Surface Acidity／Basicity and Catalytic Reactivity of CeO2／γ—A12O3 Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane with Carbon Dioxide to Ethylene

Dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene in CO2 was investigated over CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts at 700℃ in a conventional flow reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. XRD, BET and microcalorimetric adsorption techniques were used to characterize the structure and surface acidity/basicity of the CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. The results show that the surface acidity decreased while the surface basicity increased after the addition of CeO2 to γ-Al2O3. Accordingly, the activity of the hydrogenation reaction of CO2 increased, which might be responsible for the enhanced conversion in the dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. The highest ethane conversion obtained was about 15% for the 25?O2/γ-Al2O3. The selectivity to ethylene was high for all the CeO2, γ-Al2O3 and CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts.     

纳米Cr2O3的制备、表征及催化性能

首次采用溶胶-凝胶法与共沸蒸馏法耦合技术制备了纳米Cr2O3粉体，并运用BET、TEM、XRD、FT-IR、XPS及H2-TPR对其进行表征，同时采用CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应作为探针反应，考察了纳米Cr2O3的催化性能。首次发现纳米ErgO3的FT-IR谱出现了蓝移现象，并且630cm^-1附近的伸缩振动峰强度增强。初步探讨了纳米氧化物的IR蓝移和红移的原因，指出晶型是影响纳米氧化物红外光谱特征的重要因素。实验结果表明纳米Cr2O3上乙烷和CO2转化率均明显高于常规Cr2O3催化剂；在700℃下，乙烷转化率高达77．1％，而乙烯产率达到了58．98％。     

不同助剂掺杂的铬基催化剂的制备及其对乙烷氧化脱氢的催化性能

以硝酸盐作为前驱体,Al₂O₃为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了系列不同助剂（Mn, Co, Ce）及不同助剂含量（1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%）掺杂的铬基催化剂,其结构经X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、 H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）表征。并考察了催化剂对乙烷氧化脱氢反应的催化性能。结果表明：添加Co助剂有利于活性组分铬的分散,10Cr₃Co/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最佳催化性能,在反应温度为650 ℃, V(CO₂) ：V(C₂H₆)=3 ：1,空速(GHSV)为3 600 mL·（g·h）^-1条件下,在该催化剂上乙烯产率为36.5%。     

乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术研究进展及趋势

在碳中和及全球能源供需版图调整的背景下,乙烯生产原料轻质化成为主流趋势。乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术具有低能耗、低碳排、流程短、收率高、成本低等优势,但目前工业上主要通过乙烷蒸汽裂解法生产乙烯,其他方法工业化生产相对不成熟。本文简述了近年来乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术(包括直接催化脱氢、O₂辅助氧化脱氢、CO₂辅助氧化脱氢、化学链氧化脱氢、催化膜反应器脱氢等)工艺及催化剂的研究现状,同时介绍了其他新兴工艺及催化剂。乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术现阶段面临的挑战不仅在于开发更高效的催化剂及更低能耗的技术,更需要突破乙烷脱氢热力学平衡的限制设计合适的反应路径,其中催化膜反应器脱氢、化学链氧化脱氢工艺都具有非常广阔的市场和工业化发展前景。     

阶跃过渡应答技术研究Mo-V/Al_2O_3催化剂上乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯反应的暂态动力学 Ⅰ.C_2H_6,O_2,C_2H_4和CO_2在催化剂上的吸附行为

用阶跃过渡应答技术研究了乙烷氧化脱氢反应的反应物C_2H_6,O_2,产物C_2H_4和主要副产物CO_2在MoO_3-V_2O_5/Al_2O_3催化剂上的吸附行为。结果表明:C_2H_6和C_2H_4在该催化剂上不吸附;氧为慢吸附、不可逆吸附;CO_2为可逆吸附,吸附量较小。并发现在无氧的条件下,乙烷能与催化剂表面上的晶格氧反应生成乙烯。这些结果对乙烷氧化脱氢反应机理的探讨有重要意义。     

Experimental investigation of fluidized-bed reactor performance for oxidative coupling of methane

Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane (C2) yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.     

MgO、Al_2O_3、SiO_2催化剂上湿天然气中乙烷氧化脱氢的研究(英文)

研究了ＭｇＯ、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２催化剂对湿天然气中乙烷氧化脱氢反应的影响，发现ＭｇＯ对乙烷脱氢有较好的活性，７００Ｃ时，Ｃ２Ｈ４选择性达４１．８５％，收率达１８．７５％。考察了催化剂酸碱性对反应的影响，适当碱性的催化剂有利于反应的进行，催化剂活性顺序与碱性大小顺序相一致为ＭｇＯ＞Ａｌ２Ｏ３＞ＳｉＯ２。催化剂活性顺序与其晶格氧流动性有顺应关系。     

纳米Cr2O3系列催化剂上CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应

 采用溶胶－凝胶法和共沸蒸馏法耦合技术制备了纳米Cr2O3催化剂，并采用共沉淀法和共沸蒸馏法耦合技术制备了纳米Cr2O3／Al2O3，Cr2O3／ZrO2和Cr2O3／MgO复合催化剂．应用BET，XRD，XPS，TPR和TEM等物理化学方法对催化剂的结构和物化性质进行了表征，并考察了该系列催化剂上CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯的反应性能．结果表明，纳米Cr2O3催化剂上乙烷和CO2的转化率均明显高于常规Cr2O3催化剂，但乙烯的选择性低于常规Cr2O3催化剂；纳米复合催化剂中的复合成分显著影响催化剂的催化性能．其中，10％Cr2O3／MgO纳米复合催化剂在温度为973K时，乙烷转化率和乙烯选择性分别可达到61．54％和94．79％．纳米催化剂表面Cr的还原性以及Cr6＋／Cr3＋比值是影响乙烷转化率和乙烯选择性的重要因素．     

Effects of low hydrocarbons on the solid oxide fuel cell anode

In this work, the effects of ethylene on the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode were investigated both for an SOFC single cell and an SOFC stack. Two fuels were used to observe the effects that low hydrocarbons (over C1-hydrocarbons) in the reformate gas stream have on the SOFC anode. Methane or ethylene was supplied to the electrolyte-supported SOFC anode. Using ethylene as a fuel, catastrophic degradation of SOFC performance was observed due to ethylene-induced carbon deposition onto the SOFC anode. Thus, a new methodology, termed “post-reforming,” is introduced for the removal of low hydrocarbons (over C1-hydrocarbons) from the reformate gas stream. The CGO-Ru catalyst was selected as the post-reforming catalyst because of its high selectivity for removing low hydrocarbons (over C1-hydrocarbons) and for its long-term stability. The diesel reformer and post-reformer were continuously operated for ∼250 h in coupled-operation mode. The reforming performance was not degraded, and low hydrocarbons (over C1-hydrocarbons) in the diesel reformate were completely removed.     

Deactivation of a mixed oxide catalyst of Mo–V–Te–Nb–O composition in the reaction of oxidative ethane dehydrogenation

The operational stability of a mixed oxide catalyst of Mo–V–Te–Nb–O composition in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ratio of C₂H₆: O₂ = 3: 1) is studied in a flow reactor at temperatures of 340–400°C, a pressure of 1 atm, and a WHSV of the feed mixture of 800 h^?1. It is found that the selectivity toward ethylene is 98% at 340°C, but the conversion of ethane at this temperature is only 6%; when the temperature is raised to 400°C, the conversion of ethane is increased to 37%, while the selectivity toward ethylene is reduced to 85%. Using physical and chemical means (XPS, SEM), it is found that the lack of oxidant in the reaction mixture leads to irreversible changes in the catalyst, i.e., reduced selectivity and activity. Raising the reaction temperature to 400°C allows the reduction of tellurium by ethane, from the +6 oxidation state to the zerovalent state, with its subsequent sublimation and the destruction of the catalytically active and selective phase; in its characteristics, the catalyst becomes similar to the Mo–V–Nb–O system containing no tellurium.     

Ni基催化剂上的乙烷部分氧化制合成气

There is abundant supply of light alkanes and relatively few routes of converting them to more valuable products. Although CH4 predominates in natural gas, it also contains C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10 (from 5 % to 30% ), and with C2H6 as the most abundant secondary component[1]. Partial oxidation of methane to syngas (CH4 +0.5O2 →CO + 2H2) over nickel-based catalysts has received intensive attention[2]and much research has been devoted to conversion of ethane to ethylene[3]. Ethylene has been shown to be formed from ethane by thermal dehydrogenation (C2H6 →C2H4 + H2) and oxidative dehydrogenation (C2H6 + 0. 5O2 →C2H4 + H2O). These processes are operated under severely fuel-rich conditions. The carbon-deposition and consequent deactivation of the catalysts are major problems, which leads to poor conversion of the above mentioned reactions. As an alternative strategy for the elaboration of ethane, little work on the partial oxidation of ethane (POE) to syngas over nickel-based catalysts has been reported. Provided it could be produced from C2H6with high selectivity and high conversion over nickel-based catalysts, syngas could be directly obtained from natural gas including CH4 and C2H6 with high selectivity and conversion. This may lead to better utilization of the light fractions from natural gas and refineries. In the present paper, POE to syngas over nickel-based catalysts was investigated.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over a Mo–V–Nb–Te–O mixed-oxide catalyst in a cyclic mode

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODE) into ethylene over a Mo–V–Nb–Te–O mixedoxide catalyst in a cyclic mode with alternate feeding of ethane and air has been investigated. The amount of oxide-phase oxygen involved in the reaction has been estimated by titrating the oxygen of the active phase of the catalyst with ethane. The reactivity of this oxygen increases with an increasing temperature. The amount active oxygen involved in ODE at 360–400°C is 0.2–0.6 mmol/g.     

Cr–MCM–41 Molecular Sieves Crystallized at Room Temperature for Reaction of Ethane with CO2

室温晶化合成了掺杂不同Cr含量的Cr–MCM–41分子筛。应用XRD、FT-IR和DRS UV–Vis等技术对所制样品进行了表征。表征结果表明，用室温晶化法能合成较好结构的Cr–MCM–41分子筛，掺杂的Cr除了进入MCM–41分子筛骨架中，还弥散或高度分散在分子筛表面。在常压连续流动固定床反应器上考察了它们对乙烷和CO2氧化脱氢制乙烯反应的性能。实验结果表明，5%Cr-MCM-41在973K可使乙烷的转化率达到43.27%，乙烯的选择性达到86.70%、收率达到37.51%。Cr的掺杂量、反应温度等条件对该反应均有一定影响。Cr3+是催化活性中心。     

负载型Co-Cr氧化物催化剂上CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应的研究

制备了一系列不同Co／Cr比例的Co-Cr／SiO2和Co-Cr／γ-Al2O3催化剂，并应用XRD等技术对所制样品进行了表征．在常压连续流动固定床石英反应器中考察了它们对CO2乙烷氧化脱氢反应的催化性能．实验结果表明，Co-Cr／SiO2和Co-Cr／γ-Al2O对CO2乙烷脱氢制乙烯都有较高的催化活性，其活性都明显高于负载单一组分的催化剂．以γ-Al2O为载体的催化剂活性明显比以SiO2为载体的催化剂活性高．1％Co-5％Cr／γ-Al2O活性最高，973K乙烷的转化率达25．57％，乙烯的选择性和收率分别达94．28％、24．10％．     

Catalytic performance of silica-supported chromium oxide catalysts in ethane dehydrogenation with carbon dioxide

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane into ethylene by CO₂ over a series of silica-supported chromium oxide catalysts was investigated. The results showed that the catalysts were effective for the reaction and CO₂ in the feed promoted the catalytic activity. The 5%Cr/SiO₂ catalyst exhibited the excellent performance with 30.7% ethane conversion and 96.5% ethylene selectivity at 700^oC. ESR and UV-DRS were used to probe the active sites and the species with high valent states (Cr⁵⁺ and/or Cr⁶⁺) were found to be important for the reaction.     

甲烷在SrO-La_2O_3/CaO催化剂上的氧化偶联 Ⅰ.SrO对La_2O_3/CaO催化剂的助催化作用

在常压流动反应装置上评价了一系列La_2O_3/CaO催化剂和SrO-La_2O_3/CaO催化剂。实验表明:La_2O_3/CaO体系是很好的甲烷氧化偶联催化剂。在1073K和CH_4:O_2:He=4:1:5(总流速120ml/min)的实验条件下,20％La_2O_3/CaO催化剂上的甲烷转化率为26％,C_2选择性为53％;加入助剂SrO(15—20％)后,在同样实验条件下,甲烷转化率为29％,C_2选择性为66％。表明SrO对La_2O_3/Cao催化剂有明显的促进作用。用XRD,XPS和TPD(CO_2-TPD和O_2-TPD)技术表征了SrO-La_2O_3/CaO催化剂体系,结合反应评价结果,认为SrO的促进作用可以归结为:(1)调变了催化剂的碱性强度分布,提高了催化剂表面强碱中心的数目;(2)提高了La_2O_3的分散度;(3)抑制了催化剂的低温氧吸附物类。     

EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS ON THE SELECTIVITY TO α-OLEFIN IN FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS

The effect of operating conditions on the O/P ratios of hydrocarbons produced from FTS over Fe/Cu/K catalyst was studied in a continuously stirring tank reactor (CSTR, Autoclave Engineers) under conditions of T= 515 -542 K, GHSV = 576-906 h-1 and H2/CO ratio= 1. 12 to 3.97. The O/P ratios of hydrocarbons with different carbon numbers may increase, decrease or keep constant with the increase of reaction temperature, GHSV and H2/CO ratio in reactor, respectively. The O/P ratios decrease with the increase of carbon numbers of hydrocarbons and the effect of operating conditions on the O/P ratios trends to decrease with the increase of carbon numbers from three to fifteen. The ratio of ethylene to ethane is always very low and almost independent of the change of operating conditions which indicates that the ethylene may participate in the process of chain growth.     

钾促进的Co-Mn-Al混合氧化物催化剂上模拟废气中N2O的分解减排

Intrinsic data of N2O catalytic decomposition over a K-promoted Co-Mn-Al mixed oxide prepared by the thermal treatment of a layered double hydroxide was used for the design of a pilot reactor for the abatement of N2O emissions from the off-gases in HNO3 production.A pseudo-homogeneous one-dimensional model of an ideal plug flow reactor under an isothermal regime(450°C)was used for reactor design.A catalyst particle diameter of 3 mm is a compromise size because increasing the size of the catalyst particle leads to a decrease in the reaction rate because of an internal diffusion limitation,and particles with a smaller diameter cause a large pressure drop.A catalyst bed of 11.5 m 3 was estimated for the target N2O conversion of 90%upon the treatment of 30000 m 3 /h of exhaust gas(0.1 mol%N2O,0.005 mol% NO,0.9 mol%H2O,5 mol%O2)at 450°C and 130 kPa.     

Ni／Al2O3催化剂上CH4／CO2重整的脉冲反应研究

报道了用脉冲反应研究Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整反应的结果。脉冲反应显示，在还原的Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上，ＣＨ４在６７３Ｋ就开始发生分解，并有Ｃ２Ｈ６、Ｃ２Ｈ４生成，１０２３Ｋ下，ＣＨ４几乎完全分解，单纯的ＣＯ２则很难在还原的催化剂上发生反应，在９７３Ｋ以上的高温下才会有少量Ｃ胜成ＣＯ．ＣＨＣＯ２的脉冲反应表明，当ＣＨ４在较低温度下开始分解时，ＣＯ２也会发生分解，并生成ＣＯ。脉冲反     

Mn_2O_3/SiO_2催化剂上湿天然气中乙烷氧化脱氢活化的研究(英文)

对Mn2O_3／SiO_2催化剂上湿大然气中的乙烷氧化脱氢反应进行了研究,发现Mn2O_3／SiO_2有较好的催化活性。对反应前后的催化剂进行了XRD和XPS分析,结果表明,催化剂的活性组分为Mn~3 我们认为在该催化剂上乙烷的主要活化途径是：催化剂表面的配位不饱和酸碱对（MLC~n -OLC~2-C）将吸附在它们上面的C_2H_6活化和异裂成乙基向由基,乙基自由基进一步形成C_2H_4,同时反应物O_2与催化剂作用,促使已基自由基进行脱附。