化学实验竞赛在实验教学和人才培养中的作用

高等教育改革和发展的战略目标是建设高等教育强国,创新教学观念、教学体系和教学模式,提高人才培养质量已经成为高等教育发展的核心任务.大学生化学实验竞赛作为化学实验教学改革、培养创新型人才的重要举措,为创新实验教学模式、培养学生的创新意识、提高学生的动手能力以及分析和解决实际问题的能力发挥了积极的作用.     

基于创新能力培养的化学专业本科实验教学新体系的构建与实践

课程体系是人才培养的载体。为了更好地培养拔尖创新人才,南京大学化学国家级实验教学示范中心依据化学学科的特点和发展趋势,以科学内容的内在联系和研究规律为主线构建了“化学实验基础?化学合成与表征+化学原理与测量?化学功能分子实验+化学生物学综合实验+基于项目的研究实验”实验课程新体系,按照一流课程建设要求(高阶性、创新性和挑战度)对实验教学内容进行了优化,并建立起与之相适应的实验教学平台。新课程体系综合考虑了化学一级学科的整体性和关联学科的交叉性,在南京大学化学化工学院“拔尖计划”和“强基计划”学生中实施,教学效果显著。     

海洋化学国家理科基地特色课程体系建设

海洋化学国家理科基地面向新世纪科学研究和社会发展需求,更新人才培养理念,明确人才培养宗旨,改革和优化课程结构,建立了“四层面一三领域-二类别”海洋化学特色课程体系和实践教学体系,并以师资队伍建设、精品课程建设、教材建设、教学手段更新和人才培养管理体制完善为保障措施,培养在海洋科学和化学两个学科及其交叉或邻近学科从事基础研究和实践应用的复合型人才。     

学科交叉背景下的高分子材料与工程专业的教学探索与实践——以浙大高分子科学与工程学系专业核心课程《高分子化学》教学为例

自从20世纪20年代“高分子”概念建立之后,高分子学科和工业蓬勃发展,人类进入了高分子材料的新纪元。高分子材料在民生、安全和尖端科技等各个领域发挥着关键作用。作为全球制造业最大的国家,我国未来要在全球高分子材料领域处于引领地位,关键在于当前的大学基础教育要能培养出德才兼备的顶尖专业人才。浙江大学高分子科学与工程学系的高分子材料与工程专业具有典型的理工学科交叉性特征。本文结合该专业的核心必修课程《高分子化学》教学改革的例子,总结专业建设的探索和实践经验,探讨学科交叉背景下专业人才培养的两个基本问题：一是以培养理工结合型专业人才为目标的课程体系设置与建设,另一个是厚植正确价值观作为人才培养基石的课程教学实践。希望本文作者的教学实践经验和思考能为我国高分子材料与工程专业人才培养起到“抛砖引玉”的作用。     

回顾澳门大学的预科化学教育

澳门预科教育是中学教育和高等教育的桥梁,而化学是科学教育的中心学科。以澳门大学预科化学课程为中心,梳理了预科化学教育的特点,以展望澳门化学教育的改革和发展。     

2-硝基苯-1,3-二酚合成教学实验的副反应产物探究及科学素养的培育

新时代高等教育的重要任务是将思想政治工作贯穿到整个教育教学过程中。化学学科的实验教学在化学本科培养体系里占据着至关重要的地位。2-硝基苯-1,3-二酚的合成是一个经典的有机化学教学实验，在全国各高校的有机化学实验课程中有着广泛的开展。本文以该教学实验作为案例，记录了实验教学过程中，教师引导学生对实验的副反应产物进行的详细探讨，并在探讨过程中提炼出了课程思政的两个重要要素，即培养科学思维与树立严谨的科学态度，最后对这两个要素在整个本科实验教学体系中的延伸做出了展望。     

科学出版社化学类核心课程教材建设的历史经验和工作思考

自1997年重启高等教育出版业务以来,科学出版社高教出版与中国高等教育事业同步发展,出版了一大批适合人才培养要求的特色精品教材。本文围绕教材建设现状、教材创新、教材建设成绩和未来建设思路等方面,详细阐述了科学出版社化学类核心课程教材建设的历史经验,分析了面临的问题与挑战,为今后化学类核心课程教材建设提供了新的思路。     

化学专业拔尖学生实验教学体系的探索与实践

介绍了山东大学化学学科拔尖学生实验教学体系的探索与实践,在实验教学体系、教学内容、教学方法、师资建设四个方面总结了近十年来课程改革及实施成效,探索适应化学拔尖人才培养的实验课程体系和运行机制。     

北京大学化学基地建设的实践与体会

北京大学化学基地把教育部《关于建设国家理科基础科学研究和教学人才培养基地的意见》等文件作为基地建设的工作方针 ,并把基地建设纳入北京大学“实施科教兴国战略 ,创办世界一流大学”总体规划。在指导思想上 ,突出“基础性人才”培养 ,把教学工作作为基地的中心工作 ,努力转变办学思想 ,转变人才观和人才质量观 ,建立科学的人才质量评估标准和评估方法。在工作思路上 ,以化学学科前沿的科研为依托 ,以教育思想、课程体系、教学内容和教学方法的改革为主线 ,全面推进基地教学和科研工作 ,1 998年在全国化学基地评估中被评为第一名 ,1 999…     

新时代华中师范大学国家级一流化学专业建设的思考与实践

面对新时代高等教育"双一流"建设的浪潮,高等师范院校化学专业必须有自己的特色作为。以华中师范大学化学专业(师范类)建设为例,从人才培养目标、培养方案和课程群的构建,课程的深度教学进化,教学管理新体系与新机制等三方面探讨了新时代国家级一流化学专业建设的相关问题、解决途径和实施方案与成效。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.