气相色谱法测定橄榄油中22种有机氯农药

橄榄油样品用乙腈提取,提取液用氮气浓缩至近干,残留物用正己烷稀释,采用硫酸磺化净化。采用气相色谱法测定样品溶液中22种有机氯农药的含量,22种有机氯农药采用Inert Cap 17色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm)分离,电子捕获检测器测定。22种有机氯农药的质量浓度在一定范围内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.001～0.01mg·kg~(-1)。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为70.8%～120%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.40%～16%。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定固体废物中酚类化合物

提出了气相色谱-质谱法测定固体废物中12种酚类化合物残留量的方法。样品以丙酮-二氯甲烷(2+3)混合液为萃取剂,经加速溶剂萃取仪提取后,在K-D浓缩装置上浓缩至1 mL,经硅胶柱净化后,用丙酮-二氯甲烷(1+9)混合液淋洗后再经K-D浓缩至1 mL,通过HP-5 MS石英毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离,采用电子轰击离子源选择离子监测模式进行质谱测定。12种酚类化合物的检出限(3S/N)在9.60～18.5μg.kg-1之间。以空白土壤样品为基体进行回收试验,测得回收率在74.7%～108.4%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于7.5%。     

索氏提取-气相色谱法测定高含水率土壤中 21种酚类化合物

高含水率土壤样品与无水硫酸钠混合均匀后,以二氯甲烷-正己烷(2+1)混合液为提取剂进行索氏提取,提取液经氢氧化钠溶液净化,再经酸化后由二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯(4+1)混合液提取,最后进行浓缩,采用气相色谱法测定浓缩液中21种酚类化合物的含量。用HP-5色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm)分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测。21种酚类化合物的质量浓度均在1.0～100.0mg·L~(-1)内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限为0.01～0.07mg·kg~(-1)。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为71.4%～95.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.0%～11%。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定土壤中30种农药残留

采用气相色谱-质谱法同时测定土壤中30种农药残留。样品经过丙酮-正己烷(1+1)混合溶液均质提取,再用正己烷进行萃取,弗罗里硅土柱净化后,采用HP-5MS色谱柱分离,选用电子轰击离子源和选择离子监测模式进行质谱分析,外标法定量。30种农药的线性范围为0.1~1.0mg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)为3.8~9.6μg·kg-1。加标回收率在75.8%~103%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在5.6%~9.7%之间。     

加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中3种有机磷和9种有机氯农药

提出了气相色谱法测定土壤中3种有机磷和9种有机氯农药含量的方法。样品经粉碎后用正己烷-丙酮(1+1)混合溶剂经加速溶剂萃取仪在60℃静态萃取10min。采用Rtx-1701色谱柱分离,火焰光度检测器测定3种有机磷农药;采用Rtx-CLPⅡ色谱柱分离,电子捕获检测器测定9种有机氯农药。12种有机农药的质量浓度均在5.0～80μg·L-1范围内呈线性,方法的检出限(3s)在0.02～0.40μg·kg-1之间。以空白石英砂样品为基体,进行加标回收试验,回收率在78.5%～108%之间,相对标准偏差(n=7)在4.2%～9.9%之间。     

气相色谱法测定茶叶中拟除虫菊酯及硫丹类杀虫剂残留量

应用气相色谱法对茶叶中拟除虫菊酯及硫丹类杀虫剂残留量作快速测定.用正己烷-丙酮(1+1)混合溶剂提取样品中的杀虫剂,残渣用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(1+1)混合溶剂溶解.此溶液先后经凝胶渗透色谱和固相萃取法进行纯化,固相萃取系ENVI-Carb柱和氟罗里硅土固相萃取柱连续净化.以正己烷-乙酸乙酯(1+1)混合溶液将杀虫剂从柱上洗脱,所得洗脱液在40℃蒸干,用正己烷溶解残渣,将此溶液引入气相色谱仪测定,测定采用电化学检测器并用外标法定量.共测定了茶叶样品中7种拟除虫菊酯和3种硫丹类杀虫剂,所得响应信号值与杀虫剂浓度在0.01～0.10 mg·kg-1范围呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.01 mg·kg-1,方法的回收率在87.4%～91.9%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)小于7%.     

高效液相色谱法测定果汁和果蔬中柑橘红2号染料

应用高效液相色谱法测定果汁、果蔬中柑橘红2号染料的含量。样品用丙酮-正己烷(1+3)混合溶剂提取,提取液于45℃蒸发至干。用甲酸-乙腈(0.5+99.5)溶液(经正己烷饱和)溶解残渣,正己烷脱脂。以Agilent TC C18色谱柱为分离柱,以乙腈与甲酸(0.1+99.9)溶液按体积比92比8混合作为流动相,用二极管阵列检测器在波长508 nm处进行测定。柑橘红2号染料的质量浓度在0.25~10.0 mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)为0.1 mg·kg-1。以果汁、鲜橙和胡萝卜样品为基体,加入3种不同浓度水平的柑橘红2号标准溶液做回收试验,测得回收率在96.3%~104.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.0%~3.6%之间。     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中22种多氯联苯残留量

用丙酮及正己烷(1+1)混合溶剂在ASE 200型微波提取仪中提取蔬菜样品,所得提取液经无水硫酸钠脱水后蒸缩至近干,用正己烷熔解残渣,所得溶液通过弗罗里硅柱纯化。用正己烷淋洗弗罗里硅层析柱,收集合并淋出液,蒸缩后定容为2.0 mL,供气相色谱测定。所测定的22种多氯联苯的质量浓度与各自对应的峰面积在一定范围内呈线性关系,由各线性回归方程求得的相关系数均在0.999以上。以大白菜样品作基体,加入22种多氯联苯单体的混合标准溶液作方法的回收试验,测得回收率在84.0%～99.0%之间。在一种浓度的混合标准溶液水平上进行6次测定,求得相对标准偏差在0.90%～2.69%之间。     

气相色谱法测定橡胶制品中短链氯化石蜡含量

提出了气相色谱法测定橡胶制品中短链氯化石蜡(C₁₀～C₁₃)含量的方法。样品经正己烷丙酮（1+1）混合溶液超声提取,采用HP-5石英毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.35 mm,0.25μm）分离,电子捕获检测器检测。短链氯化石蜡的质量浓度在100 mg·L¹以内与其峰面积呈线性关系.测定下限为20 mg·kg^-1。方法的回收率在92.4%～100.4%之间,相对标准偏差（n=6）在1.8%～4.5%之间。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定生姜中25种农药残留量

采用气相色谱-串联质谱法测定生姜中25种农药的残留量。样品用乙腈提取,过NH2/Carbon固相萃取柱净化,将淋出液浓缩后用正己烷-丙酮(9+1)溶液定容。通过VF-5MS色谱柱分离,串联质谱测定。25种农药的质量浓度在0.020～0.500mg.L-1范围内与其峰面积均呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)在0.2～10.0μg.kg-1之间。加入两个浓度水平的农药标准溶液进行了回收试验,多数农药的回收率在77%～130%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于20%。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.