食物过敏原免疫学检测技术研究进展

免疫学检测方法因特异性强、灵敏度高和操作简便的优点而备受青睐.该文介绍了部分国家和地区食物过敏原标签标注情况,食物过敏原免疫学检测技术,包括酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)、免疫层析技术、生物传感器技术的研究进展和应用.通过与质谱、链式聚合酶反应技术(PCR)对比,探讨了食物过敏原免疫学检测技术的发展方向.     

利用液相色谱-质谱多反应监测方法测定食物中主要的牛奶过敏原α-酪蛋白

采用液相色谱-质谱串联的多反应监测技术检测食物中的牛奶过敏原成分α-酪蛋白,检出限达到了0.5 mg/L,与目前已报道的检出限水平相当。该过敏原成分在0.5~250 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,说明本方法对于食品中牛奶过敏原成分的检测具有极好的实际应用价值。     

毛细管区带电泳高效分离和高灵敏检测α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白

α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白系由牛乳清提取的乳糖制品中的主要蛋白杂质,是引起食物及药物过敏的主要过敏原。因此,在食品安全及医药安全领域,对二者的分离及痕量检测是至关重要的。本研究建立了一种简单、快速、灵敏、重现性好的毛细管区带电泳(CZE)方法,使用简单的电泳体系和样品处理步骤,实现了α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的基线分离和痕量检测。CZE条件如下:25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.0),分析电压+30 kV,毛细管温度25℃,紫外检测波长205 nm,压力进样5 kPa"10 s。在此条件下,样品分析时间为2 min,α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的检出限(LOD)分别为3.0和12 mg/L;迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别小于1%和6%,符合实际样品检测要求。本方法已成功用于实际乳糖样品的分析,在相关领域也有很好的应用前景。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中15种防腐剂类过敏原物质

防腐剂成分大多具有刺激性，容易造成皮肤过敏，国内外对其在化妆品中的使用有明确的禁、限量规定。研究通过气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)同时测定化妆品中15种防腐剂类过敏原物质的含量，建立了基于“两柱保留指数、一个质谱匹配度”的精确鉴定方法，通过外标法定量。样品经过乙腈涡旋超声提取，无水硫酸镁除水后，分别采用DB-5MS和DB-WAX色谱柱分离检测，以电子轰击离子(EI)源为离子源，通过多反应监测模式(MRM)采集数据信息，使用保留指数对15种防腐剂类过敏原物质进行定性。经两次检测，15种防腐剂类过敏原物质在DB-5MS色谱柱上方法的检出限为0.02～0.2 mg/kg, 12种防腐剂类过敏原物质在DB-WAX色谱柱上方法的检出限为0.01～20 mg/kg。防腐剂类过敏原物质在DB-5MS和DB-WAX色谱柱上均在一定范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.99。以水、乳、面膜、膏霜为代表基质，在低、中、高3个加标水平下，15种防腐剂过敏原物质在DB-5MS和DB-WAX色谱柱上的回收率在70.1%～129.8%范围内，相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于15%(n=6)。采用建立的方法对8...     

34例输液发生过敏反应患者的分析及护理

为找出过敏反应的原因，保证临床用药安全，对湛江市第二人民医院近年临床输液发生的过敏反应病例的输液联用药种数、残余液进行了检查和分析。发现过敏反应中，以抗生素、中草药制剂引起的过敏反应最为常见，其次为患者的个体差异因素。结果表明药品质量、不合理用药、患者过敏体质和个体差异均是引起过敏反应的因素。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定乳清蛋白中的α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白

乳清蛋白是牛奶中的一种主要蛋白质，β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白是其主要成分，分别占其总量的40％～50％和10％～20％。乳清蛋白具有较高的营养价值及功能特性，已经被越来越多地应用于食品工业，市场上已经出现了许多不同种类和品牌的乳清蛋白粉保健品，如儿童营养蛋白粉、婴儿配方奶粉等。但乳清蛋白又是一种常见的过敏原，β-乳球蛋白是最主要的过敏原，其次为α-乳白蛋白。因此，通过蛋白质改性的方法已经开发出了低过敏或无过敏的乳清蛋白质制品。反相高效液相色谱法（RP—HPLC）是分析乳清蛋白成分的有效方法之一，与其他色谱方法相比具有分辨率和回收率高、重复性好、操作简便等优势。     

基于高分辨质谱技术的婴幼儿食品中过敏原蛋白质的高灵敏检测

基于高效液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,选择稳定性好、灵敏度高的特征肽段,利用平行反应监测(PRM)技术,实现了多类过敏原蛋白质的高灵敏度同时检测,并成功应用于婴幼儿食品中过敏原成分的分析。对于婴幼儿食品中蛋白质的提取,与传统的丙酮沉淀法比,采用膜上原位样品预处理方法(i-FASP)可实现更高的蛋白质提取效率和抗干扰能力。所检测的过敏原蛋白质的定量限(LOQ)最小可达到0.028 mg/L,其线性范围最宽可跨越4个数量级,且线性关系良好(相关系数R~2≥0.99)。该方法为食品中过敏原蛋白质组学快速分析提供了一种可靠的分析方法。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法检测花生过敏原的研究

本文利用自己研制的花生过敏原免疫新西兰大耳兔,获得效价为200 000的抗花生过敏原特异性抗体,建立了花生过敏原蛋白的间接竞争酶联免疫(ELISA)检测方法.结果表明:花生抗原在0.01～100 ng/mL范围内具有较好的线性关系,其竞争标准曲线为v=-0.1212x+0.9285(r=0.9819),IC50为34....     

高效液相色谱法测定食物中的类胡萝卜素

综述了用于食物中的类胡萝卜素、类胡萝卜素酯测定的高效液相色谱方法,介绍了样品提取处理方法、色谱分离条件及检测方法。引用文献85篇。     

拥挤环境中表面活性剂胶束化过程的低场核磁共振研究

利用长弛豫低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)方法研究了由聚乙二醇(PEG)构建的拥挤溶液环境中表面活性剂的聚集行为。通过Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)脉冲序列所得的回波数据及反演拟合数据对不同的表面活性剂-PEG体系进行分析,结果发现:不同分子量和不同浓度的PEG溶液可用低场核磁共振方法进行区分;高浓度的PEG溶液中均能监测到胶束形成过程,而较低浓度的PEG溶液不利于其胶束化过程监测;NaCl对含有离子型表面活性剂体系的影响较为明显,而对含有非离子型表面活性剂的体系几乎无影响。该研究丰富了低场核磁共振弛豫技术在表面活性剂胶束表征过程中的应用,同时对理解生物体系中分子的自组装及功能也具有重要意义。     

Effects of chemical, physical, and technological processes on the nature of food allergens

A review is presented of studies of different processing techniques and their effect on the allergenicity and antigenicity of certain allergenic foods. An overview of investigated technologies is given with regard to their impact on the protein structure and their potential application in the production of hypoallergenic foods. The use of physical processes (such as heating, high pressure, microparticulation, ultrafiltration, and irradiation), chemical processes (such as proteolysis, fermentation, and refining by extraction), and biotechnological approaches, as well as the effects of these processes on individual allergenic foods, are included. Additionally, the implications of food processing for food allergen analysis with respect to food safety assessment and industrial quality control are briefly discussed.     

The frontiers of mass spectrometry-based techniques in food allergenomics

In the last years proteomic science has started to provide an important contribution to the disclosure of basic aspects of food-related diseases. Among these, the identification of proteins involved in food allergy and their mechanism of activation of toxicity. Elucidation of these key issues requires the integration of clinical, immunological, genomic and proteomic approaches. These combined research efforts are aimed to obtain structural and functional information to assist the development of novel, more reliable and powerful diagnostic protocols alternative to the currently available procedures, mainly based on food challenge tests. Another crucial aspect related to food allergy is the need for methods to detect trace amounts of allergenic proteins in foods. Mass spectrometry is the only non-immunological method for high-specificity and high-sensitivity detection of allergens in foods. Nowadays, once provided the appropriate sample handling and the correct operative conditions, qualitative and quantitative determination of allergens in foods and ingredients can be efficiently obtained by MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS methods, with limits of detection and quantification in the low-ppb range. The availability of accurate and fast alternatives to immunological ELISA tests may also enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies and food processing technologies to aid patients with food allergy or intolerance, and to support allergen labelling and certification processes, all issues where the role of proteomic science is emerging.     

基于质谱技术的食品过敏原检测方法研究进展

食品过敏原分析在食品安全领域具有重要的研究意义。质谱技术由于能够提供待分析物的化学结构信息等特点,已逐渐应用于食品过敏原等大分子检测领域,具有简单高效、高特异性、高通量和高灵敏度等优点,引起了研究者们的广泛关注。该文综述了近年来质谱技术在食品过敏原检测领域的最新研究进展情况。     

Epitope peptides and immunotherapy

Allergic diseases affect atopic individuals, who synthesize specific Immunoglobulins E (IgE) to environmental allergens, usually proteins or glycoproteins. These allergens include grass and tree pollens, indoor allergens such as house dust mites and animal dander, and various foods. Because allergen-specific IgE antibodies are the main effector molecules in the immune response to allergens, many studies have focused on the identification of IgE-binding epitopes (called B cell epitopes), specific and minimum regions of allergen molecules that binds to IgE. Our initial studies have provided evidence that only four to five amino acid residues are enough to comprise an epitope, since pentapeptide QQQPP in wheat glutenin is minimally required for IgE binding. Afterwards, various kinds of B cell epitope structures have been clarified. Such information contributes greatly not only to the elucidation of the etiology of allergy, but also to the development of strategies for the treatment and prevention of allergy. Allergen-specific T cells also play an important role in allergy and are obvious targets for intervention in the disease. Currently, the principle approach is to modify B cell epitopes to prevent IgE binding while preserving T cell epitopes to retain the capacity for immunotherapy. There is mounting evidence that the administration of peptide(s) containing immunodominant T cell epitopes from an allergen can induce T cell nonresponsiveness (immunotherapy). There have been clinical studies of peptide immunotherapy performed, the most promising being for bee venom sensitivity. Clinical trials of immunotherapy for cat allergen peptide have also received attention. An alternative strategy for the generation of an effective but hypoallergenic preparation for immunotherapy is to modify T cell epitope peptides by, for example, single amino acid substitution. In this article, I will present an overview of epitopes related to allergic disease, particularly stress on allergen specific immunotherapy. In addition, our ongoing study of immunotherapy by 'eating' T cell epitope peptides will be described. Eating T cell epitope peptides as food provides a more practical way of inducing tolerance and a challenge to prevent allergy in daily life, as opposed to therapy by ingesting peptides as medicine.     

Application of current allergy assessment guidelines to next-generation biotechnology-derived crops

In any single day, our immune systems are exposed to thousands of different proteins from the environment and the food we eat. In a portion of the human population, some of those proteins will stimulate the immune systems to synthesize immunoglobulin E in an allergenic response. The discrepancy between the vast numbers of proteins we encounter and the limited number of proteins that actually become allergens have led scientists on a quest to discover what unique features exist that make proteins destined to be allergens. The information gained from these studies has led to an allergy assessment strategy that characterizes the potential allergenicity of biotechnology products prior to their commercialization. This testing strategy appears to be effective as shown by the fact that there have been no clinically documented food allergic reactions to any of the biotechnology proteins introduced into food crops, to date. The next generation of biotechnology products will most likely contain more complex traits, including nutritionally enhanced food crops, and the question arises as to whether the current allergy assessment strategy will be sufficient to protect the health of the consuming public. In this paper, we discuss general allergen characteristics in order to better understand how proteins become allergens, summarize the current allergy assessment process, evaluate the different aspects of this process for their adequacy in determining the allergenic potential of engineered functional foods, and, finally, we assess the possibility of new technologies having a positive impact on the allergy assessment of nutritionally enhanced crops.     

Quantitative methods for food allergens: a review

The quantitative detection of allergens in the food chain is a strategic health objective as the prevalence of allergy continues to rise. Food allergenicity is caused by proteins either in their native form or in forms resulting from food processing. Progress in mass spectrometry greatly opened up the field of proteomics. These advances are now available for the detection and the quantification of traces of allergenic proteins in complex mixtures, and complete the set of biological tests used until now, such as ELISA or PCR. We review methods classified according to their ability to simultaneously quantify and identify allergenic proteins and underline major advances in the mass-spectrometric methods. Stéphanie Kirsch and Séverine Fourdrilis contributed equally to this paper.     

成像技术在食品安全与质量控制中的研究进展

食品质量与安全是政府、食品行业以及消费者十分关注的问题。为了保证食品质量与安全，需要对食品中的风险因子进行检测。传统的分析方法如生物化学方法和仪器分析方法（色谱法、色谱-质谱法）存在前处理比较复杂，耗时，对样品具有破坏性及无法获取目标物空间信息等缺点。因此，开发快速，无损，实时和可视化的检测技术十分重要，这也是食品领域研究的热点。近年来，高光谱成像技术融合了成像和光谱两种技术，可以作为一种用于食品质量和安全评估的非破坏性和实时检测的工具。拉曼光谱成像技术可以同时获得待测物的光谱和空间信息，具有快速，无损和低成本等优点，在食品安全评价和质量控制中也得到了成功应用。质谱成像技术不需要标记和染色，即可实现样品组织表面待测物的可视化和高通量分析。它作为一种分子可视化技术，可以获得食品中营养成分及内、外源性有害物质的空间分布信息，在食品领域也表现出良好的应用前景。本文检索了近几年国内外发表的成像技术在食品研究中的相关文献，介绍了高光谱成像技术、拉曼光谱成像技术和质谱成像技术的原理，并综述了它们在食品安全与质量控制中的应用。此外，本文分析和讨论了这几种成像技术的优缺点，并对成像技术在食品领域的发展前景做出了展望。     

Electrochemical Peptide-Based Sensors for Foodborne Pathogens Detection

Food safety and quality control pose serious issues to food industry and public health domains, in general, with direct effects on consumers. Any physical, chemical, or biological unexpected or unidentified food constituent may exhibit harmful effects on people and animals from mild to severe reactions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), unsafe foodstuffs are especially dangerous for infants, young children, elderly, and chronic patients. It is imperative to continuously develop new technologies to detect foodborne pathogens and contaminants in order to aid the strengthening of healthcare and economic systems. In recent years, peptide-based sensors gained much attention in the field of food research as an alternative to immuno-, apta-, or DNA-based sensors. This review presents an overview of the electrochemical biosensors using peptides as molecular bio-recognition elements published mainly in the last decade, highlighting their possible application for rapid, non-destructive, and in situ analysis of food samples. Comparison with peptide-based optical and piezoelectrical sensors in terms of analytical performance is presented. Methods of foodstuffs pretreatment are also discussed.     

Determination of allergens in foods

Food allergy presents an emerging challenge to food safety and mandatory labelling of relevant food allergens is still in debate. To date there are only a few validated detection methods available for a limited number of food allergens. Immunological detection of food allergens can involve either human serum IgE or animal antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are currently the method of choice to determine allergens in various food products. Polymerase chain reaction assays are promising tools for the future. Performance parameters of the methods such as sensitivity, specificity, limit of detection, recovery and reproducibility are reviewed in detail.     

Commercialized rapid immunoanalytical tests for determination of allergenic food proteins: an overview

Food allergies have become an important health issue especially in industrialized countries. Undeclared allergenic ingredients or the presence of “hidden” allergens because of contamination during the food production process pose great health risks to sensitised individuals. The EU directive for food labelling lists allergenic foods that have to be declared on food products by the manufacturers. The list includes gluten-containing cereals, crustaceans, eggs, fish, peanuts, soybeans, milk, various nuts (e.g. almond, hazelnut, and walnut, etc.), celery, mustard, sesame seeds, lupin, and molluscs. Reliable methods for detection and quantification of food allergens are needed that can be applied in a fast and easy-to-use manner, are portable, and need only limited technical equipment. This review focuses on the latest developments in food allergen analysis with special emphasis on fast immunoanalytical methods such as rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral-flow immunochromatographic assays (LFA) and dipstick tests. Emerging technologies such as immunochemical microarrays and biosensors are also discussed and their application to food allergen analysis is reviewed. Finally, a comprehensive overview of rapid immunochemical test kits that are currently available commercially is given in tabular form.