of the vanadium ion. These studies allowed us to address the importance of coordination chemistry, and redox chemistry, as modes of action. Dipicolinate was originally chosen as a ligand because the dipicolinatooxovanadium(V) complex (V5dipic), is a potent inhibitor of phosphatases. The effect of vanadium oxidation state (3, 4 or 5), on the insulin-enhancing properties was studied in both the Vdipic and VdipicCl series. Effects on blood glucose, body weight, serum lipids, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase were selectively monitored. Statistically distinct differences in activity were found, however, the trends observed were not the same in the Vdipic and VdipicCl series. Interperitoneal administration of the Vdipic series was used to compare the effect of administration mode. Correlations were observed for blood vanadium and plasma glucose levels after V5dipic treatment, but not after treatment with corresponding V4dipic and V3dipic complexes. Modifications of the aromatic ring structure with chloride, amine or hydroxyl groups had limited effects. Global gene expression was measured using Affymetrix oligonucleotide chips. All diabetic animals treated with hydroxyl substituted V5dipic (V5dipicOH) and some diabetic rats treated with vanadyl sulfate had normalized hyperlipidemia yet uncontrolled hyperglycemia and showed abnormal gene expression patterns. In contrast to the normal gene expression profiles previously reported for some diabetic rats treated with vanadyl sulfate, where both hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia were normalized. Modification of the metal, changing the coordination chemistry to form a hydroxylamine ternary complex, had the most influence on the anti-diabetic action. Vanadium absorption into serum was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy for selected vanadium complexes. Only diabetic rats treated with the ternary V5dipicOH hydroxylamine complex showed statistically significant increases in accumulation of vanadium into serum compared to diabetic rats treated with vanadyl sulfate. The chemistry and physical properties of the Vdipic complexes correlated with their anti-diabetic properties. Here, we propose that compound stability and ability to interact with cellular redox reactions are key components for the insulin-enhancing activity of vanadium compounds. Specifically, we found that the most overall effective anti-diabetic Vdipic compounds were obtained when the compound administered had an increased coordination number in the vanadium complex.     

Insulin-enhancing vanadium(III) complexes

Simple, high-yield, large-scale syntheses of the V(III) complexes tris(maltolato)vanadium(III), V(ma)3, tris(ethylmaltolato)vanadium(III), V(ema)3, tris(kojato)vanadium(III) monohydrate, V(koj)3-H2O, and tris(1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinonato)vanadium(III) dodecahydrate, V(dpp)3-12H2O, are described; the characterization of these complexes by various methods and, in the case of V(dpp)3-12H2O, by an X-ray crystal structure determination, is reported. The ability of these complexes to normalize glucose levels in the STZ-diabetic rat model has been examined and compared with that of the benchmark compound BMOV (bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV)), an established insulin-enhancing agent.     

Effect of Vanadyl Rosiglitazone,a New Insulin-Mimetic Vanadium Complexes,on Glucose Homeostasis of Diabetic Mice

Diabetes has been cited as the most challenging health problem in the twenty-first century. Accordingly, it is urgent to develop a new type of efficient and low-toxic antidiabetic medication. Since vanadium compounds have insulin-mimetic and potential hypoglycemic activities for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, a new trend has been developed using vanadium and organic ligands to form a new compound in order to increase the intestinal absorption and reduce the toxicity of vanadium compound. In the current investigation, a new organic vanadium compounds, vanadyl rosiglitazone, was synthesized and determined by infrared spectra. Vanadyl rosiglitazone and three other organic vanadium compounds were administered to the diabetic mice through oral administration for 5 weeks. The results of mouse model test indicated that vanadyl rosiglitazone could regulate the blood glucose level and relieve the symptoms of polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss without side effects and was more effective than the other three organic vanadium compounds including vanadyl trehalose, vanadyl metformin, and vanadyl quercetin. The study indicated that vanadyl rosiglitazone presents insulin-mimetic activities, and it will be a good potential candidate for the development of a new type of oral drug for type 2 diabetes.     

A study on the glucose lowering effects of ester-based oxovanadium complexes

The ester-based vanadium complexes, bis(methylacetoacetato) oxovanadium (IV), bis(ethylacetoacetato) oxovanadium(IV) and bis(ethylbenzoylacetato) oxovanadium(IV), have been prepared and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The biological efficacies of the complexes were investigated. These complexes possess substantial glucose lowering ability and also show improved glucose tolerance effect.     

Vanadium complexes with mixed O,S anionic ligands derived from maltol: synthesis, characterization, and biological studies

Four mixed O,S binding bidentate ligand precursors derived from maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone) have been chelated to vanadium to yield new bis(ligand)oxovanadium(IV) and tris(ligand)vanadium(III) complexes. The four ligand precursors include two pyranthiones, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyranthione, commonly known as thiomaltol (Htma), and 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyranthione, commonly known as ethylthiomaltol (Hetma), as well as two pyridinethiones, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4(H)-pyridinethione (Hmppt) and 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4-pyridinethione (Hdppt). Vanadium complex formation was confirmed by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and IR and EPR (where possible) spectroscopies. The X-ray structure of oxobis(thiomaltolato)vanadium(IV),VO(tma)(2), was also determined; both cis and trans isomers were isolated in the same asymmetric unit. In both isomers, the two thiomaltolato ligands are arranged around the base of the square pyramid with the V=O linkage perpendicular; the vanadium atom is slightly displaced from the basal plane [V(1) = 0.656(3) A, V(2) = 0.664(2) A]. All of the new complexes were screened for insulin-enhancing effectiveness in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, and VO(tma)(2) was profiled metabolically for urinary vanadium and ligand clearance by GFAAS and ESIMS, respectively. The new vanadium complexes did not lower blood glucose levels acutely, possibly because of rapid dissociation and excretion.     

Pulsed Deposited Manganese and Vanadium Oxide Film Modified with Carbon Nanotube and Gold Nanoparticle: Chitosan and Ionic Liquid‐based Biosensor

Present study describes the synthesis of mixed oxide films of manganese and vanadium by electrochemical pulsed deposition technique on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The film was further decorated with gold nanoparticles to enhance the reduction signal of dissolved oxygen in pH 5.17 acetate buffer solution. All of the electrochemical synthesized modified electrodes have been characterized with Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The electrode obtained (AuNPs/MnOx?VOx/CNT/GCE) was utilized as a platform for glucose biosensor where the glucose oxidase enzyme was immobilized on the composite film with the aid of chitosan and an ionic liquid. The electrochemical performance of the biosensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and the relative parameters have been optimized by amperometric measurements in pH 5.17 acetate buffer solution. The developed biosensor exhibited a linear range for glucose between 0.1–1.0 mM and the limit of detection was calculated as 0.02 mM.     

Simultaneous determination of blood glucose and isoleucine levels in rats after chronic alcohol exposure by microwave-assisted derivatization and isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Blood glucose and isoleucine are two biomarkers of chronic alcohol exposure. Simultaneous determination of blood glucose and isoleucine levels helps to illuminate the influence of alcohol on the metabolism of glucose and amino acids. The most accurate method for the detection of serum glucose is isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ID GC/MS). In this study, a rapid, simple and sensitive technique was developed for the quantitative analysis of glucose and isoleucine in rats after chronic alcohol exposure by microwave-assisted derivatization (MAD) and ID GC/MS. Serum glucose and isoleucine were rapidly derivatized by N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) with microwave irradiation, and the trimethylsilyl derivatives were analyzed by GC/MS. This technique was used to demonstrate that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a non-covalently bound prosthetic group in some quinoproteins involved in the metabolism of some sugar or alcohol, could reverse alcohol exposure induced glucose elevation. On the other hand, it did not affect the metabolism of isoleucine whose level was elevated along with serum glucose. The combination of MAD and ID GC/MS has been shown to be an accurate, rapid, simple and sensitive method for the quantification of glucose and isoleucine in serum samples.