运用科学史培养初中生的科学本质观

通过科学教学使学生获得对科学本质的理解,建立起一定的科学本质观已越来越受到理科教育者的关注。科学本质的复杂性、丰富性决定了个人或社会对科学本质的理解与认识存在层次性和结构性。科学史教育是培养学生科学本质观的一个重要途径,如何在化学教学中运用化学史增强学生对科学本质的理解是摆在化学教育者面前的一个重要课题。从对科学本质和科学本质观的理解入手,初步确定了初中生应具有的科学本质观。通过一个具体化学教学案例的设计,介绍一种融合科学史培养学生科学本质观的化学教学模式。     

化学教育硕士研究生的科学本质观研究*——基于对科普微视频的分析

以构建的科学本质要素框架作为分析工具,研究学生经科普微视频分析所呈现的科学本质观。结果表明,学生无法全面、深入分析视频呈现的科学本质,反映了局限的科学本质观,而经过讨论与汇报能在一定程度上提升其科学本质观。据此,为化学教育硕士研究生的培养工作提出3点建议,即将科普微视频作为科学本质教育的素材,促进学生形成完整且深刻的科学本质观,发展学生准确抽提课程资源中的科学本质的能力。     

理科教师科学本质教学行为自我监控案例

培养学生适当理解科学本质观是科学教育的目标之一.本文以案例方式说明理科教师如何对于科学本质教学行为进行自我监控.     

高中生微观认识学习中科学本质观的调查研究

帮助学生适当理解科学本质是科学教育的重要目标之一,也是培养学生科学素养的核心成分之一。本研究的目的是了解高中生微观学习中的科学本质观。调查表明,学生的科学本质观基本处于较为朴素的水平,对科学内容的理解基本处于了解的水平,在思维方式上几乎只考虑知识是什么和知识有什么用,很少考虑知识的产生式和合理性。影响学生科学本质观的主要因素是教师因素和课程因素。     

化学教材中科学本质内容表征工具的评介与应用*

理解科学本质是公民科学素养的重要组成部分,教材是帮助学生发展适当科学本质观的重要媒介。研究和表征教材中的科学本质对培养公民的科学素养具有重要的意义。详细评介了尼日利亚学者 Upahi 等人所构建的关于教材中科学本质的表征工具,包含科学本质内涵、科学本质与学科内容的关系以及科学本质的呈现方式等3个层面,并应用该工具对我国2019年颁布的鲁科版化学教材展开实验性研究。     

从理科师范生对科学本质的理解看当今的师范教育

近年来,国内外理科教育界非常重视对学生科学本质观的教育,我国的师范教育必须加强对科学教师进行科学本质观的养成教育。采用SUSSI量表对大学师范生进行考察,调查显示被调查者的科学本质观不容乐观。为此,结合实际对革新高等师范教育提出了一些建议。     

理科教师科学本质观发展策略的探索

帮助学生发展适当的科学本质观（VNOS）是科学教育的重要目标之一,而教师具有理想的科学本质观是实现这一目标的必要条件。有调查显示,现今理科教师的科学本质观基本处于较为朴素的水平,有待提高。鉴于此,本文在综合分析国内外相关研究的基础上,提出了一套符合中学理科教师实际情况的科学本质观发展策略。     

将教师的科学本质观转化到课堂实践——国际文献综述

提高学生的科学本质观是国际科学教育的重要目标，教师在提高学生科学本质观的过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究在梳理国际科学本质教育文献的基础上，聚焦教师的科学本质观到课堂实践的转化。研究发现，教师的科学本质观无法自动转化为有效的课堂实践，影响“转化”的因素可从教师、学生和教材等3方面进行分析，最后从职前教师和在职教师的角度综述了促进“转化”的措施。     

“显性”科学本质教学与论证结合对学生科学本质观影响的研究综述*

科学教育文献建议运用“显性”教学提高学生对科学本质的理解,但其有效性仍有待加强。近年来,论证领域的新兴研究表明,学生参与论证对提高他们的科学本质观具有积极的促进作用。为了更好地提高学生的科学本质观,在梳理国际科学本质教育文献的基础上,探讨了“显性”科学本质教学与论证相结合的教学方法的研究脉络、研究方法及影响教学效果的因素。以期为教师进行有效的科学本质教学提供参考和建议,并对未来有关科学本质的有效教学的研究提供基础。     

从氟元素发现史中挖掘科学本质观和人文素养

科学本质和人文素养是科学教育关注的热点.科学史中蕴含着丰富的科学本质观和人文内涵.通过对氟元素发现史的考证分析,发现其中蕴含着"科学知识的实证性、科学知识的主观性、科学方法的多元化以及科学研究需要想象力和创造力"等科学本质观,承载着"科学发展离不开信息交流、科学发展需要勇于献身的科学精神以及科学发展表现为继承和创新的统...     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Effect of the Method of Modification of Zeolite X on Selectivity of Catalytic Methylation of Toluene

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry - The effect of the method of modification of catalysts based on zeolite X by cesium and magnesium cations (ion exchange and impregnation) on the selectivity...