Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂上费-托合成反应动力学研究Ⅰ. 反应途径分析

 采用单位键指标-二次指数势(UBI-QEP)方法对模型催化剂Co(0001)晶面进行了费-托(F-T)合成反应的反应能学分析,发现以不含氧的CxHy,s 作为中间体的表面碳化物机理在能量上较为合理,而CH2,s 作为链增长单体的链增长方式是能量上最有利的F-T合成反应途径. 在Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂上的非稳态实验研究中发现,在F-T合成的操作温度范围内,H2O的生成是主要的表面O的移去方式; CO解离和表面碳物种Cs加氢可能是F-T合成中的重要速控步骤; 链增长过程是F-T合成反应中较快的基元反应步骤; 甲烷的生成具有多种不同活性的表面前驱体,导致生成的甲烷严重偏离经典的ASF分布规律. 结合F-T合成表面反应的研究结果,初步确定了F-T合成动力学研究中需要考虑的机理模型的范围是以CO解离和表面碳物种Cs加氢为速控步骤,以CH2,s 插入为链增长途径的表面碳化物机理. 该结果缩小了待选动力学模型的范围.     

Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂费-托合成反应动力学研究Ⅱ. 动力学模型的构建和回归

 在典型的Co系催化剂工业操作条件范围(T=473～503 K,p=1.5～4.0 MPa, H2/CO体积比=1.0～3.0)内,采用等温积分固定床反应器对Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂进行了F-T合成反应动力学研究. 依据详细可靠的基元反应机理,按照Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson动力学推导方法,获得了Co系催化剂上基于详细反应机理的动力学模型. 通过动力学实验数据的回归分析,发现基于COs直接解离并以烷基为链增长中间体的表面碳物种机理的动力学模型可以较好地描述Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂上的F-T合成反应结果,该模型可自洽地描述F-T合成过程中的合成气消耗和烃产物分布状况,且获得的反应活化能等关键动力学参数与文献报道的理论结果基本一致.     

碳络羰基铁簇用于费托合成低碳烃

在费托反应合成烃类的研究方面,有关CO解离和碳化物形成机理已为众多的学者所接受。铁催化剂与合成气作用,易于生成碳化物和氧化物。一般认为碳化物是甲烷和链增长的中间物种。通过金属有机化合物的研究,M_4C、M_3CH,M_2CH_2和M_1CH_3(M=金属)均已被合成、分离和鉴定,并巳知这些碳化物的加氢活化能的顺序为M_4C>M_3CH>M_2CH_2>M_1CH_3。     

甲醇羰基化制乙酸反应的理论研究

采用有效核势能近似(ECP)从头算方法, 在LANL2DZ基组下研究了铑碘络合物催化剂催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸的反应机理. 优化得到了反应基态势能面的反应物、过渡态和产物的几何构型. 理论计算结果说明, 该催化反应循环中CH₃I氧化加成、羰基插入和CH₃COI还原消除基元反应步骤的活化位垒分别为216.03, 128.10和126.56 kJ/mol, CH₃I氧化加成是整个反应的决速步骤.     

Rh(PPh3)3Cl/有机融盐催化烯烃硅氢加成反应

研究了Rh(PPh₃)₃Cl/二烷基咪唑六氟磷酸盐或烷基吡啶六氟磷酸盐催化三乙基氢硅烷与烯烃的硅氢加成反应. 实验结果表明, 二烷基咪唑六氟磷酸盐或烷基吡啶六氟磷酸盐的存在既有利于提高加成反应的转化率和β加成物的选择性, 又有利于反应结束后产物与催化剂的分离. C₁₆PyPF₆作为催化剂的载体, Rh(PPh₃)₃Cl催化苯乙烯与三乙基氢硅烷加成反应的转化率为95.7%, β加成物的选择性为87.8%, α加成物的选择性为0.001%, 脱氢加成产物的选择性为9.2%. 同时, 此催化剂重复使用7次以后仍具有较高的活性.     

微正则变分过渡态理论直接动力学计算反应速率常数的一种新方法

在微正则过渡态理论(mTST)和微正则变分过渡态理论(mVT)的基础上, 构造了一种量子变分RRKM速率常数的新算法, 用于计算化学反应的k(E, J), k(E)和k(T). 该算法包括了Beyer-Swinehart的隧道校准方法的微正则速率常数的计算. 在该方法中发展了一种截断式内插法, 可有效的计算热速率常数中的Boltzmann积分. 通过对H(D)2CO→H(D)₂ + CO, CH₂CO→CH₂ + CO和CH₄ + H→CH₃ + H₂反应的检验可看出, 其计算结果与采用更精确计算方法的结果相当符合, 但本方法可节省大量机时.     

羰基硼化合物B2n(CO)n (n＝1～6)的理论研究

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP/6-31G*方法, 对羰基硼化合物B_2n(CO)_n (n＝1～6)各种可能的结构进行了优化,对它们的几何构型、电子态、振动频率、核独立化学位移(NICS)和B₂CO的分子轨道进行了理论研究, 得到了B_2n(CO)_n (n＝1～6)结构的稳定性信息. 在它们的基态结构中, 羰基的配位方式是端配位(μ₁-CO), B_2n(CO)_n (n＝1～5)的基态构型是线形或平面结构, B₁₂(CO)₆的基态构型则较为复杂. B_2n(CO)_n (n＝1～3)的基态是三重态, B_2n(CO)_n (n＝4～6)的基态是单重态. 振动频率和轨道的研究为实验提供了重要的理论依据.     

Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂上顺酐和1,4-丁二醇的耦合反应

研究了Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂上顺酐加氢反应和1,4-丁二醇脱氢反应耦合制备重要的精细化学品γ-丁内酯. 耦合反应显著提高了顺酐转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性. Cr修饰提高了催化剂的脱氢活性, 抑止了催化剂的过度加氢活性, 使1,4-丁二醇的转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性显著提高. Cr修饰量为w＝5%的Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂上耦合反应的原料转化率为100%, γ-丁内酯选择性达98.8%. XRD, XPS等研究表明, Cr修饰促进了催化剂上铜元素的分散, 氧化铬对氧化铜有给电子作用, Cr修饰的Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂还原后比Cu/SiO₂具有更多的Cu^＋, 这有利于催化剂脱氢活性和γ-丁内酯选择性的提高.      

亚稳态SO(c1Σ－,v’=0)的猝灭动力学

在流动余辉装置上, 研究了SO(c¹Σ^－)的猝灭动力学过程. 获得了SO₂, O₂, CO₂, N₂, He, CS₂, CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH, C₃H₇OH, C₄H₉OH, CH₃COCH₃, C₆H₆, CH₂Cl₂, CH₂Br₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄等16种分子与SO(c¹Σ^－)发生猝灭反应的速率常数. 初步分析表明: 醇类分子C_nH_2n+1OH(n=1, 2, 3, 4)中的C—H键的数目与其对SO(c¹Σ^－)的猝灭速率成正比; CO₂, N₂等非极性无机小分子对SO(c¹Σ^－)的猝灭作用不明显, 强极性分子SO₂对SO(c¹Σ^－)的猝灭作用较强. 卤代烷烃中的卤素原子的大小对SO(c¹Σ^－)的猝灭过程发挥着较重要的作用; 而氯代烷烃中氯原子的个数与猝灭速率之间的关系不明显.     

N-取代氨乙基膦酸为配位中心的Keggin型杂多酸

用N-取代的β--氨乙基膦酸R₂R′N+CH₂CH₂PO₃H-(R=R′=H;R=Me,R′=H;R=R′=Me; R=H,R′=Me₂CH;R=H,R′=CH₃(CH₂)₂CH₂)为配位中心合成了系列P︰W比为1︰12的有机膦-钨杂多酸,用元素分析、红外、紫外光谱、TG和DSC热分析对其进行了结构表征.结果表明,这些有机膦杂多酸具有Keggin型结构,可表示为N⁺CH₂CH₂PO₃HZ^-·W1₁₂O₃₆·nH₂O.其中铵离子有机侧链R₂R′N⁺CH₂CH₂与膦酸根PO₃H^-一起参与构成杂多阴离子的一级结构,即整个有机膦酸一体作为了杂多阴离子的核心或配位中心.有机膦酸的取代基对杂多酸的结晶水量有显著影响.     

Thermokinetic study of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on Fe2Cu1 and FeCu surfaces with comparison to Fe(110) and Cu(111) catalysts by the UBI-QEP method

The purpose of this study is to predict the activation barriers and enthalpy for elementary steps in the process of Fischer–Tropsch (F-T) on the surfaces of Fe(110), Cu(111) and Fe/Cu alloys catalyst using “Unity Bond Index-Quadratic Exponential Potential” method aimed at predicting the activity and selectivity on the basis of energy criteria. The elementary steps, such as dissociation of CO, hydrogenation of carbidic carbon, C–C chain growth by insertion of CH₂ versus CO into the metal-alkyl bonds, and chain termination, which lead to hydrocarbons (alkanes versus α-olefins) or oxygenates are discussed in detail. The results show that metallic Fe(110) is necessary to produce the carbidic carbon from CO dissociation, but the synthesis of hydrocarbons and oxygenates can effectively proceed on Cu(111) surface. For optimum performance of F-T synthesis catalyst, these conflicting properties must be optimized. In this regard, we studied Fe/Cu alloy catalyst. On all the catalyst surfaces, the energetically preferred path to initiate the alkyl chain growth is via insertion of a CH_2,s group into the carbon–metal bond of a CH_3,s group. On FeCu catalyst surface, the activation barrier for termination of alkyl chain growth by β-elimination of hydrogen is found to be lower than that for α-addition of hydrogen and consequently for this catalyst, olefins are expected to form more readily than paraffins. The results of the model for a single metal surface are in agreement with the experimental data.     

Li助剂对Co/AC催化剂上CO加氢制直链混合伯醇反应性能的影响

采用CO加氢反应、X射线衍射、程序升温还原和CO程序升温脱附等技术研究了Li助剂对活性炭负载的Co催化剂(Co/AC)上CO加氢反应性能的影响.结果表明,Li的添加抑制了气态烃的生成,提高了C5+和直链混合伯醇的选择性,但催化剂活性下降.这可能源于Li的加入抑制了Co2+物种的还原,降低了反应速控步骤—强吸附CO的解离...     

Adsorption and activation of CO over flat and stepped Co surfaces: a first principles analysis

The adsorption and activation of CO over flat Co{0001}, corrugated Co{1120}, and stepped Co{1012} and Co{1124} surfaces have been analyzed using periodic density functional theory calculations. CO strongly chemisorbs on all these surfaces but does not show a strong dependence on the surface structure. The calculated structure of adsorbed CO on Co{0001} at 1/3 monolayer (ML) of coverage was found to be in good agreement with the experiment. The barrier for CO dissociation over Co{0001} was found to decrease with decreasing CO coverage, taking on a value of 232 kJ/mol at 1/4 ML and 218 kJ/mol at 1/9 ML. The presence of the "zigzag" channel on Co{1120} enhances the reactivity slightly by reducing the barrier for CO dissociation to 195 kJ/mol. In contrast, the stepped Co{1012} and Co{1124} surfaces are much more active than the flat and corrugated surfaces. Both stepped surfaces provide direct channels for CO dissociation that do not have barriers with respect to gas-phase CO. In general the activation barriers lower as the reaction energies become more exothermic. Reconstruction of the step edges that occur in the product state, however, prevents a linear correlation between the reaction energy and the activation energy.     

Rh基催化剂上CO加氢制C2含氧化合物的红外光谱研究

 用红外光谱法考察了Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂在CO加氢反应过程中表面吸附物种随压力、温度和H2/CO比的改变而变化的规律. 结果表明,高压有利于提高催化剂表面吸附的CO浓度和活性,高温有利于CO解离; 而高温、高压条件不但促进了CO吸附,而且提高并平衡了CO的解离和插入之间的相对活性,促进了C2含氧化合物的生成. H2/CO比的增大有利于CO在催化剂表面的吸附,从而促进了CO插入,尤其是CO的解离和加氢活性,但是过高的H2/CO比将导致过高的CO解离和加氢活性,引起CO插入活性的削弱而最终导致C2含氧化合物生成活性的下降. 同时,考察了助剂(Mn, Li和Ti)对Rh基催化剂表面吸附物种的影响. 结果表明,助剂的加入可提高C2含氧化合物的生成活性.     

负载型Fe－Co双金属催化剂的CO加氢反应性能研究及其原位FT－IR表征

负载于γ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３上的ＰＰＮ［ＦｅＣｏ_３（ＣＯ）_（１２）］簇合物作为催化剂前体，在ＣＯ加氢反应中显示出了较好的催化活性和对低碳烃的选择性。本文系统地考察了反应温度、反应时间、合成气比和气体空速对ＣＯ加氢反应，ＣＯ转化率和产物分布的影响。借助于ＩＣＰ分析、电镜和原位ＦＴ－ＩＲ跟踪技术，对负载型双金属簇催化剂的金属负载量、催化剂表面状态和脱羰过程中催化剂表面结构的变化进行了分析和表征，获得了一些有意义的结果。     

Understanding the Effect of the Exchange-Correlation Functionals on Methane and Ethane Formation over Ruthenium Catalysts

Density functional theory (DFT) has been established as a powerful research tool for heterogeneous catalysis research in obtaining key thermodynamic and/or kinetic parameters like adsorption energies, enthalpies of reaction, activation barriers, and rate constants. Understanding of density functional exchange-correlation approximations is essential to reveal the mechanism and performance of a catalyst. In the present work, we reported the influence of six exchange-correlation density functionals, including PBE, RPBE, BEEF+vdW, optB86b+vdW, SCAN, and SCAN+rVV10, on the adsorption energies, reaction energies and activation barriers of carbon hydrogenation and carbon-carbon couplings during the formation of methane and ethane over Ru(0001) and Ru(1011) surfaces. We found the calculated reaction energies are strongly dependent on exchange-correlation density functionals due to the difference in coordination number between reactants and products on surfaces. The deviation of the calculated elementary reaction energies can be accumulated to a large value for chemical reaction involving multiple steps and vary considerably with different exchange-correlation density functionals calculations. The different exchange-correlation density functionals are found to influence considerably the selectivity of Ru(0001) surface for methane, ethylene, and ethane formation determined by the adsorption energies of intermediates involved. However, the influence on the barriers of the elementary surface reactions and the structural sensitivity of Ru(0001) and Ru(1011) are modest. Our work highlights the limitation of exchange-correlation density functionals on computational catalysis and the importance of choosing a proper exchange-correlation density functional in correctly evaluating the activity and selectivity of a catalyst.     

助剂对Co／HMS催化剂结构和F-T合成性能的影响

详细研究了钍、锆、锗及铈助剂对钴质量分数为15％的Co／HMS催化剂结构、 F-T合成CO转化率、CO2选择性及烃分布的影响,结果表明：钍能适当提高F-T合成 活性,且低温下具有较强的链增长能力;锆、锗、铈降低了催化剂CO转化率,催化 剂加氢能力变强,导致低碳烃增加较快,汽柴油馏分段减低,相应的链增长能力降 低,并以锰和铈较为明显;XRD,TPR及TG表征表明：锆和铈可提高催化剂Co还原度 ,但F-T合成反应时金属Co易披氧化,反应中金属Co量明显减少,CO转化率降低, 并以铈最为显著;Th助催化剂Co还原度稍有减低,Co分散度高于Co／HMS,且反应 中金属Co较为稳定,Co转化率得以提高;添加Mn助剂后,催化剂难以还原,反应中 活性相金属Co量较小,CO转化率较低．     

Fischer-Trospch Synthesis on Ordered Mesoporous Cobalt-Based Catalysts with Compact Multichannel Fixed-Bed Reactor Application: A Review

CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbons through Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction is one of the promising chemical processes, which can convert alternative feedstocks such as natural gas or biomass into synthetic fuels. The FTS reaction has received many attentions due to a limited petroleum resource with an increased demand for using alternative carbon sources such as stranded gas or shale gas. Some proper synthetic methods of an effective FTS catalyst having a larger active metal surface area and a lower deactivation rate are the most important issues for a long-term operation. Therefore, some ordered mesoporous materials (OMM) have been widely investigated in the field of CO hydrogenation using some heterogeneous catalysts. The present brief review paper summarized the various preparation methods of the ordered mesoporous materials for the possible applications of FTS reaction with a lower deactivation rate and a higher catalytic performance. The applications of the ordered mesoporous cobalt oxides for FTS reaction are briefly introduced and the ways to improve a structural stability even under reductive CO hydrogenation conditions by using efficient pillaring materials as well as by preparing mixed metal oxides. A higher catalytic activity of the ordered mesoporous cobalt oxide was also verified in a multi-channel fixed-bed compact reactor having the intersected interlayers of micro-channel heat exchanger. The thermal stability of ordered mesoporous cobalt-based catalysts was mainly affected by a structural stability which can easily remove the heavy hydrocarbons from the inner surfaces.     

CO_(2)加氢制甲酸理论研究及高效铁基催化剂设计北大核心CSCD

CO_(2)加氢制甲酸由于需同时活化惰性氢气及CO_(2)而富有挑战性,同时此过程原子经济性100%,具有很好的理论和现实研究价值,但文献中报道的活性较好的催化剂均为贵金属催化剂.为了开发活性更高的用于CO_(2)加氢制甲酸的铁基催化剂,我们采用理论计算方法研究了12种不同种类的PNP-Fe(PNP=2,6-(二-叔丁基-磷甲基)吡啶)化合物催化CO_(2)加氢制甲酸的过程.理论研究结果表明,CO_(2)加氢制甲酸反应过程包括H2活化及CO_(2)插入金属氢键两个步骤,H_(2)活化过程是整个反应的速控步骤.催化剂吡啶环上进行P原子取代可以显著降低H_(2)活化能垒.基于以上发现,我们设计了一种新颖的高效铁基催化剂,使用此催化剂催化CO_(2)加氢制甲酸反应,速控步骤能垒只有85.6 kJ/mol,催化活性与贵金属的比较接近.我们研究的12种铁基催化剂速控步骤能垒范围为85.6~126.4 kJ/mol,显示了配体良好的调控催化活性能力.