高频燃烧红外吸收法测定铅精矿中的硫

利用高频燃烧红外吸收碳硫仪测定铅精矿中的硫含量。低硫含量(S<5%)铅精矿样品直接称样测定;高硫含量(S>5%)铅精矿样品添加稀释剂后称样测定。对样品称样量、助熔剂类型及用量等条件进行了研究,获得最佳分析条件。通过空白实验测得方法检出限为0.0010%,利用铅精矿有证标准物质进行精密度和准确度验证,方法的标准偏差在0.295%~1.3%之间,结果表明该方法精密度高、准确度好,能够满足铅精矿中硫含量的快速准确测定。     

熔融法制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定锌精矿中主、次组分含量

应用X射线荧光光谱法测定了锌精矿中主次量组分(包括锌、硫、铁、硅、铅、铜、砷、银、镉、锡及锑)。锌精矿样品(0.6g)与6.3g四硼酸锂和3.2g硝酸锂置于铂-金坩埚中拌匀,先在500℃随即升至700℃灼烧10min,使样品中的硫离子预氧化为硫酸盐。硝酸锂与四硼酸锂生成四硼酸锂和偏硼酸锂混合物熔剂,在1 030℃熔融样品10min,将熔化的样品倒入样模中,冷却后脱模所得熔块用于X射线荧光光谱分析。对在预氧化及熔融过程中由于样品组成变化及质量的增加所造成的基体干扰,采用基于Sherman方程的可变理论α影响系数法进行校正。在所测定的元素中,锌和硫的校准曲线范围依次为27%～62%和10%～35%,两者的标准偏差均小于0.2%。应用所提出的方法分析了2个CRM(GBW 07168和SRM 113b),所得测定值与认定值一致。     

EDTA滴定法连续测定铅精矿中铅和锌

建立了EDTA滴定法连续测定铅精矿中铅和锌的方法。试样用盐酸、硝酸、硫酸和氯酸钾分解。铅通过硫酸铅沉淀与其他干扰元素分离,沉淀溶解于乙酸-乙酸钠溶液中。在滤液中加入氨水、氟化钾使铁等干扰元素沉淀并与锌溶液分离。用二甲酚橙作指示剂,EDTA分别滴定溶液中的铅和锌。研究中测定了能力验证NILPT(2010)-0211铅精矿样品10-1和10-2中铅和锌,结果满意。     

三元硝酸盐预氧化熔融制样-波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定锌精矿中锌、铜、铅、铁、铝、钙和镁

锌精矿属富锌、高铜、高铅的硫化矿矿物,硫和铜等元素腐蚀铂金坩埚是熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱分析必须解决的问题。在阶梯温度下,以硝酸铵、硝酸钠和硝酸锂的三元硝酸盐混合物为氧化剂,采用半熔法预氧化试料中的硫、铜、锌等元素,以四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂混合熔剂(m:m=67∶33)为熔剂、过饱和溴化锂溶液为脱模剂,于1 050℃熔铸成XRF分析用试料片,波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定试料片中的锌、铜、铅、铁、铝、钙和镁含量。以系列铜、铅、锌的硫化矿及其精矿有证标准物质和工作基准试剂氧化锌作为标准试料建立待测组分的校准曲线,各待测组分的校准曲线的相关系数在0.988 5～0.997 8;方法检出限为0.018%～0.50%。对不少于3个水平的待测组分进行实验室内重复性实验,其相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.41%～3.9%,除个别分析结果外,测定结果与标准方法的测定结果无显著性差异;经t-检验,锌精矿标准物质中铅和铁测定值与标准值无显著性差异,而锌测定结果与标准值存在显著性差异;除个别水平样品的锌含量、铁含量、钙含量测定值外,测定值与标准方法的测定值无显著性差异。8个实验室对不少于3个水平的待测组分进行5次独立测定,确定了校准曲线测定范围内的方法重复性限和再现性限。     

滤纸还原–硫酸铈滴定法测定含锑铅精矿中锑

建立滤纸还原-硫酸铈滴定法测定含锑铅精矿中锑含量的方法。采用硫酸、硝酸溶解样品,以滤纸作还原剂,在盐酸介质中,用磷酸掩蔽高价铁,以甲基橙和亚甲基蓝为指示剂,于80~90℃下,用硫酸铈标准溶液滴定至溶液突变至亮蓝色(铁含量高时为黄绿色)为终点。在实验条件下对3个含锑铅精矿样品进行分析,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.7%~2.2%(n=8),加标回收率为95%~106%。分别采用该方法和锑矿石中锑的国家标准分析方法GB/T 15925-2010对含锑铅精矿样品进行测定,两种方法的测定值基本一致,相对误差为1.4%~4.5%。该方法准确度高,精密度好,成本低,适用于铅精矿中锑含量的测定。     

连续滴定法测定铅精矿中的铅、铜

建立了铅精矿中主量元素铅和次量元素铜的连续滴定分析方法。将铅滴定分析中经硫酸沉淀分离后的滤液,再经硫酸冒烟,用去离子水溶解后,通过滴定法对铅精矿中高含量铜进行分析。该方法铅精矿中铅的检出限为1.4 mg/g,铜的检出限为1.0 mg/g。对3个实际样品中铅、铜分别进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3.0%(n=7),铅的加标回收率为99.71%~100.19%,铜的加标回收率为99.33%~100.47%。该方法通过一次溶样,对铅精矿中的铅、铜连续进行滴定分析,方法快速、准确,适用于铅精矿中含量大于1.4%的铅和含量大于1.0%的铜的测定。     

X射线衍射法快速测定矿产品中的主要物相和主元素含量

采用X射线衍射法(XRD)分析铜精矿、铅精矿、锌精矿和氧化皮中的主要物相,利用TOPAS软件测定矿产品的主要元素含量。铜精矿的主要物相为黄铜矿、黄铁矿和石英,铅精矿主要物相为方铅矿、铅矾和白铅矿,锌精矿主要物相为闪锌矿,氧化皮的主要物相为氧化亚铁、四氧化三铁和三氧化二铁。通过TOPAS软件对XRD图谱进行拟合,测定铜精矿中铜的含量、铅精矿中铅的含量、锌精矿中锌的含量和氧化皮中铁的含量,分析结果与标准法测定结果基本一致。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定锡精矿中8种杂质元素

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法同时测定锡精矿中钙、镁、铜、铅、锌、砷、锑、铋8种杂质元素。对锡精矿样品的分解方法进行了合理选择,并对测定时的元素分析谱线、基体及各测定元素间干扰情况等进行了讨论。采用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸溶样,盐酸浸取。基体效应较小,各待测元素之间基本无干扰。测定结果与国家标准方法比对结果基本一致,相对标准偏差为1.3%~3.3%(n=11),方法加标回收率为96.0%~105%,能满足实际工作中准确、高效地分析锡精矿中杂质元素的需要。     

ICP–MS法测定铅精矿、锌精矿、混合铅锌矿中的铊

建立铅精矿、锌精矿、混合铅锌矿中铊的分析方法。试样采用盐酸、硝酸、硫酸消解,挥发除去硫,沉淀除去大部分铅和硅,用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP–MS)法测定样品溶液中铊的含量。对基体及主要杂质元素的干扰情况及消除方法进行试验,优化了分析方法。铊含量在0.01~10μg/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数大于0.999 9,检出限为0.001 8μg/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.42%~3.96%(n=11),加标回收率为92.7%~106.8%。该方法简单、快速、准确,可用于铅锌精矿、混合铅锌矿中铊的测定。     

石墨炉消解-EDTA滴定法测定铅矿石及铅精矿中的铅

建立石墨炉消解–EDTA滴定法测定铅矿石及铅精矿中铅。样品经硝酸–硫酸混酸分解生成硫酸铅沉淀,经过滤与其它元素分离,硫酸铅经乙酸–乙酸铵缓冲溶液溶解,以二甲酚橙为指示剂,用EDTA标准溶液进行滴定,利用消耗EDTA标准溶液的体积来计算样品中铅的含量。样品中铅的检出限为2%。采用该方法对3个铅矿石及4个铅精矿实际样品进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.32%～0.71%,0.18%～0.30%(n=8),加标回收率分别为97%～101%,97%～103%;对国家标准物质进行测定,测定值与标准值基本一致,相对误差不大于0.052%。该方法操作简单、快速,准确度高,精密度好,可满足铅矿石和铅精矿样品快速检测的需求。     

硫化铜精矿物相分析及氧化机理研究

在海轮运输及样品的制备过程中,进口硫化铜精矿氧化的现象普遍存在,使得货物的重量和铜品位发生变化,但该种现象的机理研究不多。针对硫化铜精矿的物相进行分析,并对硫化铜精矿的氧化机理进行研究。首先,利用显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对两个硫化铜精矿进行物相分析,并对其中的主要元素和含铜主要物相进行定量化学分析。再次,利用热重分析(TGA)研究这两个硫化铜精矿发生氧化反应的温度,结果表明在400℃时铜精矿样品重量开始增加,在约650℃重量达到顶峰,随后重量开始下降。最后,分别在400、650和900℃对两个铜精矿样品进行灼烧,并利用XRF和XRD方法进行测定,从而研究铜精矿的氧化机理,结果表明在400℃时,出现了铁的氧化物和铜的硫氧化物,说明黄铜矿和黄铁矿开始氧化,但还没有完全氧化,在650℃时,化合物中的氧含量继续增加,硫含量逐步减少,在900℃时,铜和铁的化合物只剩氧化物,硫已全部被氧化。结果表明,硫化铜精矿中的铜、铁等元素在温度和时间的作用下逐步氧化,硫氧化物的产生为中间态,氧化物的产生为最终态。实验解释了进口硫化铜精矿氧化的原理,有助于贸易双方减少分歧,有助于海关技术中心更规范地制备样品,降低数据误差。     

A review of the fundamental studies of the copper activation mechanisms for selective flotation of the sulfide minerals, sphalerite and pyrite

A review of the considerable, but often contradictory, literature examining the specific surface reactions associated with copper adsorption onto the common metal sulfide minerals sphalerite, (Zn,Fe)S, and pyrite (FeS(2)), and the effect of the co-location of the two minerals is presented. Copper "activation", involving the surface adsorption of copper species from solution onto mineral surfaces to activate the surface for hydrophobic collector attachment, is an important step in the flotation and separation of minerals in an ore. Due to the complexity of metal sulfide mineral containing systems this activation process and the emergence of activation products on the mineral surfaces are not fully understood for most sulfide minerals even after decades of research. Factors such as copper concentration, activation time, pH, surface charge, extent of pre-oxidation, water and surface contaminants, pulp potential and galvanic interactions are important factors affecting copper activation of sphalerite and pyrite. A high pH, the correct reagent concentration and activation time and a short time delay between reagent additions is favourable for separation of sphalerite from pyrite. Sufficient oxidation potential is also needed (through O(2) conditioning) to maintain effective galvanic interactions between sphalerite and pyrite. This ensures pyrite is sufficiently depressed while sphalerite floats. Good water quality with low concentrations of contaminant ions, such as Pb(2+)and Fe(2+), is also needed to limit inadvertent activation and flotation of pyrite into zinc concentrates. Selectivity can further be increased and reagent use minimised by opting for inert grinding and by carefully choosing selective pyrite depressants such as sulfoxy or cyanide reagents. Studies that approximate plant conditions are essential for the development of better separation techniques and methodologies. Improved experimental approaches and surface sensitive techniques with high spatial resolution are needed to precisely verify surface structures formed after copper activation. Sphalerite and pyrite surfaces are characterised by varying amounts of steps and defects, and this heterogeneity suggests co-existence of more than one copper-sulfide structure after activation.     

Phenomenon of sinter network formation of ZnO in high-temperature environments

The process of sintering oxidation of zinc and lead sulfide concentrates is discussed. The process product is Zn?Pb sinter, the main metal-bearing ingredient for the ISP shaft furnace. Zn?Pb concentrates contain three principal metal sulfides: ZnS, PbS and FeS₂, of which ZnS plays the main role in forming the Zn?Pb sinter structure. It was decided to investigate the formation of ZnO crystallites. Zn?Pb sinters obtained on a D-L sinter belt (operating temperature 1250–1350°C) were subjected to SEM observations with simultaneous micro-X-ray analysis of sites chosen in the field under observation; ZnO crystallites formed as a result of the oxidation of ZnS have a typical dendrite structure leading to the formation of ‘sinter networks’; their structure is illustrated by SEM microphotographs.     

Physical and chemical analysis of elemental sulfur formation during galena surface oxidation

The surface oxidation of sulfide minerals, such as galena (PbS), in aqueous solutions is of critical importance in a number of applications. A comprehensive understanding of the formation of oxidation species at the galena surface is still lacking. Much controversy over the nature of these oxidation products exists. A number of oxidation pathways have been proposed, and experimental evidence for the formation of elemental sulfur, metal polysulfides, and metal-deficient lead sulfides in acidic conditions has been shown and argued. This paper provides further insight into the electrochemical behavior of galena at pH 4.5. Utilizing a novel experimental system that combines in situ electrochemical control and AC mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) surface imaging, the formation and growth of nanoscopic domains on the galena surface are detected and examined at anodic potentials. AFM phase images indicate that these domains have different material properties to the underlying galena. Continued oxidation results in nanoscopic pitting and the formation of microscopic surface domains, which are confirmed to be elemental sulfur by Raman spectroscopy. Further clarification of the presence of elemental sulfur is provided by Cryo-XPS. Polysulfide and metal-deficient sulfide could not be detected within this system.     

一例进口“铜精矿”的属性分析研究

采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射等技术,结合超景深显微镜、扫描电镜、化学分析等手段,对一例申报为“铜精矿”的样品进行外观形貌、元素组成、物相组成、微观等进行分析。结果表明：样品含有黄铁矿、石英、孔雀石、硅锌矿、滑石等天然矿物,还含有大量的微米级球状氧化锌、玻璃态的钠钙硅铝酸盐、疏松的胶态硅酸盐以及条状、片状的金属铜屑等。样品的特征与天然铜矿浮选得到的铜精矿有显著差别,呈现出天然矿物和多种冶炼加工产物的混合物特征。     

碱熔-水蒸气蒸馏-离子色谱法测定锌精矿中的氟

建立了一种测定锌精矿中氟含量的分析方法。通过碱熔半熔融方法,除去锌精矿中大量硫对样品前处理的影响,利用水蒸气蒸馏的方法分离了被测元素氟与矿石中其它大量重金属离子。通过碱熔-水蒸气蒸馏后离子色谱测定,最大限度排除干扰,降低测定检出限。以碳酸钠(2.5mmol/L)和碳酸氢钠(3.5mmol/L)混合溶液作为淋洗液,SH-AC-1(200mm×4.6mm ID)阴离子分析柱分离,抑制电导检测器检测。线性范围内相关系数为0.999 6,加标回收率97%~102%,相对标准偏差小于4.0%,样品检出限0.0004%。有效拓展了锌精矿中氟含量的测定范围。     

Zinc Coordination Complex for use in Uniform ZnS Microflowers Synthesis

Uniform snowball zinc sulfide (ZnS) microflowers with nanosheet covering were synthesized using the one step reaction of zinc coordination compounds with thiourea at 160 °C for 24 h. X‐ray single crystal diffraction, electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the products. The flower‐like ZnS crystals may have some application in catalyst or solar cell devices. This work is also expected to be applied in the fabrication of other transition metal sulfide crystals with special morphology.     

进口铜精矿属性鉴别过程中的思考

随着我国铜精矿进口量的日益增加及物料性质趋于复杂,有必要采用科学高效的方法对矿产品开展属性鉴别,来规避矿产品进口贸易中潜在的风险。本次对某疑似“掺杂明铜”的进口铜精矿开展物性鉴定,采用矿物自动分析仪（BPMA）、光学显微镜、X-射线衍射仪等综合手段查明了产品中的物质组成和结构特征,并从矿床成因、冶金机理、选矿工艺等多角度对该铜精矿的产出来源和生产工艺进行了深入研究和探讨,论证产品中未掺杂有冶金组分,最终确定其为天然铜精矿。从而协助了海关部门对该货源顺利通关,也保障了贸易双方的权益,实现境外战略资源的有效利用。     

Thermotribochemical treatment of low grade natural phosphates

Stability of mineral mixed fertilizers processed by effective mixing and compaction, using extrusion technology, is a subject of this study. As new products there is a need to learn the possible changes in the phase ratios and caking processes during long term storage. 7 samples with different nutrient components ratios are investigated after one year kept in a storage facility without conditioning. Applying TG-DTA, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods samples are studied, recording thermal effects and mass losses, type of crystal structures and phase content in the sample. On the base of the results obtained the relationships are discussed and conclusions made about the possibility to safety storage and visible application of the new products as fertilizers in the agriculture for nut ratio of different plant. It is confirmed that the investigated samples, produced on the base of low grade phosphates are stable during long term storage and they could be successfully recommended for practical use in agriculture, using traditional or individual method of fertilization.