气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用测定环境样品中的二噁英和类二噁英多氯联苯

样品采用索氏抽提,抽提液依次经酸性硅胶床、多段混合硅胶柱和凝胶渗透色谱柱(GPC)净化后,用Florisil硅藻土柱分离出样品中的二噁英(PCDD/Fs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(dioxin-like PCBs),采用同位素稀释法和气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用仪(GC/HRMS)测定了其中的17个2,3,7,8-氯取代二噁英类化合物和12个类二噁英多氯联苯。结果表明,用该法分析二噁英和多氯联苯标准溶液,平行4次的分析结果为:RSD(PCDD/Fs)<8.9%,RSD(PCBs)<11.4%;回收率可达60%-105%。PCDD/Fs和PCBs的检出限分别为0.1-0.8 pg/g和0.05-0.6 pg/g。应用本方法成功测定了沉积物、淤泥、土壤和飞灰中的二噁英和类二噁英多氯联苯,并计算出它们的毒性当量。     

加速溶剂-固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤及蚯蚓样品中多环芳烃

研究了加速溶剂萃取( ASE)、固相萃取柱净化( SPE)、高效液相色谱( HPLC)联合( ASE-SPE-HPLC)测定土壤及蚯蚓样品中7种多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析方法,确定了以正己烷-丙酮(4∶1, V/V)作为萃取剂,用ASE对土壤及蚯蚓进行萃取,提取液经SPE柱净化(土壤样品用硅胶柱净化,蚯蚓样品用 Al2 O3-硅胶柱净化),正己烷-二氯甲烷(9∶1, V/V)进行洗脱,洗脱体积为10 mL,旋转浓缩蒸干后,乙腈定容,过0.22μm有机滤膜,最后用HPLC对提取液中7种PAHs进行定量的分析方法。土壤样品方法回收率在83.5%~110.2%之间,相对标准偏差为1.0%~4.6%;蚯蚓样品回收率在81.2%~97.1%之间,相对标准偏差为1.6%~4.2%。方法检出限为0.15~0.85μg/kg,且重现性好。可满足样品分析的质量控制要求,表明本分析方法具有良好的准确性与可靠性。     

固定源废气中二噁英及多氯联苯、溴代阻燃剂和溴代二噁英的分析

建立了同时分离分析固定源废气中二噁英(PCDD/Fs)、二噁英类多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)、溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)和溴代二噁英(PBDD/Fs)的方法。废气样品经甲苯索氏提取,硫酸处理和多层硅胶柱净化后,应用活性炭分散硅胶翻转淋洗技术分离4类目标物。气相色谱使用耐高温薄膜短色谱柱配合高压进样,高分辨质谱使用低能量电离,一次性测定高/低溴代化合物。方法检出限分别为:PCDD/Fs 0.081~1.2 pg、dl-PCBs0.10~0.32 pg、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)0.14~12 pg、新型BFRs 0.26~16 pg、四~七溴代PBDD/Fs 0.44~3.6 pg、八溴代PBDD/Fs(OBDD/F)8.2~12 pg。废气空白基质加标回收率(RSD)分别为:PCDD/Fs 88%~115%(2.9%~6.1%)、dl-PCBs 84%~118%(3.2%~10%)、PBDEs 71%~135%(2.1%~18%)、新型BFRs 71%~114%(2.9%~7.4%)、四~七溴代PBDD/Fs 83%~127%(5.2%~10%)、OBDD/F 52%~149%(23%~24%)。将本方法用于废气样品分析,所有质量控制指标均符合相关标准规定。     

大气样品中氯代和溴代二噁英/呋喃同位素稀释分析方法的建立及应用

本研究结合已有的多氯代二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)分析方法,建立了多溴代二噁英/呋喃(PBDD/Fs)和PCDD/Fs的同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-质谱联用(HRGC-HRMS)分析方法。样品抽提液经酸性硅胶床、多段硅胶柱、Florisil柱净化后,分别对其中8种2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs和17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs进行测定。PBDD/Fs仪器分析条件:EI 模式,选择性离子监测,分辨率10000以上,电子发射能50 eV,灯丝电流0.75 mA;DB-5 MS柱(60 m×0.25 mm i.d.,0.25μm);进样口、离子源及传输线温度分别为250℃、250℃和305℃;载气,He(1.0 mL/min)。结果表明:平行标准样品分析相对标准偏差(RSD)≤10.3%;PBDD/Fs和PCDD/Fs回收率在73%~112%之间;标准参考样品测定平均值与标准值基本符合,平行样RSD≤12.0%。方法检出限:TBDF,0.25 pg/μL;TBDD,0.3 pg/μL;PeBDFs,0.5 pg/μL;PeBDDs,1.0 pg/μL;HxBDD/Fs,1.5 pg/μL;TCDD/Fs,0.5 pg/μL;PeCDD/Fs和HxCDD/Fs,2.5 pg/μL;HpCDD/Fs以及OCDD/Fs,5 pg/μL。测定某地区大气样品颗粒相中PBDD/Fs和PCDD/Fs浓度分别在1.01~2.43 pg/m3和6.19~10.8 pg/m3之间;气相中的浓度为0.036~0.801 pg/m3和1.37~12.1 pg/m3。     

土壤中PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs、PCBs与PBDEs同步分离测试方法的研究

建立了土壤样品中氯代二英、溴代二英、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚四类化合物的同步分离前处理方法。应用硝酸银复合硅胶柱将四类化合物分成含氯(PCBs和PCDD/Fs)和含溴(PBDEs和PBDD/Fs)两大类,再用弗罗里硅土柱分别对PCBs和PCDD/Fs、PBDEs和PBDD/Fs进行两两分离,最终实现四类结构、性质相近化合物的完全分离。该方法的回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为PCDD/Fs:61%~83%,1.4%~14.2%;PBDD/Fs:71%~110%,2.8%~14.9%;PCBs:68%~92%,3.6%~15.2%;PBDEs:81%~87%,10.9%~17.4%。方法应用于土壤样品中四类化合物的同步分析,并与目前常用的分析方法进行比对,两者间的分析结果相差不大于12.5%,验证了方法的准确性和可靠性。     

超声辅助萃取气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定室内灰尘中的39种多氯联苯

建立了测定室内灰尘样品中39种多氯联苯(PCBs)的分析方法。样品经吸尘器采集、正己烷-二氯甲烷(1：1,v/v)超声萃取、浓缩后,利用气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(GC-MS/MS)在选择反应监测(SRM)模式下测定。结果表明,39种PCBs在30 min内得到了很好的分离,在0.1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9910~0.9999,方法的加标回收率为57.2%~120.3%,日内测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.3%~24.7%,日间测定的RSD为0.6%~29.9%,检出限(信噪比为3)为0.0003~0.2080 ng/g。本方法灵敏度高、准确度和精密度好,简便快速,溶剂消耗量少,适用于灰尘中多种多氯联苯的同时测定。     

杭州市冬季大气气溶胶PM2.5中二恶英和多氯联苯的污染特征

2014年1月在杭州市选择5个点位采集大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品,采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱测定PM_2.5中的二恶英（PCDD/Fs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）,对PM_2.5的污染状况以及PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs和PCBs的污染水平及分布特征进行了研究。PM_2.5的质量浓度范围为85~168 μg/m³,PM_2.5污染较重,但与2004年同期相比明显降低。PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs的毒性当量（TEQ）为0.277~0.488 pg I-TEQ/m³,明显高于2004年同期采集样品。颗粒物中PCDD/Fs以八氯代二苯并-对-二恶英（OCDD）为主,毒性当量主要贡献者为2,3,4,7,8-五氯代二苯并呋喃（2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF）。PM_2.5中PCBs的质量浓度范围为2.9~8.1 pg/m³,二恶英类多氯联苯（DL-PCBs）的毒性当量范围为2.6~6.1 fg WHO-TEQ/m³,污染较低。PCBs在颗粒物中分布以PCB-28为主,但对毒性当量贡献最大的为PCB-126。PCDD/Fs和PCBs的气-固分配特征表现为PCDD/Fs主要分布于颗粒物中,而PCBs主要分布于气相中。     

高分辨气相色谱-质谱法同时测定食用油中二噁英和呋喃的多氯(溴)代二苯并衍生物的含量

提出了用高分辨气相色谱-质谱法同时测定食用油中17种多氯取代以及8种多溴取代的苯并二噁英和苯并呋喃含量的方法。食用油样品依次经过酸性硅胶床、多段硅胶柱及Florisil柱净化。净化中分别用正己烷、正己烷-二氯甲烷(97+3)混合液、正己烷-二氯甲烷(40+60)和单一的二氯甲烷作为淋洗剂,洗脱上述化合物,GC-MS测定。各化合物的检出限(3S/N)在0.022 3~1.67μg·L-1之间。用标准加入法测得多氯代化合物的回收率在97.8%~118%之间,多溴代化合物的回收率在96.5%~113%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为4.9%~6.7%和6.6%~17%之间。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定化妆品中秋水仙碱、秋水仙胺和秋水仙碱苷EI北大核心CSCD

建立了一种同时测定化妆品中秋水仙碱、秋水仙胺和秋水仙碱苷的超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱分析方法。试样经正己烷饱和的甲醇-乙腈(1∶1,V/V)混合溶剂超声提取,蜡基类样品经正己烷溶解分散后提取,膏霜类样品在提取液中加入乙酸铵以改善样品乳化情况,提取液离心过滤后,以5 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)-甲醇作为流动相梯度洗脱,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱分离后,采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱在电喷雾正离子电离模式和多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。3种化合物在0.5~10μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.995,检出限为3.0μg/kg,定量限为10.0μg/kg,在10.0,20.0,100μg/kg 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为81.5%~109.2%,相对标准偏差为0.5%~8.7%。该方法适用于化妆品中秋水仙碱、秋水仙胺和秋水仙碱苷的测定。     

加速溶剂提取-同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定生物样品中82种多氯联苯

我国水产品中多氯联苯(PCBs)的检测方法,主要以6种指示性PCBs和12种二噁英类共平面PCBs为主,仅涵盖有限的PCBs。为更全面地获得生物体中PCBs的浓度水平,深入探讨PCBs在生物体内的代谢和富集特征,进而准确评价PCBs对人类的暴露水平及风险,以鱼和贝类作为生物样品代表,建立了加速溶剂提取-同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(ASE-ID-HRGC-HRMS)测定生物样品中82种PCBs的方法。比较了振荡提取和加速溶剂提取两种提取方式的回收率和重复性,最终采用正己烷-二氯甲烷(1∶1, v/v)对PCBs进行加速溶剂提取。考察了各流分淋洗液对PCBs的回收率,确定了样品提取液经8 g 44%酸性硅胶层析柱(内径15 mm), 90 mL正己烷洗脱的净化方式。样品提取液净化浓缩后进行HRGC-HRMS分析,色谱柱采用DB-5MS超低流失石英毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)。通过优化后的升温程序对化合物进行分离,以保留时间和两个特征离子精准定性,采用同位素内标法定量。结果表明,在0.1~200 μg/L范围内,平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差值(RSD, n=7)均≤20%,相关系数(r²)>0.99。生物样品中PCBs的方法检出限为0.02~3 pg/g;鱼类中PCBs平均加标回收率为71.3%~141%, RSD(n=7)为2.1%~14%;贝类中PCBs平均加标回收率为76.9%~143%, RSD为1.4%~11%。该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可以更加全面具体地分析鱼和贝类等水产品受PCBs的污染情况,为国内外开展生物监测提供有效的技术支持,从而服务于相关生态环境管理及履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》。     

加速溶剂萃取-流体控制系统净化-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱定量测定底泥中的二噁英

采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)定量测定了底泥中的17种2,3,7,8位多氯代二噁英和呋喃(PCDD/Fs) ,并测定了四至八氯取代的二噁英和呋喃总量。样品经加速溶剂萃取,然后通过流体控制系统（FMS）自动过硅胶柱、氧化 铝柱和碳柱净化,最后浓缩。以HRGC/HRMS电压选择离子检测模式对样品中的PCDD/Fs进行了定性分析,采用同位素稀释 技术定量,该方法可精确定量到pg/g水平。结果表明该方法分析的17种二噁英和呋喃异构体的检出限可达0.1 pg/g。同 位素标准的回收率为49.8%～85.3%,样品中各异构体的回收率为93.2%～115.6%。该方法不但满足国际标准的要求,还大 大提高了分析速度,使分析周期从原来的2周缩短到2 d以内。     

Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in vegetable oil samples by gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography coupled to ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (CG-MS-MS) has been evaluated for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in vegetable oil samples containing different concentration levels (0.2-6 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1) for both PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs) of the 29 toxic congeners of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCBs. The effect of potential interfering compounds such as polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs) on the quantification of mono-ortho PCBs has been investigated. In addition, the influence of the clean-up procedure on the final determination by CG-MS-MS was studied, showing that the quality of the results depends to a great extent on this analytical step. Quality parameters have been established and good precisions (CV: 3-19%) and low limits of detection for PCDD/Fs (0.04-0.20 pg g(-1) oil) and dl-PCBs (0.08-0.64 pg g(-1) oil) were obtained. The method was validated by a comparison of the CG-MS-MS results with those obtained by GC-HRMS.     

加速溶剂萃取法与索氏提取法对废线路板中二噁英测定的影响

将经过多级破碎分选所得的废线路板粉末过60目筛,以2 mol/L HCl溶液、超纯水洗涤,并用丙酮脱水.将预处理后的滤渣、滤纸填入萃取池,或者用新滤纸包裹后置于索氏提取管内,添加5 μL内标物,分别用加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)或索氏提取(SE)法进行萃取,依次采用多层硅胶柱和活性炭柱对萃取提取物进行净化、洗脱,得到二噁英测试样品.用同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析样品中二噁英的含量.考察两种提取方法及不同氯代数对15种13C-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs回收率的影响,比较两种方法的准确度和精密度.结果表明,ASE和SE对15种13C-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的回收率分别为54.3%~113.0%和28.3%~77.7%, 实测废线路板中二噁英毒性当量(Toxic equivalent quangtity,TEQ)分别为0.075 ng TEQ/kg和0.266 ng TEQ/kg.在方法精密度允许范围内,ASE相对具有简单快速、溶剂用量少和准确的优势.     

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in the screening of persistent organohalogenated pollutants in environmental samples

Separations of eight persistent organohalogenated classes of pollutants, organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and toxaphene (CTT) by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) were evaluated. Columns with different polarity and selectivity, including ZB-5, HT-8, DB-17 and BP-10, were selected as first dimension and combined with columns of increasing polarity in the second dimension, i.e. HT-8, BPX-50 and Carbowax (or Supelcowax-10). In total nine column combinations were tested. Because the main interest of the study was fast screening of the test xenobiotic families in complex matrices, in all cases, attention was primarily focussed on group-type separation. Nevertheless, within-group separation was also considered, especially for those classes containing particularly toxic congeners, such as PCBs and PCDD/Fs. Although none of the assayed column sets allowed the simultaneous and complete separation of all pollutants classes, some column combinations provided satisfactory separations among selected families and the rest of pollutants investigated. That was, for instance, the case of HT-8 x BPX-50 for PBDEs and PCDD/Fs, DB-17 x HT-8 for PCNs and OCPs and BP-10 x BPX-50 for CTT, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs. The feasibility of the proposed approach for the fast screening of the target classes of pollutants in complex samples was illustrated by the analysis of food and marine fat samples prepared using simplified miniaturised sample treatment methods.     

Method development for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in single extract of sediment samples

A comprehensive method was developed for quantitative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) in one single extract of environmental samples. The sample preparation procedure included two fractionation steps using silver nitrate silica chromatography to separate PBDEs from PCBs and PCDD/Fs and florisil column to separate PCBs from PCDD/Fs. Acidic silica, acidic alumina and gel permeation chromatography (GPC, for PCBs) or activated carbon column (for PCDD/Fs) were used for further clean-up. The sample extracts were analyzed by using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. The entire method was validated from the analysis of mixed standards of PBDEs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs (n = 3); the analysis of certified reference biota (WMF-01). The method was applied for the analysis of 10 sediment samples collected from Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin City. No significant PBDEs pollution was found in the areas.     

同位素稀释气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定环境空气中的多氯萘北大核心CSCD

环境空气中的多氯萘(PCNs)一般为痕量水平(pg/m^(3)),要实现其准确定量必然对分析方法的提取、净化和仪器分析提出较高要求。研究通过考察提取溶剂种类、净化流程和色谱-质谱参数,建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-多层硅胶复合中性氧化铝柱的净化方法,并利用同位素稀释气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)对环境空气中的多氯萘进行测定。同时,通过在采样、提取和进样分析前分别添加同位素内标,开展质量控制和保证。结果表明,在2~100 ng/mL范围内3~8氯萘的平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于16%。PCNs同类物的方法检出限为1~3 pg/m^(3)(以样品体积为288 m^(3)计算)。采用基质加标法评价了方法对环境空气样品中PCNs测定的精密度和准确度,低、中、高加标水平下3~8氯萘的平均加标回收率分别为89.0%~119.4%、98.6%~122.5%和93.7%~124.5%,测定结果的平均相对标准偏差分别为1.9%~7.0%、1.6%~6.6%和1.0%~4.8%。整个分析过程中,采样内标和提取内标的平均回收率分别为136.2%~146.0%和42.4%~78.1%,RSD分别为5.6%~7.5%和2.7%~17.5%,满足痕量分析的要求且平行性较好。方法的灵敏度和准确度高,精密度良好,适用于环境空气中3~8氯萘的准确定量测定,可在一定程度上缓解多氯萘监测对高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱的依赖,为实现多氯萘的国际履约提供方法支持。     

Validation of the CALUX bioassay for the screening of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in retail fish

The chemical-activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assay is a reporter gene assay that detects dioxin-like compounds based on their ability to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and thus expression of the reporter gene. In this paper, the CALUX assay was examined for its application in the screening of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) in retail fish. The sample extracts were cleaned up on a sulfuric acid-silica gel column followed by an activated carbon column, and the AhR activity of the separated PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB fractions was determined using the assay. The quantitative limit for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) was 0.98 pg ml(-1) (0.19 pg assay(-1) in the standard curve, corresponding to 0.16 pg g(-1) of CALUX-based toxic equivalency (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents) in the tested sample. Recovery tests in which dioxins were added to fish samples resulted in acceptable recoveries (77-117%). The CALUX assay performed well in the analysis of dioxins in fish samples and a comparative study revealed a strong correlation between the CALUX assay and high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of PCDD/Fs (r = 0.89) and dioxin-like PCBs (r = 0.91) in retail fish (n = 22). These data revealed that the CALUX assay would be a useful screening method for PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in retail fish.     

GC×GC-ECD: a promising method for the determination of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed

There is a need for cost-efficient alternatives to gas chromatography (GC)–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food and feed. Comprehensive two-dimensional GC–micro electron capture detection (GC×GC-μECD) was tested and all relevant (according to the World Health Organisation, WHO) PCDD/Fs and PCBs could be separated when using a DB-XLB/LC-50 column combination. Validation tests by two laboratories showed that detectability, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of GC×GC-μECD are all statistically consistent with GC-HRMS results. A limit of detection of 0.5 pg WHO PCDD/F tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalency concentration per gram of fish oil was established. The reproducibility was less than 10%, which is below the recommended EU value for reference methods (less than 15%). Injections of vegetable oil extracts spiked with PCBs, polychlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyl ethers at concentrations of 200 ng/g showed no significant impact on the dioxin results, confirming in that way the robustness of the method. The use of GC×GC-μECD as a routine method for food and feed analysis is therefore recommended. However, the data evaluation of low dioxin concentrations is still laborious owing to the need for manual integration. This makes the overall analysis costs higher than those of GC-HRMS. Further developments of software are needed (and expected) to reduce the data evaluation time. Combination of the current method with pressurised liquid extraction with in-cell cleanup will result in further reduction of analysis costs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.