EDTA标定实验中关键试剂“量”的探究*

EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐)浓度标定是大学化学中重要的基础实验。通过深化设计EDTA浓度标定实验方案,详细探究基准物质、氨水、NH₃-NH₄Cl缓冲液、Mg-EDTA(Mg-Y)及镁溶液、指示剂等关键试剂用量对标定过程和结果的影响,帮助学生加深对络合滴定的认识,掌握不同标定方法的适用条件,增强对实验试剂的作用和“量”的把握,提高分析和解决问题的能力。     

碘-聚乙烯醇显色法标定硫代硫酸钠溶液

聚乙烯醇和碘能够发生显色反应，在碘量滴定法的一些测定中，可以用聚乙烯醇代替淀粉作指示剂指示终点。分别用碘、碘酸钾作基准试剂，聚乙烯醇、淀粉作指示剂，对硫代硫酸钠溶液进行标定，测定结果基本一致。     

水中溴酸根溶液标准物质的研制

采用称量滴定法测定溴酸钾试剂纯度,离子色谱与等离子体质谱对高纯溴酸钾试剂中杂质进行分析。水中溴酸根溶液标准物质采用容量法配制。采用离子色谱法进行均匀性检验,以称量滴定法进行稳定性监测,并以称量滴定法和离子色谱法进行核对。结果表明该标准物质具有良好的均匀性、稳定性,量值溯源明确,其扩展不确定度为0.3%(k=2)。     

用Cu—PAR间接指示剂测定工业用水总硬度

自50年代以来,测定水的总硬度通常采用络黑T(EBT)指示剂,在氨性缓冲溶液中用EDTA标准溶液滴定水中的钙镁总量.标定EDTA溶液则使用基准物质碳酸钙.由于Ca~(2+)对EBT显色的灵敏度低,故标定时通常采用K-B指示剂.试验证明,测定时用EBT作指示剂,标定时用K-B指示剂,两者变色点不同,会产生方法误差.为此,有人提出在EDTA溶液中加入少量镁盐(或标定时加入适量Mg-EDTA),这样在标定时也可使用EBT作指示剂,从而提高了测定的准确度.但EBT溶液不稳定,容易失效,配成固体试剂虽然稳定,但指示剂的用量不便掌握.K-B指示剂也不够稳定.为此,本法探索用Cu-PAR间接指示剂法测定水的总硬度.4-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚(PAR)溶液稳定,此测定方法变色敏锐,测定结果也较满意.     

溴酸钾法测定三氨基硝酸胍纯度

建立溴酸钾法测定三氨基硝酸胍(TAGN)纯度的分析方法。以溴酸钾为氧化剂,硫酸为酸化剂,控制溶液酸度为3~3.6 mol/L,溴酸钾与TAGN发生氧化还原反应,加入过量的碘化钾消耗剩余的溴酸钾,用硫代硫酸钠标准溶液滴定生成的碘,根据消耗的硫代硫酸钠标准溶液的量计算与TAGN反应的溴酸钾的量。在优化的试验条件下,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.15%~0.20%(n=6),样品加标回收率为99%~102%。该方法操作简单,精密度好,准确度高,适用于三氨基硝酸胍纯度的测定。     

沉淀法回收生物油高温馏分中的酚类物质

为了研究金属离子沉淀法对生物油高温馏分中酚类物质的回收,提高生物油中化学物质的利用率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)从NaOH试剂浓度、反应温度和反应时间三个方面研究了镁离子对生物油中酚类物质的回收效果。结果表明,镁离子与酚类物质形成了不溶物,而且不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液(1.0-4.0 mol/L)、不同的反应温度(25-85℃)以及不同的反应时间(5-35 min)对实验结果有着不同程度的影响。结果表明,在反应温度为25℃、氢氧化钠浓度为2.5mol/L,反应时间在20 min时为最佳反应条件。在此条件下,对生物油高温馏分中对乙基苯酚的回收率可达34.97%。     

电位滴定法同时标定硫酸高铈和硫酸亚铁铵溶液

采用电位滴定法同时标定硫酸高铈标准溶液和硫酸亚铁铵标准溶液。以草酸钠为基准物质,通过对电位滴定装置的改进,在被滴定溶液与盐桥之间增加了一个一端封有磺酸型离子膜、内部注入2mol.L-1硫酸溶液的玻璃管,用来阻隔盐桥与被滴定溶液间的物质交换。方法用于硫酸高铈和硫酸亚铁铵溶液的标定,测定值的相对偏差为0.55%,表明方法具有高精度。     

乙炔的制备与性质检验的一体化实验

正利用液封的集气瓶,对高中教材中"乙炔的制备与性质检验实验"进行一体化设计,改进后的实验具有反应容器装置简单、试剂用量少、环境友好等优点。1实验探究乙炔的制备和性质检验实验,选自高中《有机化学基础》~([1]),该实验装置搭建复杂;反应剧烈,易堵塞导管;试剂用量较大;Br_2的CCl_4溶液敞口放置,挥发有毒气体。针对以上问题,参照刘媛媛~([2])的实验方案,采用新型反应容器液封的集气瓶     

硫酸铵中氮含量的电位滴定检测

建立一种酸碱电位滴定法直接测定硫酸铵中氮含量的方法。样品溶解后,可直接用氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液进行滴定。为了保证检测的准确度,分别使用硫酸铵高纯试剂和邻苯二甲酸氢钾基准试剂对氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液进行标定,并对标定结果进行比较,两种方法基本无差异。同时,通过适量硫酸的加入避免了样品中游离硫酸对检测结果的影响。该方法检测速度快、检测精度高、绿色环保、易于控制,非常适合于硫酸铵中氮含量的检测。将本方法与蒸馏后滴定法(仲裁法)检测结果进行比较,两种方法无显著性差异。采用本方法测得氮含量的加标回收率为99.9 %-100.3 %,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.03 %-0.05 %。分别使用实验方法和蒸馏后滴定法测定不同样品的氮含量,结果相吻合。     

阻抑动力学光度法测定稀土氧化物中痕量镧(Ⅲ)

阻抑动力学光度法是测定痕量镧(Ⅲ)的新方法.在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CT-MAB)存在下,H3PO4介质中痕量镧(Ⅲ)对溴酸钾-氧化考马斯亮蓝的褪色反应具有阻抑作用.通过研究试剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和干扰离子等因素的影响,证明阻抑动力学光度法可以用于稀土氧化物中痕量镧(Ⅲ)的测定,测定结果可靠.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。