醚型菊酯类农药通用抗原的合成及鉴定

以2-(4-乙氧基苯基)-2-甲基丙醇和氯乙酸钠为原料,合成了醚型菊酯类农药通用半抗原Hapten I,经1 H-NMR及13C-NMR鉴定后,分别与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清白蛋白(OVA)偶联,制得免疫原和包被原,经紫外光谱分析法计算得其偶联比分别为14∶1和35∶1,说明人工抗原合成成功.免疫Balb/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体,效价达1.28×105,用半抗原经间接竞争ELISA检测人工抗原的免疫原性,IC50和IC10值分别为0.2653和0.0012 mg/L,证明人工抗原具有较好的免疫原性.交叉反应表明此多克隆抗体具有良好的特异性.     

应用卵黄免疫球蛋白作为亲和配基分离目的蛋白的研究

实验通过给母鸡注射抗原BSA－V，从鸡蛋中分离获得抗体IgY。以BSA－V作介质分离纯化IgY后，IgY纯度可达电泳纯，且抗体活性提高了35倍以上。反之，将纯化后的特异性IgY为介质亲和分离胎牛血清中的BSA，分离后的BSA纯度可达电泳一条带，明显高于市售产品。以卵黄免疫球蛋白为配基的亲和介质在4℃条件下可保存半年以上，且柱的最大载量基本保持恒定。同时测定出卵黄中特异性IgY可占到总IgY的5％左右。     

一种新的混合斑精子分离方法

制备了精子表面膜抗原受精素β蛋白(Fertilinβ)的特异性抗体,通过抗原-抗体反应和抗体固相偶联技术,将抗体连接到琼脂糖球珠上,建立了混合斑精子分离纯化的新方法.首先,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增编码人受精素β蛋白第341~373位氨基酸的基因序列,构建PGEX-4T-1/Fertilinβ原核表达质粒;其次,诱导表达GST-Fertilinβ融合蛋白,制备受精素β蛋白多克隆抗体,免疫荧光检测结果表明,受精素β蛋白定位于精子的头后部,并且阴道上皮细胞没有受精素β蛋白的表达;最后,将受精素β抗体与ProteinA琼脂糖球珠连接构建固相抗体系统,将精子吸附于表面,可从混合斑(精子与阴道上皮细胞混合液)中分离纯化精子.本文为性犯罪案件侦破提供了新的方法.     

氯霉素全抗原的合成与鉴定

采用戊二醛法和羰基二咪唑法，将半抗原氯霉素(CAP)与载体牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联，制得氯霉素全抗原CAP-BSA，并由紫外光谱和红外光谱确定偶联成功。所合成抗原的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS)只见一条区带，表明所合成的氯霉素与BSA偶联物可以作为免疫抗原。用市售的氯霉素快速检测试剂盒可以定量测定所合成抗原中氯霉素的含量。将固体配成1mg／mL液，用TNBS法测氨基酸残基，得到BSA上偶联的氯霉素数目。     

利用Pen a 1表位抗体亲和纯化目标蛋白的研究

以虾致敏蛋白Pen a 1(Tropomyosin)抗原表位为研究对象,建立了利用Pen a 1表位抗体亲和纯化致敏蛋白的新方法。Fmoc法合成致敏Pen a 1蛋白的C端含有3个抗原表位的第247~284位氨基酸对应的多肽片段,应用马来酰亚胺法将多肽与KLH(匙孔血蓝蛋白)、BSA(牛血清白蛋白)偶联制备人工免疫抗原(Peptide-KLH)和人工包被抗原(Peptide-BSA),免疫人工抗原免疫纯种新西兰白兔,获得多克隆抗血清,抗血清经辛酸-硫酸铵及特异性血清纯化预装柱(HiTrap rProtein A FF)纯化后与溴化氰活化琼脂糖凝4B(CNBrActivated Sepharose 4B)进行偶联。ELISA(酶联免疫吸附试验)测定该多克隆抗体效价为2.05×106,多肽对抗体的IC50(50%抑制浓度)为0.21 mg/L,交叉试验表明该抗体与虾中非Pen a 1蛋白无交叉反应性;Bradford法测定CNBr-Activated Sepharose 4B与抗体的偶联率为90.76%。间接竞争ELISA测定1 mL偶联介质的吸附容量为2.84 mg Pen a 1,免疫亲和柱的加标回收率为89.6%~93.6%,亲和柱使用寿命为4次。     

三组分抗原的磁分离及分离效率的SERS研究

利用种子生长法制备了磁性γ-Fe₂O₃@Au核壳纳米粒子, 通过修饰抗体实现表面功能化, 利用抗原抗体间的特异性作用, 通过外加磁场对三组分抗原进行了逐个以及双抗原的磁分离, 采用基于表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术的免疫检测方法对磁分离效率进行了评价, 并且研究了该磁分离和效率评估方法的极限工作浓度. 研究结果表明, 该磁免疫分离法能对三组分混合抗原中的任意组分进行很好的选择性分离, 而不影响其它抗原的存在, 使其分离后溶液中被分离抗原的浓度降低到SERS免疫检测限, 分离所能达到的极限抗体浓度约0.1 pg/mL.     

SEC1酶免疫电极免疫反应的AFM和电化学方法研究

将一种肠毒素抗体共价耦联于自组装的金电极表面 ,利用原子力显微镜识别抗原抗体在多种实验条件下的形貌并通过统计数据进行定量分析 .用作控制实验的是非特异性牛血清白蛋白(BSA)抗原以及低浓度的SEC1抗原 .另外 ,酸性溶液可以打破抗原与抗体之间的结合从而使得生物电极可以被重复使用 .电化学实验支持了AFM的测试结果     

新型游离三碘甲腺原氨酸人工抗原的合成与表征

利用快速、温和的“Click Chemistry(点击化学)”反应,在游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)的羧基上引入一个带有三唑环的羧基“间接臂”,生成半抗原(FT3C)。 再用N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺活性酯法,将半抗原(FT3C)分别与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和钥孔戚血蓝素(KLH)偶联,合成了免疫抗原(FT3C-BSA) 和包被抗原(FT3C-KLH)。 免疫抗原(FT3C-BSA)的紫外吸收光谱相对于FT3C和BSA有明显差异,表明成功实现了偶联,经计算得到偶联比为7∶1;用FT3C-BSA免疫Balb/c小鼠,获得高效价的抗FT3血清。 采用间接ELISA法检测抗体的IC50值为0.37 mg/L,抗血清效价可达6.24×104,是制备FT3人工抗原的一种新方法。     

基于碳纳米管和离子液体复合物修饰电极的免疫传感器检测莱克多巴胺

建立了一种新的电化学免疫传感器方法, 将多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和室温离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF₄)复合物, 和偶联了牛血清蛋白(BSA)的莱克多巴胺抗原, 使用Nafion固定在电极上, 利用莱克多巴胺抗体和抗原之间特定反应的竞争模式, 以K₃Fe(CN)₆为探针, 通过循环伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法监测免疫反应, 对溶液中莱克多巴胺的浓度进行检测. 线性范围宽(1～1500 ng/mL), 检测限可低至0.3 ng/mL. 同时, 我们对猪饲料实际样品进行测定, 回收率令人满意.     

生物素化高分子涂层的制备与评价

制备了一种能固载目标蛋白质, 却没有非特异性蛋白质吸附的高分子涂层. 该涂层是可生物降解的油水两亲性的三嵌段聚合物, 即生物素偶联的聚乙二醇-聚丙交酯-聚赖氨酸共聚物. 将高分子溶解于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中, 并涂布在预先包被了聚赖氨酸的脱脂玻片基质上, 形成高分子涂层, 在其表面包被一层由明胶和聚N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮组成的封闭剂. 使用酶标免疫分析法, 对高分子涂层表面的生物活性进行评价. 依次将辣根过氧化物酶标记的链亲和素和生物素偶联的小鼠球蛋白抗原和碱性磷酸酯酶标记的马抗小鼠抗体固载在高分子涂层表面上, 通过标记酶与底物作用生色. 分析结果表明, 经过封闭以后, 生物素化的高分子涂层表面能够排斥非特异性的蛋白质; 同时特异性蛋白质之间(如生物素和链亲和素之间、抗原和抗体之间)的相互作用依然保留, 并且固定在表面的蛋白质依然保留其生物活性. 因此生物素化的聚乙二醇-聚丙交酯-聚赖氨酸三嵌段高分子可以作为生物活性材料, 用于蛋白质固载和蛋白质分离及分析.     

Capillary electrochromatographic separation of proteins on a column coated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles

A TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2 NP)-coated open-tubular column for the capillary electrochromatographic separation of proteins is described. The surface chemistry of the TiO2 NPs on the inner wall of the fused silica was significantly affected by the running buffer. By varying of the phosphate buffer pH, only cathodic EOF was indicated. The results showed that TiO2 NPs are existed as a complexed form with the buffer ligand. Good separation of conalbumin (ConA), apo-transferrin (apoTf), ovalbumin (OVA), and BSA could be achieved with phosphate buffer (40 mM, pH 8.0) and an applied voltage of 15 kV. Five peaks of glycoisoforms of OVA were observed under these conditions. In comparison with the retention behavior of the analytes on the bare fused-silica column, the new column's high resolving power seems to be predominantly derived from the ligand exchange of the analytes with the phosphate adsorbed onto the TiO2 NPs. The method was also used to separate egg-white proteins. Both acidic and basic proteins in egg white were separated in a single run. The microheterogeneities of OVA could also be found in it. The separation efficiency for the main peak of OVA in egg white was around 10,000 plates/m.     

流动相的pH值和离子强度对牛血清蛋白高效液相色谱手性柱分离性能的影响

利用羰基咪唑-柱上衍生法制得牛血清蛋白(BSA)生物手性柱,并研究它在高效液相色谱中对3种对映异构体(色氨酸、匹多莫德及4-苯基-1,3-恶唑烷-2-硫酮(L-苯))的手性分离性能.实验结果表明:随着pH值从5.0上升到7.0,由于L-色氨酸与BSA有固定的作用位点,使得其保留值随着pH值的增加而大幅增大.而D-色氨酸与BSA无固定作用位点,其保留值随pH变化基本不变,分离度由1.15上升到8.91,增加了6.8倍;酸性样品匹多莫德与BSA主要是静电作用,与色氨酸相反,其对映体的保留值随着pH的增加逐渐减小,分离度逐渐下降,pH 7.0时为单峰,pH 5.0时Rs=1.27;中性样品L-苯的分离度随着pH值的增加有小幅增大.随着离子强度的减小,3对对映体的保留都增强,分离度增大,增加的幅度依次为色氨酸＞匹多莫德＞L-苯.     

Matrix-assisted refolding of autoprotease fusion proteins on an ion exchange column

Refolding of proteins must be performed under very dilute conditions to overcome the competing aggregation reaction, which has a high reaction order. Refolding on a chromatography column partially prevents formation of the intermediate form prone to aggregation. A chromatographic refolding procedure was developed using an autoprotease fusion protein with the mutant EDDIE from the N^pro autoprotease of pestivirus. Upon refolding, self-cleavage generates a target peptide with an authentic N-terminus. The refolding process was developed using the basic 1.8-kDa peptide sSNEVi-C fused to the autoprotease EDDIE or the acidic peptide pep6His, applying cation and anion exchange chromatography, respectively. Dissolved inclusion bodies were loaded on cation exchange chromatographic resins (Capto S, POROS HS, Fractogel EMD SO₃⁻, UNOsphere S, SP Sepharose FF, CM Sepharose FF, S Ceramic HyperD F, Toyopearl SP-650, and Toyopearl MegaCap II SP-550EC). A conditioning step was introduced in order to reduce the urea concentration prior to the refolding step. Refolding was initiated by applying an elution buffer containing a high concentration of Tris–HCl plus common refolding additives. The actual refolding process occurred concurrently with the elution step and was completed in the collected fraction. With Capto S, POROS HS, and Fractogel SO₃⁻, refolding could be performed at column loadings of 50 mg fusion protein/ml gel, resulting in a final eluate concentration of around 10–15 mg/ml, with refolding and cleavage step yields of around 75%. The overall yield of recovered peptide reached 50%. Similar yields were obtained using the anion exchange system and the pep6His fusion peptide. This chromatographic refolding process allows processing of fusion peptides at a concentration range 10- to 100-fold higher than that observed for common refolding systems.     

A novel antibody immobilization and its application in immunoaffinity chromatography

A novel antibody immobilization and its application in immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) were presented. Using acrylamide (AM) as monomer, ethylene glycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker and bulk polymerization as synthetic method, we prepared a polymer in which the Cu(II) was embedded. The Cu(II)-embedded polymer was tested for its binding with protein. It was found that Cu(II)-embedded polymer displayed a strong binding with bovine serum albumin (BSA). At 80% of methanol, no BSA was released from Cu(II)-embedded polymer. The Cu(II)-embedded polymer was then used as a novel solid support for antibody immobilization. IAC column was prepared by immobilizing polyclonal antibody (pAb) against clenbuterol (CL) on Cu(II)-embedded polymer and packing the Cu(II)-embedded polymer-pAb into a common solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Under optimal extraction conditions, the IAC column was characterized in terms of maximum binding capacity for target analyte, extraction efficiency and reusability. It was revealed that, for IAC column packed with 0.1 g of solid support immobilized with antibody, the maximum capacity for CL was 616 ng; the extraction recoveries of the column for CL from three spiked food samples were 84.4-95.2% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 9.3-15.5%; after more than 30 times repeated usage, there was not significant loss of specific recognition. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the prepared IAC column for CL extraction. The proposed antibody immobilization method exhibiting the properties of simplicity, low cost, strong binding for target analyte, no leaching of antibody, etc., would be a very useful tool applied in the field of IAC.     

克百威的免疫亲和色谱分析研究

Sepharose CL-4B经碳酰二咪唑(CDI)活化后与纯化的克百威抗体共价偶联,合成了免疫亲和色谱(IAC)固定相,并用其制备了对克百威具有特异性亲和力的IAC柱。对IAC条件进行了优化,选择0.02 mol/L pH 7.2磷酸盐缓冲液(PB)作为吸附与平衡介质,60%（体积分数）甲醇水溶液作为洗脱剂。结果表明:在优化条件下,IAC柱对克百威的动态柱容量达1.58 mg/L。当标样溶液中克百威质量浓度低于 2　μg/L时,经IAC柱富集的效率高于167倍。在河水中按0.1 mg/L水平添加克百威标准品,经IAC柱分离富集,洗脱液采用包被抗体直接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)法检测,5次重复测定的平均回收率为89.8%,相对标准偏差为4.8%。同时采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定洗脱液,与ELISA法测定结果基本一致。     

Improving digestion efficiency under H/D exchange conditions with activated pepsinogen coupled columns

The ability to analyze localized amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange kinetics of a protein is highly dependent on the digestion efficiency of the enzyme being used to generate a collection of labeled peptides. Pepsin is one of the most commonly used acid proteases in amide H/D exchange experiments due to its broad specificity and robustness at “slow exchange” conditions of low temperature and pH. The chemistry used to immobilize pepsin to POROS AL-20 beads is optimal under neutral pH conditions but acid proteases such as pepsin are irreversibly denatured above pH 5 so coupling must be performed under suboptimal conditions. Thus, in the current study we report a technique to improve the digestion efficiency for amide H/D exchange by immobilizing pepsinogen to POROS AL-20 support under optimal coupling conditions of pH 6.7 where pepsinogen is stable and subsequently converting the coupled pepsinogen into active pepsin. This activated pepsinogen column demonstrated a higher specific activity at both 25 °C and 0 °C than an identically coupled pepsin column and gave better peptide coverage for cytochrome C and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) improving our amide H/D exchange data for these proteins. These results were reproducible for three independently coupled and activated pepsinogen columns. Protein assays demonstrated that more enzyme was bound to the POROS AL-20 resin coupled with pepsinogen at pH 6.7 than pepsin at pH 5.     

亲水作用色谱法测定表阿霉素及其杂质

建立了一种以亲水作用色谱分离测定表阿霉素的新方法。采用硅胶色谱柱及高极性有机溶剂水相缓冲溶液流动相。对流动相的pH、缓冲溶液的浓度及流速进行了优化,确定了以乙腈甲酸钠缓冲溶液(pH2.9)(90∶10,V/V)作为流动相的最佳条件。对优化的分离条件进行系统适应性实验,结果表明表阿霉素与有关杂质之间的分离度和拖尾因子均达到药典要求。该法具有良好的线性(相关系数0.9971～0.9991)和重复性(峰面积RSD<1.0%),方法简便实用,用于实际样品分析,结果满意。     

Comparison of activated chromatography resins for protein immobilization

The adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to an immobilized camelid‐derived antibody fragment was investigated using six different activated resins, of which two are prototypes. The resins differed in base material, coupling chemistry and particle size. The adsorption, washing and desorption stage of the affinity chromatography process were taken into account. Dynamic binding capacities at 10% breakthrough ranged between 0.76 and 4.8 mg BSA/mL resin. The washing volume ranged between 2.9 and 10 column volumes. One of the resins did not concentrate BSA, while the highest concentration was 13‐fold. We present a method to rank and weigh the properties of the resins to find the optimal resin to meet specific requirements. For three of the resins the adsorption flow rate was varied, while the washing and desorption flow rate was kept the same. The dynamic binding capacity decreased with increasing flow rate, as expected. For one resin, the washing volume remained constant, but for the others it decreased with increasing adsorption flow rate. The number of column volumes required to purify a given amount of BSA increases with increasing flow rate, which indicates that higher flow rates do not necessarily speed up the process.     

Development of an on-line immobilized-enzyme reversed-phase HPLC method for protein digestion and peptide separation

This paper describes use of a novel glass bead-based immobilized-enzyme micro column for simple and swift on-line protein digestion then peptide separation by reversed-phase HPLC. The inexpensive and easily made immobilized-enzyme micro column was prepared from aminopropyl controlled-pore glass that was reacted first with glutaraldehyde then with trypsin in the presence of phosphate buffer. Tryptic digestion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved simply by passing pretreated protein solution through the laboratory made immobilized-trypsin column; the tryptic fragments were then separated by reversed-phase HPLC. The peptide separation was found to be identical to separation of a sample which had undergone conventional enzymatic protein digestion in solution. Digestion of BSA by the immobilized-trypsin column decreased with increasing flow rate of the solution through the column, and 1.0 μL min⁻¹ was found to be the optimum flow rate for on-line protein digestion with our system. It was also found that the sample required pretreatment with urea before injection, because of a change in the properties of the protein in the presence of urea, and the immobilized-trypsin column lost its function in the presence of acetonitrile. This on-line proteomics system enables simple and rapid protein digestion and was successfully applied to partially micro two-dimensional (2D) chromatographic separation of proteins.     

Direct isolation of monoclonal antibodies from tissue culture supernatant using the cation-exchange cellulose Express-Ion S

The chromatography of the murine hybridoma cell C595/102 culture supernatant expressing the therapeutic monoclonal antibody C595, on the cation-exchange cellulose Whatman Express-Ion Exchanger S has been investigated. Initial method scouting studies using purified C595 in 1-ml mini columns demonstrated that binding capacity and binding efficiency were dependent not only on decreasing pH but also on the buffer salts used to prepare the mobile phase. Under optimised conditions of 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, we were able to separate purified C595 from BSA, the major contaminant in tissue culture fluid. Under these conditions immunoreactive C595 could be isolated directly from tissue culture supernatant. A scale-down study was carried out using a 25-ml column operated at a flow-rate of 150 cm/h which also yielded purified immunoreactive antibody. This procedure should now be suitable for scale-up.