多组分分析的连续波长紫外分光光度法

提出了一种利用紫外光谱连续波长吸光度数据对多组分混合物定量分析的方法:把吸光系数和待测浓度同时作为自变量,优化分析出待测浓度。对多种物系实验数据的分析结果表明,该法稳定、准确度高。     

正交回归多组分标准加入光度法同时测定污水中的铜、镍、镉和锌

1引言多组分同时测定的光度法都依据比耳定律的线性加和原理，所以对实测样品中存在非线性干扰的多组分体系就很难简单处理。利用正交回归多波长光度法，可以引入反映组分间相互影响的交互作用项，并依据多组分标准加入法的原理，给出各波长处吸光度A（λ）与各待测组分浓度Xi（规范变量）间的关系为：均为回归系数。这里及di分别为组分i的浓度，基准浓度及变化间距。采用标准加入法，就是将含有多个待测组分的待测样中，按正交设计加入一定量的标准溶液，测定各试样溶液在一定显色体系中的吸光度。经回归分析求得回归方程中的回归系数。若…     

双波长代数,图解法测定三元混合物各组分的研究

某混合物物含三种组分，且均与某试剂作用，根据吸光度及化学计量比推知三组分的总含量后，不需分离，按一定规则选取两个波长，测其吸光度，用朗伯－比尔定律及代数法，图解法，可获得三元混合物各组分含量。     

三波长线性回归分光光度法同时测定解热镇痛药物中的各组份

1引言本文结合三波长法和K系数法的基本原理，使在适宜的测量波长组合下，与待测组分的浓度成线性关系．本文依据一组含有不同比例待测和干扰组份的标准混合溶液的吸光度值，采用一元线性回归方法处理，在选择各组份最佳测定波长组合的同时建立其浓度计算模型．该法可直接测定混合体系中某一组份或各组份，方法简便实用。2方法原理根据三波长分光光度法原理，在适宜的测量波长组合下，混合多组份体系中的某一组份在其测定波长和处的吸光度值与该组份的浓度之间的关系为：式（4）为一直线方程，其斜率为K，截距则为系数k。为减少误差，获得…     

双波长吸光光度法同时测定血清中钙和镁

血清中钙和镁与人的健康密切相关,由于性质接近,又往往共存,给分析带来一定的困难.钙和镁同时测定报道不多,常用原子吸收光度法,虽灵敏可靠,但仪器昂贵.本法可同时测定血清中钙和镁,无需分离和加掩蔽剂,方法简便、快速、结果可靠.甲基百里香酚蓝(MTB)是一种优良的金属络合染料,在碱性条件下只与钙、镁离子呈色.本文利用等吸收双波长消去法,在选定的两波长处,干扰组分具有相等的吸光度,钙、镁混合物吸光度的差值△A只与待测组分的浓度成正比,由此可计算待测组分的浓度.1试验部分1.1主要仪器与试剂     

比值导教光谱法同时测定苯酚间苯二酚对苯二酚

以比值导数光谱法对苯酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚的二组分和三组分混合体系进行了分析。方法以混合物的波谱除以干扰组分的波谱得到比值波谱,再用“减(加)法技术”以比值波谱对波长求导得到比值导数波谱,方法兼具导数光谱法能消除低频背景和高频噪声干扰的优点。由此得到的比值导数波谱可完全消除干扰组分的吸光度的贡献。此法可很方便对二组分体系进行测定。进一步以求得的比导数波谱对波长二次求导,可对三组分体系进行分析,用此法对以上的二组分和三组混合体系进行分析均得到较好结果。     

比值导数光谱法同时测定苯酚间苯二酚对苯二酚

以比值导数光谱法对苯酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚的二组分和三组分混合体系进行了分析。方法以混合物的波谱除以干扰组分的波普得到比值波谱,再用“减（加）法技术”以比值波谱对波长求导得到比值导数波谱,方法兼具导数光谱能消除低频背景和高频噪声干扰的优点。由此得到的幽会导数波谱可完全消除干扰组分的吸光度的贡献,此法可很方便地对二组分体系进行测定。进一步以求得的比导数波谱对波长二次求导,可对三组分体系进行分析,用此     

比值导数波谱法分析混合色素

本文叙述了比值导数波谱法的原理，该法以混合物的波谱除以干扰组分的标准波谱面得到比值波谱，以比值波谱对波长求导得到比值导数波谱，由此得到的波谱可完全消除干扰组分的吸光度贡献。采用此法能方便地对二组分混合体系进行分析，如选择合适的零交点，则可对二组分混合体系进行分析。利用此法对胭脂红、日落黄及柠檬黄三种色素的二组分及三组分混合体系进行了分析，均获较好的结果。     

比值导数波谱法分析食品中抗氧化剂

利用混合物的波谱除以干扰组分的波谱得比值波谱，对波长求导得比值导数波谱，由此可消除干扰组分的吸光度叠加效应。该法能有效地对三组分混合物体系进行分析。利用此法对没食子酸丙酯(PG)、2，4，5-三羟基丁酰苯(THBP)和叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)所组成的三组分混合体系进行分析，结果满意。     

火焰原子吸收光谱分析多元干扰体系中干扰效应的计算消除方法研究──Ⅰ.多元混合干扰效应的数学表达及算法

研究了火焰原子吸收光谱分析中多元混合干扰效应的计算消除方法．提出用多项式作为定量描述主测元素与干扰元素之间关系的通用数学模型，并对计算机自动寻找适宜的数学模型作了探讨。运用和尝试了一种新的下降算法──搜索法。本文是对多元统计方法在原子光谱分析中的应用的探索。在对多组分体系进行分析时，利用其元素间相互干扰时所形成的体系总吸光度与各组分浓度间的函数关系，用增量法去形成所需的系数矩阵，从而实现了在单波长处进行多元统计分析。     

Simultaneous determination of ionic and neutral preservatives by inline dialysis-ion chromatography coupled with a hydrophobic-ion exchange mixed mode column

A quantitative analysis was developed for eight acidic and neutral preservatives in foods and daily necessities using the inline dialysis-IC combined with hydrophobic anion-exchange separation. The eight preservatives were dialyzed by inline dialysis and separated on a hydrophobic anion exchange column. Under the optimized separation conditions, the detection limits (S/N = 3) for the eight preservatives were from 0.08 to 0.66 mg L(-1), moreover, a good linearity (R(2) > 0.998) for each preservative was obtained in the range to 100 mg L(-1). Although the dialysis rate of the neutral preservatives was not so high, a good repeatability (RSD, n = 8) of less than 1.5% for the eight preservatives was obtained. The inline dialysis-IC method was applied to the determination of the preservatives in foods and daily necessities. The preservatives were quantified without any interference. The proposed method will be useful for the determination of the preservatives in foods and daily necessities containing high concentration matrices.     

Simultaneous determination of nine UV filters and four preservatives in suncare products by high-performance liquid chromatography

HPLC method for quantitative determination of four preservatives and nine UV filters worldwide authorized in commercial suncare product was developed and validated, and then 101 samples of commercial suncare products were analyzed for the UV filters and preservatives using the proposed method. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water containing 0.5% acetic acid using a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min and UV measurements were carried out at 320 nm for UV filters and 254 nm for preservatives. The correlation coefficients of each calibration curves were mostly higher than 0.999. The percent relative standard deviations (%RSD) ranged from 0.97% to 6.1% for five sample aliquots. The recoveries from the spiked solutions were 98-102%. 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) was detected in 96 of 101 commercial suncare products and the concentration was in the range of 3.08-8.16% and 18 samples were found to exceed the 7.5% which has been defined as the maximum allowed concentration in Korea. Methyl paraben was detected in 81 of 101 samples and the next-most often detected preservatives were propyl paraben (25), ethyl paraben (18), and butyl paraben (4). Three samples of 101 suncare products exceeded the maximum allowed concentration (i.e., 0.58-0.79%). The proposed HPLC method allows efficient and simultaneous analysis of preservatives and UV filters suitable for quality control assays of commercial suncare products.     

In situ demonstration and quantitative analysis of the intrinsic properties of glycoside hydrolases

Based on digital image analysis techniques and a series of optimizations in native electrophoresis, a new direct method to simultaneously detect the intrinsic properties of each active component in the enzymatic system of glycoside hydrolase was established. The key technique is that the concentration changes of substrate (or product) on the gel can be determined quantitatively by the gray value changes of the corresponding band after electrophoretic separation. In this manner, the catalytic characteristics of each glycoside hydrolase component were demonstrated in situ and were easily determined after immersing the gel in a series of solutions containing substrates or their derivatives. Because of its high throughput, great sensitivity, and convenient operation, this method can be used to demonstrate the natural diversity of glycoside hydrolases and to study spatial and temporal regulation in multienzyme expression systems. Thus, it is an effective approach to study the functional proteomics of glycoside hydrolases.     

油脂降解培养基优化的遗传算法实验研究

我们运用遗传算法,首次对利用热带假丝酵母降解油脂的培养基优化问题进行了研究。通过5代实验完成了50个实验样本、6种培养基成分、64个浓度水平的优化任务。按照优化后的培养基组成,热带假丝酵母降解油脂的降解率为95．4％,比正交设计法提高了7．63％。实验结果表明：利用遗传算法可优化培养基成分含量,取得更好的效果;遗传算法是一种优于单因素试验法和正交设计法的新型、高效的培养基优化方法。     

Comparing micellar electrokinetic chromatography and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography for the analysis of preservatives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products

In this study, separation and determination of nine preservatives ranging from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties, which are commonly used as additives in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, by micellar electrokinetic chromatograpy (MEKC) and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) were compared. The effect of temperature, buffer pH, and concentration of surfactant on separation were examined. In MEKC, the separation resolution of preservatives improved markedly by changing the sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration. Temperature and pH of running buffers were used mainly to shorten the magnitude of separation time. However, in order to detect all preservatives in a single run in a MEEKC system, a microemulsion of higher pH was needed. The separation resolution was improved dramatically by changing temperature, and a higher concentration of SDS was necessary for maintaining a stable microemulsion solution, therefore the separation of the nine preservatives in MEEKC took longer than in MEKC. An optimum MEKC method for separation of the nine preservatives was obtained within 9.0 min with a running buffer of pH 9.0 containing 20 mM SDS at 25 degrees C. A separation with baseline resolution was also obtained within 16 min using a microemulsion of pH 9.5 which composed of SDS, 1-butanol, and octane, and a shorter capillary column at 34 degrees C. Finally, the developed MEKC and MEEKC methods determined successfully preservatives in various cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.     

Effect of a lanthanide ion on the micellation and self-organization of lyotropic liquid crystal systems

Lanthanide-containing lyotropic liquidcrystalline systems were synthesized and their phase behavior, as well as the micellar behavior of aqueous solutions of decaethylene glycol monodecyl ether in the absence and presence of a lanthanide ion, were studied. Tensimetry and conductometry were used to determine the critical micellation concentration, and the values obtained by these methods were found to be in close agreement with each other. Polarization microscopy observations showed that, in concentrated aqueous solutions, ordered lyotropic mesophases arise. The parameters of the phase transitions in the systems under study were determined. The mesophase obtained was demonstrated to have a 2D hexagonal supramolecular structure.     

Gas-chromatographic determination of mutual solubility of components in heterophase binary systems of organic solvents

A general gas-chromatographic method is proposed for determining mutual solubility of partially miscible organic solvents. The method involves gradual increase of the concentration of one component in the other component in the region below their mutual solubility limit, determining parameters of the linear regression c = aS + b (c is the concentration, and S is the peak area), analysis of saturated solutions of components of binary systems in each other (at S ≈ const), and calculating c values from the obtained equation. The method was tested by known data on mutual solubility of components of the hexane-acetonitrile and hexane-nitromethane binary systems. Data for the hexane-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and perfluorodecalin-acetonitrile binary systems are obtained for the first time; in the latter case, abnormally low mutual solubility of components is revealed.     

Separation of N2-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate and four native deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates using capillary zone electrophoresis with polyethylene glycol as buffer additive

We investigated the separation of five deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates: 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dGMP), 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dAMP), 2'-deoxycytosine-5'-monophosphate (dCMP), 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (dTMP) and a dGMP adduct possessing N2-ethyl-guanine, which has been noted in relation to mutagenesis of alcohol, using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a modifier and the pH of the running solutions can efficiently control the observed separation. Interaction of PEG with analytes was quantitatively evaluated. PEG worked effectively as a hydrophobic selector in these separations. The values of pKa of the acidic-NH-groups in the base moieties of dGMP, dTMP, and the dGMP adduct are close to that of boric acid used as buffer of the running solutions. The control of their charge was facilitated, enabling improved separations. A more sufficient and fast separation was achieved by both optimization of pH of the running solutions and PEG concentration compared with that obtained by pH control alone. On-line concentration using a stacking method followed by the PEG-assisted CZE was briefly studied.     

Optimization of the Component Concentrations in Solutions of Synthetic Detergents

The detergency of formulations composed of organic and inorganic components that form the basis of synthetic detergents was studied. Mathematical design of experiment—method of orthogonal Latin rectangles, was applied to determine the component concentrations corresponding to the maximal detergency. Thus obtained concentrations of the detergent components in aqueous solutions can be used for optimization of the detergent formulation.     

Mutual peak matching in a series of HPLC–DAD mixture analyses

One of the largest challenges in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development is the necessity for tracking the movement of peaks as separation conditions are changed. Peak increments are then used to build a mathematical model capable of minimizing the number of experiments in an optimization circuit. Method optimization for an unknown mixture is, moreover, complicated by the absence of any a priori information on component properties and retention times when direct signal assignment is not possible. On the contrary, achievement of the maximum separation becomes an important factor for successful identification or quantitation. In this case, the optimization may be based on assigning peaks of the same component chosen from different experiments to each other. In other words, mutual peak matching between the HPLC runs is required.

A new method for mutual peak matching in a series of HPLC with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) analyses of the same unknown mixture acquired at varying separation conditions has been developed. This approach, called mutual automated peak matching (MAP), does not require any prior knowledge of the mixture composition. Applying abstract factor analysis (AFA) and iterative key set factor analysis (IKSFA) on the augmented data matrix, the algorithm detects the number of mixture components and calculates the retention times of every individual compound in each of the input chromatograms. Every candidate component is then validated by target testing for presence in each HPLC run to provide quantitative criteria for the detection of “missing” peaks and non-analyte components as well as confirming successful matches. The matching algorithm by itself does not perform full curve resolution. However, its output may serve as a good initial estimate for further modeling. A common set of UV-Vis spectra of pure components can be obtained, as well as their corresponding concentration profiles in separate runs, by means of alternating least-square multivariate curve resolution (ALS MCR), resulting in reconstruction of overlapped peaks.

The algorithms were programmed in MATLAB^® and tested on a number of sets of simulated data. Possible ways to improve the stability of results, reduce calculation time, and minimize operator interaction are discussed. The technique can be used to optimize HPLC analysis of a complex mixture without preliminary identification of its components.