超声提取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯石墨中铅的含量

为解决高纯石墨样品前处理中高温灰化耗时长(4～10 h)的问题,提出了题示方法。取高纯石墨样品0.300 0 g,置于50 mL聚丙烯样品管中,用15 mL 10%(体积分数)王水(体积比为3∶1的盐酸-硝酸混合液)超声提取20 min,提取时会有部分石墨漂浮于液面上,用注射器吸取样品管中部的提取液约3 mL,过0.45μm水系滤膜后收集在样品管中,在灰化温度为900℃、原子化温度为2 000℃等条件下采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行测定。结果表明,超声提取缩短了样品处理时间(仅为20 min)。铅元素的质量浓度在5～50μg·L^-1内与对应的吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.11 mg·kg^-1。对同一样品分析7次,测定值的相对标准偏差为4.6%。按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为91.0%～94.0%。     

离子交换分离-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定酵母抽提物中铅和镉

酵母抽提物样品(1.000g)经硝酸(20mL)消解并蒸干后加水(10mL),调整其酸度至pH 4.0。溶液通过D401离子交换树脂分离,用0.002 5mol·L~(-1)硝酸溶液(pH 2.6)淋洗交换柱后,用0.2mol·L~(-1)硝酸溶液洗脱吸附于树脂上的铅(Ⅱ)和镉(Ⅱ)。将洗脱液蒸至近干,用水定容至10mL。用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其中铅、镉的含量,两者的线性范围依次为50~350,3~15pg,检出限(3s)依次为5.0,0.3pg。对3个实样按所提出方法进行分析,并用标准加入法计算方法的回收率为84.0%~115%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)为1.8%~12%。     

微波消解–石墨炉原子吸收法测定化妆品中的铅

建立了微波消解–石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定化妆品中铅的方法。探讨了样品前处理条件、基体改性剂的选择和优化、石墨炉升温条件等对测定结果的影响。在优化的试验条件下,铅的质量浓度在0~100 ng/mL范围内与吸光度具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.9991,检出限为0.33 ng/mL。用该法对5种化妆品中的铅进行测定,加标回收率在95.0%~106.1%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差不大于3.6%。该方法可应用于化妆品中痕量铅的分析。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定有机肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞的含量

提出了用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定有机肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞等5种元素的方法。有机肥料样品(0.200 0~0.500 0g)加入硝酸10mL和过氧化氢溶液1mL,按程序升温微波消解,将消解液蒸发至2mL,用硝酸(1+99)溶液定容至50mL。用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定上述样液中的砷、镉、铅、铬、汞等元素。各元素的检出限(3.3s/k)为0.015~0.040mg·kg~(-1),测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于5.0%。按标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率在98.0%~101%之间。     

高效液相色谱法测定庆大霉素普鲁卡因维B_(12)胶囊中维生素B_(12)的含量及含量均匀度的评价

提出了高效液相色谱法测定A厂、B厂、C厂和D厂等4个厂家47个批次庆大霉素普鲁卡因维B_(12)胶囊样品中维生素B_(12)的含量,并对4个厂家相同批次或不同批次的样品中维生素B_(12)含量的均匀度进行了评价。用水提取胶囊内容物中的维生素B_(12),以CAPCELL PAK ACR C_(18)色谱柱为分离柱,以不同比例混合的甲醇和0.028 mol·L~(-1)磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 3.2)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在检测波长362 nm处测定目标物含量。结果显示:维生素B_(12)标准曲线的线性范围为0.2～5.0 mg·L~(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为0.12 mg·L~(-1)。对胶囊样品进行3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,所得回收率为96.9%～102%。6份样品溶液中维生素B_(12)测定值的相对标准偏差为1.5%。按此方法分析了47个批次样品,D厂样品中维生素B_(12)的测定值为标示量的55.4%～137.0%,超出了根据中国药典二部和实际样品设定的范围(80.0%～120.0%)。故又进行了含量均匀度评价试验,结果显示,D厂批次内和批次间样品中的维生素B_(12)均存在含量不均匀的现象,查找原因发现,这可能与D厂使用的干法混合工艺有关。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高盐食品中的微量铅

建立石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高盐食品中微量铅的含量。试样经硝酸消解,恒温加热赶酸后,采用Ag离子小柱洗脱除盐。石墨炉加热程序:干燥150℃,持续30 s;干燥2 140℃,持续20 s;灰化550℃,持续20 s;原子化温度为2 000℃,持续4 s。光电倍增管电压为506 V,灯电流为6 mA,波长为283.3 nm,狭缝宽度为0.4 nm,时间常数为0.1 s,采用塞曼效应背景校正。食品含盐量在20%以内对铅的测定无显著影响。铅的质量浓度在0～30ng/mL范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 8,方法检出限为0.005 mg/kg。测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.58%～2.16%(n=7),样品加标回收率为82.40%～107.89%。该方法灵敏度高,结果准确、可靠,适用于高盐食品中微量铅的检测。     

石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定土壤中全硼

建立聚乙烯离心管石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱仪测定土壤中硼含量的方法。将土壤样品风干，粉碎至粒径不大于150μm，称量0.1 g土壤样品于50 mL离心管中，加入3 mL盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸混合液（体积比为1∶1∶1）作为消解试剂，在石墨消解炉中于105℃消解45 min，将消解溶液静置至室温，用去离子水定容至50 mL，取上清液，采用电感耦合等离子体光谱法进行测定。硼的质量浓度在0～2.5μg/mL范围内与光谱强度的线性关系良好，线性方程为y=97 952x-326.14，相关系数为0.999 6，方法检出限为1.0 mg/kg。用该方法对国家标准物质进行测定，测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.79%～1.72%(n=12)，样品加标回收率为99.1%～100.7%。     

分散液相微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中痕量铅北大核心CSCD

基于分散剂乙醇(0.5mL)和萃取剂四氯化碳(30μL)的协同作用,可使水样(5.0mL)中痕量铅(Ⅱ)与吡咯烷基二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC,0.012g·L-1)所形成的螯合物,在pH 7.0及55℃的条件下迅速借分散液相微萃取(DLLME)进入四氯化碳的液滴中,从而达到样品中痕量铅的分离与富集。其含量用连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法予以测定。铅的线性范围在1.00~40.00μg·L-1之间,其检出限(3s/k)为0.15μg·L-1。应用本法测定了自来水和河水中痕量铅,加标回收率在96.8%~105%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)均小于5%。     

分散液相微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中痕量铅

基于分散剂乙醇(0.5mL)和萃取剂四氯化碳(30μL)的协同作用,可使水样(5.0mL)中痕量铅(Ⅱ)与吡咯烷基二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC,0.012g·L-1)所形成的螯合物,在pH 7.0及55℃的条件下迅速借分散液相微萃取(DLLME)进入四氯化碳的液滴中,从而达到样品中痕量铅的分离与富集。其含量用连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法予以测定。铅的线性范围在1.00~40.00μg·L-1之间,其检出限(3s/k)为0.15μg·L-1。应用本法测定了自来水和河水中痕量铅,加标回收率在96.8%~105%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)均小于5%。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中镉的含量北大核心CSCD

提出了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中镉含量的方法。称取食盐样品0.5 g,用1%(体积分数,下同)硝酸溶液溶解并定容至50 mL,摇匀,配制成待测样品溶液。以1%硝酸溶液为溶剂,配制成含10 g·L^(-1)磷酸二氢铵和10 g·L^(-1)抗坏血酸的基体改进剂。测定时,采用自动进样器吸取1.0μL基体改进剂至20μL待测样品溶液中。优化后的石墨炉升温条件:干燥温度为120℃,灰化温度为350℃,原子化温度为700℃,净化温度为2 700℃。结果显示:镉的质量浓度在0.1~2.0μg·L^(-1)内与其对应的吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.001 mg·kg^(-1);对含不同质量分数镉的氯化钠加标溶液进行测定,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于4.0%;对不同类型的食盐样品进行加标回收试验,镉回收率为92.0%~101%。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.