关于气相渗透法仪器常数问题——一个新模式

气相渗透法广泛用于测定齐聚物和低分子量聚合物的数均分子量(M_n)。分析文献数据和本文的实验证明,仪器常数K值随溶质的分子量而变化。本文提出了一种新的说明 VPO法 K值依赖于溶质分子量的模式,根据此模式,可清楚地说明这种依赖关系。     

气相渗透法测定数均分子量的仪器常数问题研究

用4个低分子量有机化合物和6个窄分布聚苯乙烯标样研究了VPO法中仪器常数K的分子量依赖性问题.实验结果表明,由于VPO法中存在溶质吸附效应,K具有分子量依赖性,并随分子量的增加而增大;当扣除在实验中产生的溶质分子吸附效应后,K无分子量依赖性.     

用凝胶渗透色谱谱图计算氯化氯丁胶的粘度方程常数

众所周知,分子量对高聚物的使用性能和加工性能有重要的影响。测定高聚物的分子量是控制生产和了解产品性能的重要分析手段之一。而粘度法测定分子量,仪器简单,数据处理简便,是目前应用最广泛的测定分子量的方法之一。但是,为了从粘度数据得到分子量的确切数值,需要已知Mark-Houwink方程的K、a值,一般确定K、a值,需要将样品分级,并用绝对方法测定各个级分的分子量及测定各级分的[η]。用log[η]对     

相对时间法计算凝胶渗透色谱测试大分子分子量和分子量分布

在凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对大分子的分子量和分子量分布的测试中,本研究利用小分子乙二醇在系统中出峰时间恒定的现象,采用乙二醇的出峰时间作为标识物,将GPC的色谱图转化为相对时间,再以相对时间建立校正曲线,作为计算分子量和分子量分布的依据。此方法解决了在测试色谱图的记录、校准曲线的建立和分子量的计算中以实际时间来表示和计算分子量时,由于GPC泵的重复性不稳定、色谱柱柱效的下降、仪器更换过不同的色谱柱等因素造成的使校正曲线出现偏差、分子量计算结果出现误差等问题。     

凝胶渗透色谱在确定特性粘数——分子量关系中的应用

粘度法测聚合物的分子量,有方便、快速、重复性好等优点。但此法需要由其他的测定分子量的绝对法如光散射,渗透压等测一组聚合物样品的分子量,与其在某一溶剂中,特定温度下的特性粘数合并使用。定出特性粘数——分子量关系式[η]=kM~a中的K、α值。式中K值是受高聚物分子量分布影响的。因此用G、P、C法测定的各聚合物样品的分子量分布指数对K值作多分散改正,有重要意义。     

从特性粘数和GPC谱图获得数均分子量方法的误差分析

凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)广泛用于测量高聚物的分子量及其分布,但即使是根据普适校准原理也需知道溶液体系的K、α值。已经提出了几种改进方法来估算分子量,其中文献[2]提出利用特性粘数和GPC谱图来估算平均分子量。后来有些学者从实验角度对此方法     

从特性粘数和GPC图谱获得数均分子量的新方法

本文提出了从未知K和a的样品的特性粘数和GPC图谱计算数均分子量的新方法。该法对窄分布或宽分布的样品都适用,并用不同分子量和分子量分布的样品进行了验证,和已知K和a的计算值进行比较,得到非常满意的结果。该法是计算M_n的近似解法,但计算简便。     

用凝胶渗透色谱测定聚乙烯醇肉桂酸酯的分子量及其分布

本文提出用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定聚乙烯酸肉桂酸酯(PC)的分子量和分子量分布。并且,作出了几个国内外PC光致抗蚀剂样品的微分和积分分布曲线。 用国产的GPC仪器,柱的填料是NDG—L多孔硅胶球,用较窄分布的PS标样标定柱子,其分子量范围在1.8×10—3×10~3区间,校正曲线呈线性关系,色谱柱的理论塔板数可达到2000块/米以上。 在这种凝胶中,用PS作为标样,应用流体力     

核磁共振法测定新型含氮杂环聚醚酮酮分子量

1 引言含氮杂环聚醚酮酮聚全物PPEKK是一种新型热塑性高分子材料,聚合物分子链具有较大的刚性,材料具有较高的耐热等级、良好的机械力学性能,有着很好的应用前景.对杂环刚性链聚合物,分子量对其耐热性、韧性、强度及加工性能均有重要的影响,采用传统的GPC方法测试聚合物分子量,缺乏合适的标准样品.A.S.Hay等对刚性链聚合物采用氢核磁共振法测定分子量,并与GPC测试方法进行了比较,发现用GPC方法测试聚合物的分子量,由于采用的标样聚苯乙烯与聚合物刚性相差较大,测定出的聚合物分子量误差较大.本文采用氢核磁共振法测定了线性高分子量含氮杂环聚醚酮酮聚合物PPEKK分子量,求出其K、α值,分析了分子量对聚合物玻璃化温度的影响.2 实验部分2.1 仪器与试剂 JEOL FX-90Q型核磁共振波谱仪.3,5-二叔丁基苯酚,2,6-二叔丁基苯酚,碳酸钾,均为分析纯.2.2 试验方法 特性粘度分别为0.40、0.32、0.25、0.18(×10~2mL/g)4种不同分子量端基为氯原子的PPEKK聚合物,在DMAc溶剂中碳酸钾催化下,与稍过量的3,5-二叔丁基苯酚130～160℃反应3～5h,得到PPEKK封端样品,结构如下:     

高聚物分子量分布的表征——对聚碳酸酯的应用

建议一种简单的用GPC曲线上淋出体积V_p;(V_(10)—V_p)及(V_p—V_(90))三参数来表征高聚物分子量分布的方法,其中V_p是GPC微分曲线上高峰的淋出体积值,V_(10)/V_(90)是GPC积分曲线上在累积分数10％及90％处的淋出体积值,V_p与高聚物的平均分子量有关,而(V_(10)—V_p);(V_p—V_(90))则表征分子量分布的高分子量及低分子量尾端所延伸的宽度,分子量分布对于高聚物加工性能及产品力学性能的影响常与高低分子量的尾端部分有着密切关系。 应用此方法比较了几个国内外聚碳酸酯试样的分子量分布变化和性能的关系,说明这种表征方式能够反映不同GPC曲线上的差异(即分子量分布的差异),也能够明确地反映聚碳酸酯的冲击韧性和应力开裂性质的优劣。     

Supermolecular structure of poly(ethylene oxide) fractions

The crystalline morphology, or supermolecular structure, of poly(ethylene oxide) has been studied as a function of molecular weight and crystallization conditions. Molecular weight fractions, covering the range 6 × 10³ to 1 × 10⁷ are used over the range of accessible temperatures for isothermal crystallization as well as for a large set of controlled nonisothermal crystallization conditions. A morphological map is constructed from these studies and compared with the literature results. Prior reports were primarily confined to low molecular weights, which restricted the generalization of the findings. In the present work, as a consequence of the extended molecular weight range, conditions are established for the systematic development of several different, well-defined, organized super-molecular structures as well as for highly crystalline but disorganized systems. Strong similarities are found between the results for poly(ethylene oxide) and previous reports for linear polyethylene. A generalization for all chain molecules is suggested.     

MOLECULAR WEIGHT DEPENDENCE OF THE MELTING BEHAVIOR OF POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE)

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with different molecular weights was synthesized and characterized by a gelpermeation chromatograph equipped with multiple detector. The melting behavior of PCL was also studied. It was found thatthe equilibrium melting points (T_m~0) of PCL samples depend on their molecular weights. Wide angle X-ray diffractionmeasurements (WAXD) and DSC measurements showed that the crystals of the high molecular weight PCLs were moreperfect than those of the low molecular weigh ones. These results demonstrate that the concentration of the end groups ofPCL chains is the main factor that influences the melting behavior. The fusion enthalpy per repeating unit (ΔH_u) wasdetermined to be 11.3 kJ/mol for PCL.     

INFLUENCES OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND BRANCHING PARAMETER OF LACQUER POLYSACCHARIDE ON THE GROWTH OF LEUCOCYTES

A method of determining branching parameter of lacquer polysaccharide wasestablished by acid-base back-titration of terminal uronic acid of branches. The branchingfactors obtained are in agreement with the values determined by colorimetric method withcarbazole and the results estimated by using Zimm-Stockmayer equation from viscositydata. Influences of molecular weights and branching factors of five fractions of lacquerpolysaccharide on the bioactivities were studied. The results show that the polysaccharideshave bioactivities in motivating the growth of leucocytes, and the effect increases with thedecrease of molecular weight and branching factor in the range studied (17×10~4 >M_w>4×10~4).     

蒸气压渗透计的结构对仪器常数的影响

<正> 蒸气压渗透计(VPO)依其结构不同,分为探头下垂式蒸气室和探头站立式蒸气室两类。关于仪器常数K是否随溶质的分子量范围的不同而变化的问题,已引起人们的注意,但报道的结果并不一致。因仪器、标样及纯度、操作方法的不同,难以判断其误差。为了便于比较,本文选用VPO仪中具有代表性二类仪器,对同一标样进行了标定。     

An Estimation Technique of Molecular Weights of Bio-Oligomers by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A new simple and accurate method for molecular weight estimation of oligomers by reversed-phase liquid chromatography was developed and has been proposed to use in the investigation of bio-oligomers. Capacity factors (k′) of 24 peptides and proteins ranging in molecular weight from 200 to 70000 were measured independently under isocratic eluting conditions with slightly different acetonitrile contents in the mobile phase. Profiles of plots of the log k' values of the peptides and proteins against the acetonitrile contents were on straight lines with different slopes. These slopes were characteristic for each oligomer and found to be proportional to the two/thirds power of the molecular weight. This elution behavior of oligomers in reversed-phase liquid chromatography can be explained in terms of the solvophobic theory. The estimated molecular weights of several bio-oligomers were more accurate than those obtained by size-exclusion chromatography. when the range of molecular weights was limited from 10³ to 2×10⁴.     

铁体系催化丁二烯聚合的研究——Ⅲ.聚丁二烯的分子量调节及性能

<正> 顺丁橡胶与丁苯橡胶在性能上的差别,在于其分子主链上缺少象苯基那样的侧基。而中乙烯基聚丁二烯的分子主链上有相当数量的乙烯基侧基,它弥补丁顺丁胶的不足之处。故日益受到人们的注意。目前,已工业化的中乙烯基聚丁二烯所用的催化剂为烷基锂体系,其聚合物除了1,2-结构外,其余部分反-1,4结构占多数。我们在前文曾经报     

Method of determination of dielectric relaxation characteristics of plasticized polystyrenes on the basis of calorimetric glass temperature

The dielectric loss measurements of different polystyrenes (fractions and blends) with different molecular weights (M _n 2000–125000 g/mol) were carried out in the frequency range 10^–2–10⁶ Hz and the temperature range of the glass process (60°–135°C, depending on the molecular weight). The measurements of the pure fractions showed that the half-width of the glass relaxation process of the different polystyrenes can be correlated by a straight line, if they are plotted versus the relaxation frequency maxima of the glass process, regardless of the difference in both their molecular weight and glass transition temperature. Moreover, the fine structure of the shape of the glass process of polystyrenes with different molecular weights was found to be the same when the glass process appears at the same relaxation frequency range. The addition of oligostyrenes or low molecular <10% wt additives to the high molecular weight polystyrene did not influence the shape of the glass process. The calorimetric glass transition temperature of polystyrene was found to be only dependent on the number average molecular weight as well as on the number of end groups, but not on the molecular weight distribution. The obtained experimental results were correlated to develop a method for the estimation of the dielectric relaxation characteristics (relaxation frequency as well as the shape parameters) of the glass process of plasticized polystyrenes based on the calorimetric glass transition temperature. A method for the analysis of the dielectric relaxation curves of mixtures of label and polymer is suggested.     

聚环氧乙烷大单体与丙烯酸乙酯的共聚及其规整接枝共聚物的表征

 本工作研完了末端为甲基丙烯酸酯型的聚环氧乙烷大单体与丙烯酸乙酯的溶液自由基共聚。结果表明,大单体接枝效率和共聚物分子量受单体总浓度、投料比、大单体分子量及引发剂等的影响,接枝效率最高可达90％以上,分子量可在5-15×10⁴范围内变化。丙烯酸乙酯与大单体共聚的竞聚率为0.83。共聚物用萃取法精制后,用IR、¹H-NMR、裂解色谱、GPC和膜渗透压计等进行了表征。证实产物有预期的规整接枝共聚物结构。平均接枝数为2—11。     

MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF SINGLE-CHAIN POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) PARTICLES*

Tapping mode atomic force microscope has been applied to observe single-chain PMMAparticles which were stored for six months at room temperature after sprayed from verydilute solutions in good solvents, good/poor mixed solvents, and a theta solvent. Monodis-perse PMMA standards of molecular weights ranging from 7.90×10~4 to 1.3×10~6 wereused to investigate the effect of molecular weight oh the size of the single-chain PMMAparticles. These single-chain particles showed close to spherical shapes. The morphologyof single-chain PMMA particles of a given molecular weight was found to be identical inspite of different solvents used for solution spraying. Molecular weigh dependence of theparticle dimension was also found. The diameters of single-chain PMMA particles aftercorrection of tlp-geometry effect were compared to the values estimated from molecularweight and density.     

QUANTUM YIELD RATIO OF THE FORWARD and BACK LIGHT REACTIONS OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN T LOW TEMPERATURE and PHOTOSTEADY-STATE CONCENTRATION OF THE BATHOPRODUCT K*

The maximum photosteady state fraction of K, x_K^max, and the ratio of the quantum yields of the forward and back light reactions, trans-bacteriorhodopsin (bR) hArr; K, φ_bR/φ_K, were obtained by measuring the absorption changes produced by illumination of frozen water-glycerol (1:2) suspensions of light-adapted purple membrane at different wavelengths at -165°C. An independent method based on the second derivative of the absorption spectrum in the region of the β-bands was also used. It was found that The quantum yield ratio (0.66 ± 0.06) was found to be independent of excitation wavelength within experimental error in the range510–610 nm. The calculated absorption spectrum of K has its maximum at603–606 nm and an extinction 0.85 ± 0.03 that of bR. At shorter wavelengths there are P-bands at 410, 354 and 336 rim. Using the data of Hurley et al. (Nature 270,540–542, 1977) on relative rates of rhodopsin bleaching and K formation, the quantum yield of K formation was determined to be 0.66 ± 0.04 at low temperature. The quantum efficiency of the back reaction was estimated to be 0.93 ± 0.07. These values of quantum efficiencies of the forward and back light reactions of bR at - 165°C coincide with those recently obtained at room temperature. This indicates that the quantum efficiencies of both forward and back light reactions of bacteriorhodopsin are temperature independent down to -165°C.