抗癌植物喜树化学成分的研究——Ⅲ.喜树果中的鞣花酸类化合物

从喜树果中分得八个鞣花酸类化合物及丁香酸,用光谱和化学转化方法证明了结构,它们是3,4'-O-二甲基鞣花酸(Ⅰ)、3,3',4-O-三甲基鞣花酸(Ⅱ)、3,4-O,O-次甲基-3'-O-甲基鞣花酸(Ⅲ)、3,4-O,O-次甲基鞣花酸(Ⅳ)、3,4-O,O-次甲基-3',4'-O-二甲基鞣花酸(Ⅴ)、3,4-O,O-次甲基-3',4'-O-二甲基-5'-甲氧基鞣花酸(Ⅵ)、3,3',4,4'-O-四甲基-5'-甲氧基鞣花酸(Ⅶ)、3,4-O,O-次甲基-3',4'-O-二甲基-5'-羟基鞣花酸(Ⅷ)及丁香酸(Ⅸ)。其中Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ尚未见报导,Ⅶ为第一次从植物中分到的化合物。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定草莓中鞣花酸

建立了测定草莓中鞣花酸含量(包括游离鞣花酸和总鞣花酸)的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UPLCMS/MS)分析方法。草莓中游离鞣花酸在酸性条件下用甲醇提取,经C18分散固相萃取净化后可直接测定;总鞣花酸经酸性水解呈游离态再经分散固相萃取净化后进行测定。净化液经C18色谱柱分离,以甲醇和0.5%甲酸水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾负离子(ESI-)模式电离,超高效液相色谱-质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定,外标法定量。结果表明:在10~500 ng/m L浓度范围内鞣花酸的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.998 1,游离鞣花酸的定量下限为0.5 mg/kg,总鞣花酸的定量下限为5.0 mg/kg。在低、中、高3个加标浓度的回收实验中,游离鞣花酸的加标回收率为86.7%~113.6%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,准确性好,适用于草莓中鞣花酸的测定。     

黑莓汁及其发酵制品中鞣花酸的高效液相色谱测定

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定黑莓汁及其发酵制品中鞣花酸含量的方法。采用Waters symmetry C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为体积比44∶2∶54的甲醇-乙酸乙酯-KH2PO4/H3PO4(5%)溶液(磷酸调pH为2.7),流速0.6 mL/min,检测波长:0～6 min 400 nm,6～7.5 min 350 nm,7.5～30 min 254 nm。该方法检测黑莓汁中鞣花酸含量,平均回收率为99.08%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.077%。同时采用此方法跟踪检测了黑莓发酵液中鞣花酸的含量。结果表明,黑莓汁样品无需经过复杂的前处理,即可达到良好的分离。方法操作简单,准确度高,无杂质干扰,可用于黑莓原汁及黑莓汁发酵制品中鞣花酸含量的测定。     

水龙骨中没食子酸与鞣花酸的含量测定

以Spursil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)、甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱、流速1.0 mL/min、检测波长255 nm和柱温30℃为色谱条件，建立了HPLC法测定水龙骨中没食子酸与鞣花酸含量的方法。结果表明：没食子酸在浓度为0.5～5.0 mg·L^-1的范围内(r=0.999 9),鞣花酸在质量浓度为6.944×10^-3～69.44×10^-3μg的范围内(r=0.999 8)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系；没食子酸和鞣花酸平均加样回收率分别为104.21%和101.52%,RSD值分别为4.51%和3.83%;按外标法测得水龙骨中没食子酸含量(n=6)为26.83μg·g^-1,鞣花酸含量(n=6)为62.18μg·g^-1。该测定方法易操作、稳定性及重复性好，为水龙骨药材质量研究提供科学依据。     

基于主成分分析和小波神经网络的近红外多组分建模研究

将小麦叶片原始光谱经过预处理后,采用主成分分析(PCA)对数据进行降维,取前3个主成分输入小波神经网络,建立了基于主成分分析和小波神经网络的近红外多组分预测模型(WNN);进一步研究了小波基函数个数的选取(WNN隐层节点数)对小波神经网络模型性能的影响,并将WNN模型与偏最小二乘法(PLS)和传统的反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型进行了比较.结果表明,所建立的WNN模型能用于同时预测小麦叶片全氮和可溶性总糖两种组分含量,其预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.101%和0.089%,预测相关系数(R)分别为0.980和0.967.另外,在收敛速度和预测精度上,WNN模型明显优于BPNN和PLS模型,从而为将小波神经网络用于近红外光谱的多组分定量分析奠定了基础.     

抗癌植物喜树化学成分的研究——Ⅴ.喜树果中的其它化学成分

前曾报导从喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Decne)中分得九种化学成分,其中七种从果中分到。喜树碱、10-羟基喜树碱均有明显的抗癌作用,引起我们分离其他成分的兴趣。又从果中分离并鉴定了十四种微量成分:11-羟基喜树碱(Ⅰ)、10-甲氧基喜树碱(Ⅱ)、脱落酸(Ⅲ)、丁香脂素(Ⅳ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅴ)、丁香酸(Ⅵ)、3,4’-o-二甲基鞣花酸(Ⅶ)、3,3’,4-o-三甲基鞣花酸(Ⅷ)、3,4-o,o-次甲基-3′-o-甲基鞣花酸(Ⅸ)、3,4-o,o-次甲基鞣花酸(Ⅹ)、3′,4′-o-二甲基-3,4-o,o-次甲基鞣花酸(Ⅺ)、3,4-o,o-次甲基-3,4-o二甲基-5’-甲氧基鞣花酸(Ⅻ)、3,3′,4,4′,5′-o-五甲基鞣花酸(ⅩⅢ)、3,4-o,o-次甲基-3′,4′-o-二甲基-     

小波神经网络-遗传算法用于2-(9-咔唑)乙基氯甲酸酯衍生化氨基酸的胶束电动力学色谱分离优化

将小波神经网络和遗传算法应用到2-(9-咔唑)-乙基氯甲酸酯衍生化氨基酸的胶束电动力学色谱分离优化。小波神经网络结合正交试验设计用于分离过程的多因素模型建立。以训练好的小波神经网络模型为目标函数,采用实数编码的遗传算法搜寻确定最佳分离条件,在此条件下分离得到的归一化分离度积与正交试验设计中最佳条件相比,提高了12．5％。     

基于遗传算法结合神经网络的航空润滑油粘度近红外光谱分析

研究了基于遗传算法(GA)的波长选择方法结合反向传播神经网络(BP-ANN)建模用于在用航空润滑油-40℃运动粘度的近红外光谱分析。采集样品光谱经均值中心化和SavitzkyGolay平滑求导法预处理后,通过分段组合建模初选最优波段,利用遗传算法进一步筛选了对粘度预测敏感的波长点建模。该波长选择方法与相关系数法相比,所建模型预测准确度高。在建模采用的非线性BP-ANN法中,先通过主成分分析(PCA)分解光谱数据,将得分矩阵输入3层神经网络训练,通过参数优化建立最优模型。所建模型对8个在用油进行分析,各预测值与标准值的相对误差均低于2%,并且经t检验不存在显著性差异,模型预测能力较强,应用于在用润滑油质量的快速分析效果好,为油品在线监控提供了参考。     

遗传算法结合神经网络用于傅里叶变换红外光谱法测定航空润滑油中水分

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法测定了航空润滑油中的水分,通过遗传算法(GA)优化选取有效波数点,用误差反向传播神经网络(BP-ANN)进行水分预测计算。模型的预测相关系数为0.957,预测标准偏差为0.022。随机抽取某型航空润滑油样品进行预测并对预测结果进行配对t检验,结果表明:红外光谱定量分析结果与标准方法测定值没有显著性差异,模型可以用于该型在用航空润滑油水分含量现场快速检测。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中的鞣花酸含量

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中鞣花酸的含量。样品用甲醇-水(1+1)溶液提取,超声提取10min,以10 000r·min-1转速离心5min,移取5.00mL上清液,经MAX固相萃取柱处理,用甲酸-甲醇(5+95)溶液洗脱。MG C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为固定相,以0.2%(体积分数)磷酸-乙腈(18+82)溶液为流动相进行洗脱,检测波长为254nm。线性范围为0.5~100mg·L-1,测定下限(10S/N)为20mg·kg-1,应用该方法对化妆品中鞣花酸的含量进行检测,加标回收率在83.5%~100%之间。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Conferences in Chemistry Held in 2022

Russian Chemical Bulletin -     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

美国化学教育中的科学道德教育

介绍了近年来美国科学界维护科学道德的行动及美国某些大学化学系开设科学道德教育课程的情况     

Electrolysis in nanochannels for in situ reagent generation in confined geometries

In situ generation of reactive species within confined geometries, such as nanopores or nanochannels is of significant interest in overcoming mass transport limitations in chemical reactivity. Solvent electrolysis is a simple process that can readily be coupled to nanochannels for the electrochemical generation of reactive species, such as H(2). Here the production of hydrogen-rich liquid volumes within nanofluidic structures, without bubble nucleation or nanochannel occlusion, is explored both experimentally and by modeling. Devices comprised of multiple horizontal nanochannels intersecting planar working and quasi-reference electrodes were constructed and used to study the effects of confinement and reduced working volume on the electrochemical reduction of H(2)O to H(2) and OH(-). H(2) production in the nanochannel-embedded electrode reactor output was monitored by fluorescence emission of fluorescein, which exhibits a pH-dependent emission intensity. Initially, the fluorescein solution was buffered to pH 6.0 prior to stepping the potential cathodic of E(0)' for the generation of OH(-) and H(2). Because the electrochemical products are obtained in a 2:1 stoichiometry, local measurements of pH during and after the cathodic potential steps can be converted into H(2) production rates. Independent experimental estimates of the local H(2) concentration were then obtained from the spatiotemporal fluorescence behavior and current measurements, and these were compared with finite element simulations accounting for electrolysis and subsequent convection and diffusion within the confined geometry. Local dissolved H(2) concentrations were correlated to partial pressures through Henry's Law and values as large as 8.3 atm were obtained at the most negative potential steps. The downstream availability of electrolytically produced H(2) in nanochannels is evaluated in terms of its possible use as a downstream reducing reagent. The results obtained here indicate that H(2) can easily reach saturation concentrations at modest overpotentials.