拉曼光谱技术及其应用进展

拉曼光谱作为一种无损分析方法,可以快速、精准地得到包括固体、粉末、液体、气体、胶体等不同类型样品的化学结构、相和形态、结晶度以及分子间相互作用等相关信息,因此被广泛应用于诸多领域。本文介绍了拉曼光谱的基本工作原理;总结了近年来拉曼光谱在环境检测、材料、食品安全、医疗、刑侦司法、勘探、工业等领域的应用,以期为今后拉曼光谱检测领域更好地发展提供参考。     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术在食品安全检测中的应用研究进展

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)是一种新型的快速检测技术,具有信息含量丰富、灵敏度高、操作简便、可无损检测等优点,在食品安全领域有很大的实际应用价值。该文介绍了表面增强拉曼光谱技术的发展历程、增强机理、基底的分类与应用以及检测模式,综述了表面增强拉曼光谱技术在食品有害小分子物质、食源性致病菌、重金属污染和真菌毒素等方面快速检测的最新研究进展,并提出了亟待解决的问题和发展趋势。     

基于拉曼光谱成像的食品中化学添加剂的无损检测

基于拉曼光谱成像技术对小麦粉中过氧化苯甲酰和L-抗坏血酸进行快速、 无损、 原位检测, 并对2种添加剂的空间分布进行了可视化研究. 采用实验室自行搭建的线扫描式拉曼光谱成像系统, 激发光源波长为785 nm, 有效光谱范围为0~2885.7 cm^-1. 分别在小麦粉中添加含量为0.1%~30%的过氧化苯甲酰和L-抗坏血酸, 对制备的样品进行拉曼光谱扫描, 选取感兴趣区域的光谱信号进行平均, 得到平均光谱代表该样品的拉曼信息. 分别选取过氧化苯甲酰和L-抗坏血酸的2个特征峰, 与该物质在小麦粉中的含量建立线性关系, 其决定系数R²分别为0.9828 和0.9912. 采集的特征波段拉曼图像经过自适应迭代重加权惩罚最小二乘(airPLS)方法扣除荧光背景后, 选取合适的特征峰强度作为阈值, 对校正拉曼图像进行二值化分析, 得到添加物的空间分布可视化图像. 该方法与点检测拉曼技术相比, 具有检测结果准确且检测时间较短的优势, 且可以实现不均匀样品中多种物质的同时检测与分布可视化.     

拉曼光谱技术在现场快检分析领域中的应用

拉曼光谱技术以其操作简单、无损、快速、需样量少和适合含水体系分析等独特优势,加之表面增强拉曼散射技术的高灵敏特性,现已广泛应用于现场快检分析领域。该文从直接检测和间接检测两个方面,通过分析食品安全、刑事侦查、医药管理、环境监测等领域的典型示例,对拉曼光谱技术在现场快检领域中的应用及其研究进展进行了归纳总结,并展望了其在现场快检领域中的发展趋势。     

基于拉曼高光谱成像的乳粉真伪非定向筛查新方法研究

乳粉真伪问题是我国食品安全的突出问题之一,其非定向筛查是分析科学领域的前沿热点。该研究提出一种稳健建模驱动的拉曼高光谱成像方法(RMD-RHIM),借助其图谱合一的数据特征,将乳粉中未知掺杂物识别问题转化为奇异样本识别问题,有效解决了乳粉中掺杂物的不确定性问题。在RMD-RHIM中,首先采用自适应迭代重加权惩罚最小二乘算法(airPLS)扣除拉曼光谱的背景信息,再通过改进迭代自权重偏最小二乘法(mIRPLS)准确识别乳粉拉曼高光谱成像信号中的畸变像素点,并转化为可视化的二值图像,实现了乳粉真伪的非定向筛查。结果表明,RMD-RHIM方法对阳性和阴性样品的识别率分别达到了98.3%和93.3%,可满足乳粉工业快速筛查的需求,并为其它食品样本的非定向筛查提供了一种新手段。     

薄层色谱分析法及其进展

介绍常规薄层色谱和几种高效薄层色谱分析方法,薄层色谱与红外光谱、表面增强拉曼光谱、核磁共振、质谱、电化学等联用检测技术,以及薄层色谱与联用检测技术在医药、生物制品、毒物、环境有害物质、食品及其他领域定性定量分析中的应用,并对其前景进行了展望。     

基于临近比较的快速拉曼光谱基线校正方法

拉曼光谱成像技术是基于拉曼散射效应所开发的一项现代检测技术,在现代生产、科学研究过程中使用非常广泛。拉曼光谱信号受荧光效应和仪器等方面的影响,往往会产生基线漂移,严重影响对信号特征的进一步提取。因此,必须对拉曼光谱信号进行基线校正。传统的基线校正方法,只针对单一光谱信号,计算量较大,在处理由大量拉曼信号组成的成像数据时,耗时较长且效果不佳。该文提出一种基于临近比较的快速基线校正方法,根据在相同背景下采集的光谱之间的相关性,实现快速基线校正,提高了拉曼成像数据的处理速度。     

基于质谱技术的食品过敏原检测方法研究进展

食品过敏原分析在食品安全领域具有重要的研究意义。质谱技术由于能够提供待分析物的化学结构信息等特点,已逐渐应用于食品过敏原等大分子检测领域,具有简单高效、高特异性、高通量和高灵敏度等优点,引起了研究者们的广泛关注。该文综述了近年来质谱技术在食品过敏原检测领域的最新研究进展情况。     

拉曼光谱技术在色谱分析检测中的应用

讨论了色谱分离与拉曼光谱检测的联用技术。表面增强拉曼光谱技术和紫外共振拉曼光谱技术克服了常规拉曼光谱技术所固有的灵敏度低的问题,所设计的与液相色谱联用的装置可以获取色谱柱流出液的拉曼光谱。评价了联用装置的重现性、动态范围和分析潜力,发现表面增强拉曼光谱仪和紫外共振拉曼光谱仪都可以作为薄层色谱、液相色谱法的检测器,可提供待测组分的结构信息,其灵敏度和其它常用检测器相似。     

鸡肉样品中痕量喹诺酮类抗生素的表面增强拉曼光谱检测研究

随着人们对食品品质要求日益增高，食品中痕量违禁物质的快速定性和定量分析成为食品安全领域的热点。本研究基于表面增强拉曼光谱（Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS）技术，结合自主研发的快速前处理试剂盒，建立了畜牧养殖等行业中广泛关注的2种喹诺酮类抗生素恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的现场快速检测方法。利用本方法检测了5种市售鸡肉（3种乌鸡肉、2种白条鸡肉）中的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星，结果表明，与标准方法高效液相色谱-串联质谱（High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS）相比，所建立的SERS方法定性准确（可有效鉴定2种结构相似的喹诺酮抗生素）、定量可靠（误差在8.2%～14.4%范围内）、灵敏度高（最低可检出浓度在100 ng/L水平），可满足食品质量控制要求。本研究建立的SERS检测方法实用性强、操作简便快速，可用于实际样品中喹诺酮类药物的快速筛查。     

常见光谱技术在植物油品质检测中的应用

植物油品质检测技术中,以光谱技术为代表的更为简单方便、快速而不失准确性的无损检测技术为市场所需要。该文从植物油组成成分、市场售卖植物油掺假现状两方面对植物油的品质相关指标进行了介绍,着重介绍了红外光谱技术、拉曼光谱技术、荧光光谱技术、紫外光谱技术等不同光谱技术在植物油品质检测中的研究进展和应用现状,最后提出了光谱技术在植物油品质检测发展中的瓶颈,并对光谱技术在植物油品质检测中应用前景进行了展望。     

Fingerprinting food: current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination

Major food adulteration and contamination events seem to occur with some regularity, such as the widely publicised adulteration of milk products with melamine and the recent microbial contamination of vegetables across Europe for example. With globalisation and rapid distribution systems, these can have international impacts with far-reaching and sometimes lethal consequences. These events, though potentially global in the modern era, are in fact far from contemporary, and deliberate adulteration of food products is probably as old as the food processing and production systems themselves. This review first introduces some background into these practices, both historically and contemporary, before introducing a range of the technologies currently available for the detection of food adulteration and contamination. These methods include the vibrational spectroscopies: near-infrared, mid-infrared, Raman; NMR spectroscopy, as well as a range of mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, amongst others. This subject area is particularly relevant at this time, as it not only concerns the continuous engagement with food adulterers, but also more recent issues such as food security, bioterrorism and climate change. It is hoped that this introductory overview acts as a springboard for researchers in science, technology, engineering, and industry, in this era of systems-level thinking and interdisciplinary approaches to new and contemporary problems.     

干果类食品的样品前处理与分析检测方法研究进展

坚果、果脯等干果类食品含有丰富的营养成分,深受国内外广大消费者的喜爱。但这些食品在果实生产、加工、储运时会使用农药或产生霉变等,造成干果中农药、重金属、霉菌毒素或添加剂等有害成分残留,甚至超过国家限量要求,带来严重的食品安全问题。因此,加强干果类食品的质量监督具有重要的经济和社会意义。但干果类食品基质复杂,有害物质种类多,结构和性质差异大,含量低,其分析检测需要快速高效的样品前处理技术和准确灵敏的分析检测方法。该文主要综述了近十年来干果类食品中有害物质的样品前处理及分析检测方法研究进展。其中样品前处理方法主要包括各种场辅助萃取法、相分离法和衍生化萃取方法等。场辅助萃取法主要是借助超声波和微波场等外场(协同)作用加快干果中有害物质的溶出速度,提高其萃取效率。相分离法,包括固相(微)萃取、分散固相萃取和液相(微)萃取法等,具有溶剂消耗少、分离富集效率高的优势,是干果样品分析中较常使用的前处理方法。该文还重点介绍了干果中各类有害成分分析检测技术,主要包括色谱、原子光谱、无机质谱、电化学分析等常规实验室方法,以及一些适用于现场分析的快速检测技术,并以此为基础,展望了干果类食品中有害物质分析检测技术的发展趋势。     

Practical issues of hyperspectral imaging analysis of solid dosage forms

Hyperspectral imaging techniques have widely demonstrated their usefulness in different areas of interest in pharmaceutical research during the last decade. In particular, middle infrared, near infrared, and Raman methods have gained special relevance. This rapid increase has been promoted by the capability of hyperspectral techniques to provide robust and reliable chemical and spatial information on the distribution of components in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Furthermore, the valuable combination of hyperspectral imaging devices with adequate data processing techniques offers the perfect landscape for developing new methods for scanning and analyzing surfaces. Nevertheless, the instrumentation and subsequent data analysis are not exempt from issues that must be thoughtfully considered. This paper describes and discusses the main advantages and drawbacks of the measurements and data analysis of hyperspectral imaging techniques in the development of solid dosage forms.     

Determining nanomaterials in food

Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most innovative technologies and has the potential to improve food quality and safety. However, there are a few studies demonstrating that nanomaterials (NMs) are not inherently benign.This review highlights some current applications of NMs in food, food additives and food-contact materials, and reviews analytical approaches suitable to address food-safety issues related to nanotechnology.We start with a preliminary discussion on the current regulatory situation with respect to nanotechnology in relation to foods. We cover sample preparation, imaging techniques (e.g., electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy), separation methods (e.g., field-flow fractionation and chromatographic techniques) and detection or characterization techniques (e.g., light scattering, Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry). We also show the first applications of the analysis of NMs in food matrices.     

Combined Fourier-transform infrared imaging and desorption electrospray-ionization linear ion-trap mass spectrometry for analysis of counterfeit antimalarial tablets

This paper reports use of a combination of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging and desorption electrospray ionization linear ion-trap mass spectrometry (DESI MS) for characterization of counterfeit pharmaceutical tablets. The counterfeit artesunate antimalarial tablets were analyzed by both techniques. The results obtained revealed the ability of FTIR imaging in non-destructive micro-attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode to detect the distribution of all components in the tablet, the identities of which were confirmed by DESI MS. Chemical images of the tablets were obtained with high spatial resolution. The FTIR spectroscopic imaging method affords inherent chemical specificity with rapid acquisition of data. DESI MS enables high-sensitivity detection of trace organic compounds. Combination of these two orthogonal surface-characterization methods has great potential for detection and analysis of counterfeit tablets in the open air and without sample preparation.     

二次离子质谱生物成像

二次离子质谱作为目前空间分辨率最高的质谱成像技术,以其免标记、高灵敏、多组分检测优势和亚微米级高空间分辨成像优势为诸多生命科学问题的研究提供了全新的分析手段,在基础细胞生物学、组织生理病理学、生物医药与临床医学等领域的研究中得到了广泛应用。本文综述了二次离子质谱在生物组织、细胞、仿生生物膜等体系中的质谱成像研究进展。