糖苷合成研究(ⅩⅩⅠ)2-N-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基)-6-(4-卤代苯基)-3-哒嗪酮的合成

在相转移催化条件下,2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-1-溴-1-脱氧-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖1与6-(4-卤代苯基)-3(2H)-哒嗪酮2反应,合成了4种新的哒嗪酮葡萄糖苷3;然后用干燥的氨气在0～-5 ℃下处理,得相应的2-N-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基)-6-(4-卤代苯基)-3-哒嗪酮4. 这些化合物的结构经IR、1H NMR、13C NMR及元素分析所证实.     

3-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基)-6-(4-卤代苯基)哒嗪的合成与表征

利用6-(4-卤代苯基)-3(2H)-哒嗪酮的银盐(2)与2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-1-溴-1-脱氧-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖(3)发生Koenigs-knorr反应, 合成了3-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基)-6-(4-卤代苯基)哒嗪(4),4用干燥的氨气在0℃～-5℃下处理脱乙酰基保护基得相应的3-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基)-6-(4-卤代苯基)哒嗪(5).其结构经元素分析,IR及1H NMR证实.     

3-D-（β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基）-6-（4-卤代苯基）哒嗪的合成与表征

利用6-(4-卤代苯基)-3(2H)-哒嗪酮的银盐(2)与2，3，4，6-四-O-乙酰基-1-溴-1-脱氧-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖(3)发生Koenig’s-knorr反应，合成了3-0-(2，3，4，6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基)-6-(4-卤代苯基)哒嗪(4)，4用干燥的氨气在0℃～-5℃下处理脱乙酰基保护基得相应的3-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-基)-6-(4-卤代苯基)哒嗪(5)。其结构经元素分析，IR及1H NMR证实。     

2,6-二甲基-3,5-二氯-4-吡啶酚糖苷的合成

在相转移催化条件下, 使 a-D-乙酰基化溴代的葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸甲酯1a, 1b, 1c分别与2,6-二甲基-3,5-二氯-4-吡啶酚(俗称氯吡醇, 氯羟吡啶)作用, 合成了氯吡醇的糖苷: 1-O-(2',6'-二甲基-3',5'-二氯-4'-吡啶基)-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(2a), 1-O-(2',6'-二甲基-3',5'-二氯-4'-吡啶基)-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基β-D-半乳吡喃糖苷(2b), 1-O-(2'6'-二甲基-3',5'-二氯-4'-吡啶基)-2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖醛酸甲酯(2c)。2a, 2b, 2c分别在甲醇中氨解, 相应得到: 1-O-(2', 6'-二甲基-3',5'-二氯-4'-吡啶基)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(3a), 1-O(2',6'-二甲基-3',5'-二氯-4'-吡啶基)-β-D-半乳吡喃糖苷(3b),1-O-(2', 6'-二甲基-3',5'-二氯-(4'-吡啶基)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖醛酸酰胺(3c)。2c用CH~3ONa/CH~3OH处理, 得到1-O-(2',6'-二甲基-3',5'-二氯-4'-吡啶基)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖醛酸甲酯(3d)。     

九子参中三个糖链上带乙酰基的新三萜皂苷-九子参苷B, C, D

从石竹科植物九子参(Silene rubicunda)根中得到四个糖链上带乙酰基的新的三萜皂苷——九子参苷A,B,C,D(rubicunosides A～D,1～4).前文已详细报道了九子参苷A的结构研究,本文报道九子参苷B,C,D的结构.通过FAB-MS和NMR,分别确定九子参苷B,C,D为糖链上带单乙酰基的三萜九糖苷、七糖苷和糖链上带双乙酰基的三萜八糖苷,分别命名为皂树酸-3-O-β-D吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-a-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→4′)-β-D-吡喃鸡纳糖-(1→2)]-[3′-O-乙酰基]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷B,2),皂树酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-a-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[4″-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷C,3),皂树酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-[6′-O-正丁基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-a-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[2″-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃鸡纳糖-(1→2)]-[3′-O 乙酰基]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷D,4).     

九子参中三个糖链上带乙酰基的新三萜皂苷-九子参苷B,C, D

从石竹科植物九子参(Silene rubicunda)根中得到四个糖链上带乙酰基的新的三萜皂苷-九子参苷A, B, C, D(rubicunosides A~D, 1~4)。前文已详细报道了九子参苷A的结构研究, 本文报道九子参苷B, C, D的结构。通过FAB-MS和NMR,分别确定九子参苷B, C, D为糖链上带单乙酰基的三萜九糖苷、七糖苷和糖链上带双乙酰基的三萜八糖苷, 分别命名为皂树酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→4')-β-D-吡喃鸡纳糖-(1→2)]-[3'-O-乙酰基]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷B, 2), 皂树酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃萄淘糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[4"-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷C, 3), 皂树酸-3-O-β-D－吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-[6'-O-正丁基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[2"-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃鸡纳糖-(3'-O-乙酰基]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷D, 4)。     

糖类研究(Ⅲ)——相转移催化合成1-O-酰基-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖

糖酯类化合物具有广泛的生理活性,如抗菌、抗肿瘤等。1987年Trivedi等首次使用苯甲酰基保护的溴化α-D-葡萄糖与桂皮酸类在相转移催化剂三甲基十六烷基溴化铵的存在下反应,合成了收率为53％～82％的糖酯,此结果与Inch的结果不一致。我们在前文的基础上用2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-α-D-溴代吡喃葡萄糖(1)与桂皮酸类(2～5)及与苯甲酸类(10～16),在催化剂四丁基溴化铵的存在下反应,合成了糖酯(6～9,17～23),收率为58％～82％。产品具有高度的立体选择性,~1H NMR的化学位移δ值在5.89～6.01,偶合常数J:7.2～8.1Hz,1R光谱在902.2 cm~(-1)左右具有特征吸收峰,证实为β端基异构体。     

1-芳酰基-4-(1＇-N-β-D-吡喃型糖基)氨基硫脲类化合物的合成

通过2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃型葡萄糖异硫氰酸酯和2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃型木糖异硫氰酸酯与取代的芳基酰肼的亲核加成反应合成了10个1-芳酰基-4-(1＇-N-2＇,3＇,4＇,6＇-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃型葡萄糖基)氨基硫脲和7个1-芳酰基-4-(1＇-N-2＇,3＇,4＇-三-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃型木糖基)氨基硫脲,所得化合物的结构经元素分析,IR,1H NMR确证.     

立体专一合成1-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖酯

用相转移催化法合成了一系列1-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖酯类化合物,IR,H NMR和MS分析结果证明产物为β构型,反应具有立体专一性.     

3-烷基/芳基-6-(1'-N-β-D-或-α-L-吡喃型全乙酰化糖基)- 均三唑并[3,4-b]-1,3,4-噻二唑的合成

通过2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃型葡萄糖异硫氰酸酯(3)和2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-α-L-吡喃型鼠李糖异硫氰酸酯(4)与3-烷基/芳基-4-氨基-5-巯基-1,2,4-三唑(5)在乙醇中回流,缩合得到了14个新的3-烷基/芳基-6-(1'-N-2',3',4',6'-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃型葡萄糖基或2',3',4'-三-O-乙酰基-α-L-吡喃型鼠李糖基)-均三唑并[3,4-b]-1,3,4-噻二唑类化合物(6a-6i,7a-7e),化合物结构经元素分析、IR和1H NMR确证.     

Glycosylation of organic phosphorus thio- and selenoacids—II: The reaction of organic phosphorus thioselenoacids with glycosyl bromides under kinetically and thermodynamically controlled conditions

Ambident anions derived from phosphorus thioselcnoacids were glycosylated with 2,3,4,6 - tetra - O - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranosyl bromide, 2,3,4,6 - tetra - O - acetyl - α - d - galactopyranosyl bromide and 2,3,4 - tri- O - acetyl - α - d - xylopyranosyl bromide. The products were β-Se-glucosyl- and β-S-glucosylthioselenoates. The Se/S ratio of the glycosylated phosphorothioselenoates depends on the reaction conditions. At higher temperatures an equilibrium was observed. As a result of this equilibrium the Se/S ratio of the linkages formed in the glycosylated products was different from that observed under kinetic control. The structures of the glycosylated phosphorothioselenoates were confirmed by spectroscopy, independent synthesis and selective oxidation.     

Synthesis of Interglycosidically S‐Linked 1‐Thio‐Oligosaccharides Under Microwave Irradiation*

Microwave irradiation (MWI) has accelerated the synthesis of S‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)thiouronium bromide (2a), whose reaction with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl bromide (1a) in the presence of Et₃N afforded stereoselectively the acetylated β,β‐1‐thiotrehalose 4a. Similarly, the respective D‐galactopyranosyl 4b and 2‐acetylamino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosyl 4c analog as well as 4,4′‐di‐O‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl) 4d and 4,4′‐di‐O‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl) 4e derivatives of 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′‐hexa‐O‐acetyl β,β‐1‐thiotrehalose were prepared.     

咪唑N-烷基化相转移催化反应动力学研究

本文报道在冠醚和季铵盐等相转移催化剂存在下咪唑N-正丁基化反应的动力学研究结果。在一定的催化剂浓度下,反应速度与烷基卤的浓度呈一级反应动力学关系,同时与催化剂浓度亦呈一级反应比例关系在60±0.05℃,以四丁基溴化铵为催化剂,咪唑N-正丁基化反应速率常数κ=(1.90±0.02)×10~(-2),活化能E_a=11.7±0.5 kcal/mol,此外还研究了不同类型冠醚和季铵盐对反应的影响。反应机理可设想为:在相转移催化反应条件下,由催化剂中的阳离子R_4N_ 和亲核试剂Im-形成的离子对转移到有机相中与烷基卤发生反应,因此反应速率对烷基卤浓度变化极为敏感,也与催化剂在两相间的分配系数α值有关。一般以α值为1左右的季铵盐的催化效果最好,这可能是选择有效相转移催化剂的一个标志。     

Formation of surface-bound acyl groups by reaction of acyl halides on ge(100)-2x1

We have investigated the reaction of a series of acyl halides, including acetyl chloride, acetyl bromide, acetyl-d3 chloride, benzoyl chloride, and pivaloyl chloride, on Ge(100)-2x1 with multiple internal reflection infrared (MIR-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and density functional theory (DFT). Infrared spectra following saturation exposures of acetyl chloride and acetyl bromide to Ge(100)-2x1 at 310 K are nearly identical, both exhibiting strong nu(C=O) stretching peaks near 1685 cm-1 and no vibrational modes in the nu(Ge-H) region. These data provide strong evidence for the presence of a surface-bound acetyl group on Ge(100)-2x1, which results from a C-X dissociation reaction (where X=Cl, Br). For acetyl chloride, DFT calculations predict that the barrier to C-Cl dissociation is only 1 kcal/mol above a chlorine-bound precursor state and is considerably smaller than barriers leading to the [2+2] C=O cycloaddition and alpha-CH dissociation products. In addition to the C-X dissociation product, both infrared and photoelectron results point to the presence of a second structure for acetyl halides where the oxygen of the surface-bound acetyl group donates charge to a nearby surface atom. This interaction is not observed for benzoyl chloride and pivaloyl chloride.     

The reaction of heteroaroyl‐substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl azide

The reaction of heteroaroyl‐substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl azide was investigated and a series of potential bioactive compounds, 1‐glucopyranosyl‐4‐heterocyclic‐5‐heteroaryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles, were obtained in good yields. Both the reaction rate and the yield were strongly affected by the heteroaryl and heterocyclic groups. In order to improve their water solubility, the deprotection of 1‐glucopyranosyl‐4‐heterocyclic‐5‐heteroaryl‐1,2,3‐triazole was carried out. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:242–247, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10023     

Nitrosation of Sugar Oximes: Preparation of 2‐Glycosyl‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxides

Oximes of glucose, xylose, lactose, fructose, and mannose have been prepared. Nitrosation of the oximes of glucose, xylose, and lactose with NaNO₂/HCl afforded 2‐(β‐glycopyranosyl)‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxides, which were isolated as salts 13 , 22 , and 28 . Nitrosation of fructose oxime 29 furnished fructose, whereas nitrosation of mannose oxime 30 with NaNO₂/HCl afforded the 1‐hydroxy‐2‐(β‐d‐ mannopyranosyl)diazene‐2‐oxide 32 , from which the p‐anisidinium salt 31 and the sodium salt 33 were prepared. However, nitrosation of 30 with isopentyl nitrite in aqueous solutions of CsOH or KOH resulted in the formation of the 2‐(α‐D ‐mannofuranosyl)‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxide salts 34 and 35 , respectively. Methylation of the ammonium 2‐(β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl)‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxide 13 yielded the 1‐methoxy compound, which was benzoylated to afford the tetra‐O‐benzoate 14 a , the structure of which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. From the glucose O‐methyloximes 15 and 16 the N‐methoxy‐N‐nitroso‐2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosylamine 18 was prepared. The structure of this compound was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Treatment of acetobromoglucose with cupferron furnished the 1‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2‐phenyldiazene‐2‐oxide 20 .     

Activated nitriles in heterocyclic synthesis: Facile synthesis of heteroarylthymine analogs and their nucleosides

5‐Heteroarylthymine analogs ( 5 ) were synthesized via binucleophilic attack with bidentate thiols on the cyano group of cyanoacetylurea to form the heteroarylurea derivatives ( 2–4 ) followed by their cyclization with formamide. Also, their nucleosides 6a and 6b with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranose were prepared. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 11:209–212, 2000     

A Direct Route to a New Class of Acrylamide Thioglycosides

The preparation of a new class of acrylamide thioglycosides via one‐pot reaction of the potassium 2‐cyanoethylene‐1‐thiolate salts with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐gluco‐ and galactopyranosyl bromides has been studied. The E‐configuration of these thioglycosides was proven by their transformations to the corresponding 5‐aminopyrazoles.     

Synthesis of Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐thio‐α‐d‐glucopyranose by Reaction of Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranosyl Bromide with N,N‐Dimethylthioformamide

A reaction system was found to prepare tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐thio‐d‐glycopyranose in both α and β‐forms. Methanolysis of the adduct prepared from the reaction of tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranosyl bromide with N,N‐dimethylthioformamide afforded the corresponding tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐thio‐d‐glucopyranose with an anomer ratio α/β of 52:48 in 98% yield. The anomer mixture was easily separated by column chromatography to obtain the product of α‐form. This synthetic method is very convenient to proceed by one‐pot reaction under ordinary conditions.     

Influence of acyl groups on glucopyranoside reactivity in Lewis acid promoted anomerisation

Lewis acid promoted anomerisation has potential in O- or S-glycoside synthesis. Herein, the anomerisation kinetics of thirty-one β-d-glucopyranosides was determined to determine how particular acyl protecting groups and their location influence reactivity towards a Lewis acid promoted reaction. The replacement of acetyl groups with benzoyl groups led to reduced reactivity when located at O-3, O-4 and O-6. However a reactivity increase was observed when the acetyl group was replaced by a benzoyl group at O-2. The 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-(4-methoxy)benzoate had an?～2-fold increase in rate when compared to the tetrabenzoate.