固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱/质谱法同时测定蜂蜜中的多类药物残留

建立了采用固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱/质谱(SPE-LC-MS/MS)对蜂蜜中磺胺类、硝基咪唑类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、林可酰胺类和吡喹酮共计6大类54种药物残留同时测定的方法。蜂蜜经磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 8)稀释,Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化后,通过液相色谱-质谱联用技术进行检测(正离子方式,多反应监测模式)。采用同位素稀释内标法或外标法进行定量,线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.992。方法的定量限(LOQ,以信噪比(S/N)大于10计)分别为磺胺类和硝基咪唑类药物1.0 μg/kg,喹诺酮类和林可酰胺类药物2.0 μg/kg,大环内酯类药物3.0 μg/kg,吡喹酮0.3 μg/kg。总体回收率为32.6%～114%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～28.9%。该方法的定量限满足目前国内外药物的最大残留限量要求,可作为蜂蜜中相关药物残留量的筛选检测方法。     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时检测鸡组织中5种抗病毒类药物的残留量

建立了鸡组织中抗病毒类药物多残留检测的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法(LC-ESI-MS/MS)。采用三氯乙酸-乙腈溶液提取鸡组织中的金刚烷胺、金刚乙胺、美金刚、咪喹莫特和吗啉胍,离心过滤后经强阳离子交换柱(SCX)净化,色谱柱Xamide(100 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm)分离,多反应监测(MRM)正离子扫描方式进行质谱检测。结果表明,鸡组织与鸡肝中5种药物的检出限为0.06～0.30 μg/kg,定量限为0.2～1.0 μg/kg。当5种药物的添加水平为0.2～10.0 μg/kg时,在鸡肉中的平均回收率为72.3%～94.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)(n=6)为3.5%～11.3%;在鸡肝中的平均回收率为70.8%～92.7%, RSD(n=6)为5.3%～12.6%。该方法选择性好,抗干扰能力强,可作为鸡肉和鸡肝中抗病毒药物残留检测的确证方法。     

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测火锅食材中11种喹诺酮类药物

建立了一种固相分散萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测火锅食材中11种喹诺酮类药物的方法。样品用5%甲酸乙腈溶液提取后加入盐析剂分层,提取液中加入C18和PSA填料进行基质分散固相净化,浓缩后经Poroshell 120 EC-C18柱分离,用电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式串联质谱进行检测。11种药物在1.0~100.0 μg/kg范围内具有较好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998。该方法检出限(LOD)为1.8~3.1 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为6.0~10.3 μg/kg。11种药物的回收率为70.1%~100.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.42%~10.88%。该方法简便快速、灵敏度高、准确度好、使用范围广,可作为火锅食材中11种喹诺酮类药物残留的确证方法。     

高效液相色谱-荧光-紫外法测定动物肌肉组织中多类药物残留

建立了同时检测动物肌肉组织中9种喹诺酮类药物、7种磺胺类药物和甲氧苄啶的高效液相色谱检测方法.动物肌肉组织样品用磷酸盐缓冲液提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,洗脱液用氮气吹至近干,磷酸盐缓冲液复溶,以甲酸水溶液-乙腈体系为流动相,梯度洗脱,荧光-紫外检测器串联测定.本方法的线性良好,相关系数r>0.9987;平均回收率为70.6%～103.4%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～11.4%; 荧光检测器测定喹诺酮类药物的检出限为0.04～0.4 μg/kg;紫外检测器测定磺胺类药物和甲氧苄啶的检出限为3.5 μg/kg.本方法具有简便、通用性强的特点,适用于动物肌肉组织中上述药物的常规残留检测.     

UPLC-MS/MS对鳗鱼中26种喹诺酮类及磺胺类抗生素药物残留的快速测定

建立了快速测定鳗鱼中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素药物残留量的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱方法.采用乙腈-二氯甲烷混合溶剂提取样品中的残留物,经固相萃取小柱净化,以液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定,外标法定量.该法对喹诺酮类和磺胺类药物的线性范围为0 ～50 μg/kg,相关系数均大于0.990;在2.0、5.0、10、20 μg/kg 4个添加水平范围内的回收率为63% ～95%;相对标准偏差为1.0% ～10.0%.适用于鳗鱼中喹诺酮类和磺胺类药物残留的定量测定.     

UHPLC-MS/MS法快速测定水产品中17种磺胺和喹诺酮类药物

建立了UHPLC-MS/MS法测定水产品中10种磺胺类(SAs)和7种喹诺酮类(QNs)药物残留的分析方法。样品用200 g/L盐酸羟胺-乙腈溶液提取,以乙酸铵溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测模式检测,同时对水产品中10种SAs和7种QNs进行定量和定性。在0.25～4.0μg/kg和0.10～2.0μg/kg范围内两类药物的线性良好(r2>0.99);平均回收率为均为80%～120%,RSD为7.4%～14%;10种磺胺药物的检测限(LOD)均为5.0μg/kg,7种喹诺酮药物检测限(LOD)均为2.0μg/kg。该方法适合水产品中这两类药物残留的确证和定量测定。     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时分析鸡肉中7种氟喹诺酮类药物残留

建立了一种同时测定鸡肉中7种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱确证分析方法(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)。样品经酸化乙腈提取、正己烷脱脂和HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾质谱检测,正离子多反应监测模式进行定性和定量分析。7种药物在5～100 μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)均大于0.99;以5,25,50 μg/kg3个浓度水平进行添加回收试验,7种药物的平均回收率在79.2%～108.6%之间,相对标准偏差为4.2%～8.9%,方法的检出限(LOD)为0.2～1.4 μg/kg。方法重现性好、灵敏度高、分析时间短、确证能力强,适用于鸡肉中氟喹诺酮类药物多残留的确证检测。     

分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽肉中63种兽药残留

建立了分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(dispersive-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定畜禽肉中 β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、磺胺类增效剂和抗寄生虫类共5类63种兽药残留的新方法。样品经0.1 mol/L Na₂EDTA溶液及含1% (体积分数)乙酸的乙腈溶液涡旋提取,提取液经C18分散固相萃取净化后,用Poroshell EC-C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.4 μm)分离,在电喷雾离子源正离子模式下以动态多反应监测(DMRM)方式采集数据并做定性筛查和定量分析。63种药物在相应的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99;不同畜禽肉(猪肉、牛肉及鸡肉)在3个不同添加水平下的平均回收率为62.2%~112.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.1%~16.3%,检出限(LOD, S/N≥3)和定量限(LOQ, S/N≥10)分别为0.1~3.0 μg/kg和0.5~10.0 μg/kg。该方法简便快速、灵敏可靠,适用于畜禽产品中兽药多残留的同时快速定性筛查和定量分析。     

QuEChERS结合液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定猪肉中多类兽药残留

采用改进的QuEChERS方法提取和净化猪肉样品,建立了同时测定磺胺类、磺胺类增效剂、β-受体激动剂、四环素类、喹诺酮类、金刚烷胺和性激素共7类35种兽药残留的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）检测方法。样品经 Na₂EDTA（乙二胺四乙酸）-Mcllvaine缓冲液-2.5%（体积分数）乙酸乙腈溶液提取,提取液经盐析后取乙腈相,用氨基（NH₂）吸附剂分散固相萃取净化后,在电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测（MRM）模式下进行测定,基质外标法定量。35种兽药在1.0～50.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.996。在3个不同添加水平下的平均回收率为71.8%～113.5%,相对标准偏差为0.6%～9.8%（n=6）,检出限和定量限分别为0.01～1.01 μg/kg和0.04～3.37 μg/kg。该方法操作简单,净化效果好,灵敏度高,适用于猪肉中兽药多残留的同时快速定性、定量分析。     

分子印迹固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肉中9种氟喹诺酮药物残留

建立了分子印迹固相萃取（MISPE）-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）同时测定鸡肉中9种氟喹诺酮药物残留的分析方法。样品经均质处理后,采用磷酸盐缓冲液提取,提取液经MISPE柱净化后,采用BEH C₁₈柱分离,以乙腈-0.1%（v/v）甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式,外标法定量。考察了MISPE柱对9种氟喹诺酮药物的吸附特异性;9种药物在0.25~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r）>0.9965;检出限和定量限分别为0.08 μg/kg和0.25 μg/kg;在0.25、2.5、5.0 μg/kg添加水平下,9种药物的回收率为65.8%~112.2%,批内、批间RSD分别为0.6%~13.5%和0.5%~14.9%;MISPE的最大柱容量为464.7~932.4 μg/L。该方法灵敏度好、操作简单、快速。     

Liquid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles

A novel acid fluoride for use in the liquid-phase synthesis of substituted benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles was developed. Its synthetic utility is exemplified by a structurally diverse set of aromatic heterocycles. Final cleavage is achieved by treatment with sodium methoxide in methanol for 12 h. The corresponding benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles were obtained in good isolated yields (22-62%, four steps).     

Copper-catalyzed N-arylation of imidazoles and benzimidazoles

4,7-Dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline (L1c) was found to be an efficient ligand for the copper-catalyzed N-arylation of imidazoles and benzimidazoles with both aryl iodides and bromides under mild conditions. Further optimization of the system has revealed that the addition of poly(ethylene glycol) accelerates this reaction. A variety of hindered and functionalized imidazoles, benzimidazoles, and aryl halides were transformed in good to excellent yields. Heteroaryl halides were also coupled in moderate to good yields. We also present the results obtained from a series of coupling reactions, which directly compare the use of L1c with other recently reported ligands.     

Imidazolium chloride-catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazoles and 2-substituted benzimidazoles from o-phenylenediamines and DMF derivatives

A facile, general, and economical synthesis of diversely functionalized benzimidazoles and 2-substituted benzimidazoles has been realized via the imidazolium chloride-catalyzed cyclization of o-phenylenediamines with DMF derivatives. This protocol shows a broad substrate scope for aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic amides. A series of benzimidazoles and 2-substituted benzimidazoles have been obtained in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of 2-substituted benzimidazoles. 1. 5-Amino-2-methyl(aryl, arylalkyl, pyridyl)benzimidazoles

A series of 2-substituted benzimidazoles was synthesized. These products were consecutively converted into 5-nitro- and 5-amino-2-substituted benzimidazoles.Russian People's Friendship University, 117198 Moscow. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 493–500, April, 200.     

Combinatorial synthesis of biheterocyclic benzimidazoles by microwave irradiation

Liquid phasel synthesis of biheterocyclic benzimidazoles by controlled microwave irradiation was investigated. Polymer immobilized o-phenylenediamines was synthesized under microwave irradiation. The resulting PEG bound diamines was N-acylated with 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid selectively in primary aromatic amino moiety. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of amide was performed with various amines then cyclized to form the first benzimidazole scaffold in acidic condition. Successive reduction, cyclization with isothiocyanates yielded 5-(benzimidazol-2-yl)benzimidazoles. The desired products were released from the polymer support to afford the tri-substituted bis-benzimidazoles in good yields and purity.     

A mild, one-pot synthesis of disubstituted benzimidazoles from 2-nitroanilines

A one-pot synthesis of disubstituted benzimidazoles from 2-nitroanilines is described. Hydrogenation of N-substituted 2-nitroanilines with palladium on carbon as catalyst in the presence of trimethyl orthoformate and catalytic pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) at room temperature provided good to excellent yields of the corresponding disubstituted benzimidazoles.     

Synthesis and molecular-mass characteristics of some cardo poly(benzimidazoles)

The GPC procedure for analyzing molecular mass characteristics of cardo poly(benzimidazoles) has been developed. In most cases, the reaction between 4,4′-oxydibenzene-1,2-diamine and 4,4′-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1,1-diyl)dibenzoic acid in Eaton’s reagent is accompanied by formation of a microgel. Depending on the synthesis conditions (temperature, duration of heating, and content of phosphorus pentoxide in the reaction mixture), polymers with both unimodal and bimodal molecular mass distributions can be prepared. Formation of the microgel fraction is observed for many representatives of poly(benzimidazoles) of various chemical structures. Based on the experimental evidence, the most probable pathway is suggested for the branching side reaction of poly(benzimidazoles) during their synthesis in Eaton’s reagent.     

Copper-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles from imidoyl chlorides

A strategy for the synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles has been developed and a variety of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles were obtained from imidoyl chlorides and o-haloanilines via copper(I)-catalyzed reaction in moderate yields.     

Mesoporous silica supported ytterbium as catalyst for synthesis of 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazoles and 2‐substituted benzimidazoles

The benzimidazole ring is an important pharmacophore in contemporary drug discovery. Thus, effort to identifying new compounds containing benzimidazole scaffolds have gained much attention in recent years. In the present study, MCM‐41 type mesoporous silica with large pore (l‐MSN) supported ytterbium was successfully prepared by wet impregnation method. Among rare earth metal salts, ytterbium triflate has already been widely investigated as a catalyst in organic synthesis but less toxic ytterbium oxide has yet to be explored. Relatively high abundance and low cost of ytterbium with respect to many catalytically active metals (e.g. Pd, Au, Ru, Ir, Pt) offer an opportunity to develop sustainable catalysts for organic conversions. The catalyst has been characterized by various techniques including nitrogen adsorption, FT‐IR, TEM, SEM, EDX technique and elemental mapping. The obtained materials exhibit high surface area and a narrow distribution of mesoporosity. The catalytic performance of the Yb@l–MSNs was tested by synthesis of 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazoles and 2‐substituted benzimidazoles through the coupling of aldehydes with o‐phenylenediamine. The catalyst resulted in excellent yields in short reaction times and the reaction showed tolerance toward both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing functional groups at room temperature. A particularly interesting finding was the solvent selectivity of this reaction; namely, 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazoles generated as major product in water‐ethanol, while the 2‐substituted benzimidazoles was generated exclusively in non‐polar solvents like toluene.     

Chiral benzimidazoles and their applications in stereodiscrimination processes

Chiral aspects of benzimidazoles have been over-shadowed for a long time due to the large number of reports on benzimidazoles in the medical field in numerous categories of therapeutic agents. The vigorous research activity in chiral applications of benzimidazole derivatives started after bifunctional benzimidazoles made their appearance especially in the last 2–3 decades. Thus, chiral benzimidazoles form a comparatively young branch of chiral chemistry. The presence of pyridine and pyrrole type of nitrogens along with the fused benzene ring confer on this class of molecules, special properties including useful nucleophilicity, hydrogen bonding ability and a rigid backbone, all of which play decisive roles in proven chiral applications. The present review aims to cover the synthetic routes to access chiral benzimidazoles and their applications in a plethora of chiral fields including enantioselective organocatalysis, metal-based catalysis, asymmetric transformations involving benzimidazole-N-heterocyclic carbenes, kinetic resolution, benzimidazole-based macrocyclic hosts in chiral supramolecular chemistry and other miscellaneous chiral applications.