States of Carbon Nanotube Supported Mo-Based HDS Catalysts

The dispersion of the active phase and loading capacity of the Mo species on carbon nanotube (CNT) was studied by the XRD technique. The reducibility properties of Co-Mo catalysts in the oxide state over CNTs were investigated by TPR, while the sulfided Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were characterized by means of the XRD and LRS techniques. The activity and selectivity with respect to the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) performances on carbon nanotube supported Co-Mo catalysts were evaluated. It was found that the main active molybdenum species in the oxide state MoO3/CNT catalysts were MoO2, but not MoO3, as generally expected. The maximum loading before the formation of the bulk phase was lower than 6% (percent by mass, based on MoO3). TPR studies revealed that the active species in the oxide state Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were reduced more easily at relatively lower temperatures in comparison to those of the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, indicating that the CNT support promoted or favored the reduction of the active species. The active species of a Co-Mo-0.7/CNT catalyst were more easily reduced than those of the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts with Co/Mo atomic ratios of 0.2, 0.35, and 0.5, respectively, suggesting that the Co/Mo atomic ratio has a great effect on the reducibility of the active species. It was found that the incorporation of cobalt improved the dispersion of the molybdenum species on the support, and a phenomenon of mobilization and re-dispersion had occurred during the sulfurization process, resulting in low valence state Mo3S4 and Co-MoS2.17 active phases. HDS measurements showed that the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were more active than the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 ones for the desulfurization of DBT, and the hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation selectivity of the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts was also much higher than those of the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3. The Co-Mo/CNT catalyst with a Co/Mo atomic ratio of 0.7 showed the highest activity, whereas the catalyst with a Co/Mo atomic ratio of 0.35 had the highest selectivity.     

硫化态三组元NiMoP/γ-Al2O3催化剂的TPR表征及噻吩HDS活性的研究

A series of sulfided tertiary NiMoP/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different contents of MoO3 were prepared by using molybdophosphoric acid of Keggin structure(H3PMo12O40) and nickel nitrate as origins of active phase components of molybdenum, phosphorus and nickel, and characterized by TPR technique, with their HDS activity being investigated with thiophene as a model substrate. For the sulfided Mo-0 catalyst containing no nickel as promoter, the only hydrogen sulfide evolution peak Ⅰ　is observed at 462 K and attributed to the hydrogenation of the so-called edge sulfur atoms chemisorbed on coordinatively unsaturated(cus) Mox+ sites on the MoS2 phase(MoS2 slab). With the introduction of nickel into the active phase of the sulfided Mo-0 catalyst and with the increase of the molybdenum loading, a new hydrogen sulfide evolution peak Ⅱ gradually develops at the low temperature side of the peak Ⅰ, at the same time accompanied by both the increase of the area ratio of the peak Ⅱ to the peak Ⅰ and the shift of the hydrogen sulfide evolution maximum rate to lower temperatures, which may imply the existence of two kinds of active centers related to molybdenum and nickel respectively and the synergic action between the two centers above. It should be noted that for the sulfided NiMoP/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, the thiophene HDS rate and the quantity of hydrogen sulfide evolved during TPR process increase monotonously with the atomic ratio of molybdenum to nickel in the form of ［n(Ni)+n(Mo)］/n(Ni). On the basis of the results here, the conclusion may be reached that the two kinds of vacancies can be formed on the edge of Ni-Mo-S slab due to the loss of S during TPR process and vacancies or sites related to the H2S evolution peak II should be regarded as the mainly active reaction centers of thiophene HDS.     

负载型TiO2-Al2O3复合载体在超深度加氢脱硫中的应用

运用HRTEM、FT-Raman、TPR等方法表征了Mo活性组分在负载型TiO2-Al2O3复合载体和Al2O3上不同形态和性质。比较了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体同传统Al2O3载体对CoMo催化剂结构的影响，并以4，6-二甲基二苯并噻吩（4,6-DMDBT）为探针考察了催化剂的超深度加氢脱硫（UHDS）性能。结果表明，在负载型TiO2-Al2O3复合载体中， MoO3同载体之间的相互作用较弱，这种弱的相互作用使MoO3更多的以八面体配位Mo物种（MoⅥ）及其二维的聚合物的形式存在。二维聚合物有利于形成具有更高活性的多层MoS2结构，明显提高催化剂的超深度加氢脱硫催化活性。     

CO吸附原位红外光谱结合分子模拟计算研究FCC汽油加氢脱硫催化剂的选择性

以脱硫选择性不同的2组催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫催化剂为研究对象, 采用CO吸附原位红外光谱表征了2组催化剂的活性相特征, 并通过分子模拟计算方法比较了助剂Co加入前后噻吩和1-己烯在催化剂表面的电荷分布、吸附能及其加氢反应的活化能等, 探讨了助剂Co的加入对选择性加氢脱硫催化剂脱硫选择性的作用机理. 结果表明, 加氢脱硫催化剂CoMoS活性相的增加有利于提高催化剂的加氢脱硫/加氢降烯烃(HDS/HYD)选择性. 与1-己烯加氢位相比, Co的加入显著提高了噻吩分子加氢位的缺电子性, 噻吩在催化剂表面的吸附度增强, 显著降低噻吩加氢反应的能垒, 从而使噻吩加氢反应更易进行. 这也表明CoMoS为高HDS活性、高HDS/HYD选择性的活性相.     

Unsupported Molybdenum and Cobalt-Molybdenum Nitrides for Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization

The catalytic activity and the structure of unsupported Mo and CoMo nitrided catalysts were investigated. It was found that the structure and catalytic activity of the nitrided catalysts are influenced by the conditions of nitridation. Molybdenum oxynitrides are more active in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene than MoS₂. The addition of cobalt to nitrided Mo improves its HDS activity, however, sulfided CoMo catalyst is still more active than the nitrided one. Synergy between Co and Mo for the nitrided unsupported CoMo catalyst exists at lower degree than for the sulfided form of CoMo.     

活性炭担载的Rh-M0-K合成醇催化剂

采用XRD、EXAFS等技术研究微量贵金属Rh对活性炭担载的Rh-Mo-K合成醇催化剂结构的影响,并关联其催化性能.氧化态Rh-Mo-K/AC样品中Rh与Mo有着较强的相互作用,使得K2Mo2O7向MoO2转化.硫化还原后,Mo主要以MoS2微晶形式存在,其有序结构尺度随Rh含量的增加而减小.经Rh助剂修饰后,催化剂的合成醇催化性能有明显的提高.     

K-MoO3/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面物种状态、组成和性能

应用XPS、XRD、ESR 和TPR技术分析了KCl助剂含量变化对MoO_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表面物种状态、组成及其硫化还原性能的影响. K/Mo比小于0.8时, 钾离子完全和钼作用, 形成钾钼作用物种, 催化剂硫化后发生K~+表面富集, Cl~-游离并流失; K/Mo比0.8时, 钾钼作用达到饱和; K/Mo比大于0.8时, 多余的K~+和Cl~-结合以体相KCl形式存在. 钾钼作用减弱了Mo(Ⅵ)和载体之间的作用, 部分抑制了Mo(Ⅵ)的硫化还原. 钾钼作用物种硫化后可能产生CO合成醇的活性中心.     

(K,Mo)Y分子筛中钼组分的EXAFS研究

应用同步辐射Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)技术研究固态法制备的KHMoY分子筛的氧化态和硫化态样品以及硫化态KHY/MoO3样品中钼组分的局域配位环境结构,并与KHMoY和KHY/MoO3样品催化加氢活性结果进行对照.结果表明,随原子比(K+2Mo)/Al的变化,钼原子周围的配位环境有显著的差异.当(K+2Mo)/Al＜1时,KHMoY和KHY/MoO3硫化后,钼组分主要以MoS2小原子簇分散在分子筛超笼中;(K+2Mo)/Al＞1时,钼组分则有两种存在环境,即分子筛超笼中的和分子筛外表面的钼组分.分子筛超笼中的MoS2原子簇的催化加氢合成醇选择性较高;分子筛外表面的MoS2微小颗粒的尺寸相对于超笼中的要大许多,其合成醇选择性较低.     

钼催化剂上甲醇直接气相羰基化活性与吸附的关系

 制备了一系列非负载的钼催化剂，考察了催化剂上甲醇直接气相\r\n羰化活性与反应物及产物吸附的关系．结果发现，催化剂的制备方法对\r\n甲醇直接气相羰化活性的影响很明显，以纯二硫化钼试剂制备的催化剂\r\n，甲醇转化率与羰化产物乙酸甲酯的选择性最低；以三氧化钼气相还原\r\n硫化制备的催化剂，其羰化活性较低；以钼酸铵溶液经硫化铵溶液或硫\r\n化氢气体硫化制得的催化剂，其性能明显优于前两种，尤以钼酸铵经硫\r\n化铵溶液硫化制得的催化剂的性能最佳．催化剂的羰化活性明显依赖于\r\n催化剂的吸附性能，羰化活性高的催化剂不仅吸附CO的量大，而且对甲\r\n醇和乙酸甲酯的吸附量也明显较大．     

硫代硫酸铵预硫化的Mo/AC催化剂加氢脱硫性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法将硫代硫酸铵(ATS)负载在Mo/AC催化剂上,制备了器外预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂;以噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)为探针反应,考察了活化温度和活化时间对预硫化催化剂加氢脱硫活性的影响。研究发现,300 ℃下活化0.5 h所得到的预硫化催化剂具有最好的加氢脱硫活性。与传统硫化剂CS₂和DMDS硫化的催化剂相比,采用Mo/AC-ATS催化剂,在最佳活化条件下,噻吩转化率分别提高了34%和42%。XPS、TPR-MS和TEM等表征结果显示,预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂中Mo⁴⁺含量较高,这是其具有较高加氢脱硫活性的主要原因。     

活性炭担载的钾钼合成醇催化剂

采用ＸＲＤ,ＬＲＳ技术研究了活性炭担载的不同Ｍｏ 含量Ｍｏ－ Ｋ催化剂结构,并关联其ＣＯ加氢合成低碳混合醇性能。结果表明,氧化态Ｍｏ－ Ｋ／Ｃ催化剂体系中,在低钼载量情况下,由于部分Ｋ离子渗透进活性炭的微孔,使得钾钼作用不充分,钼主要以ＭｏＯ２ 形式存在。保持钾钼比不变,随着钼载量的增加,钾钼作用逐渐增强,当ＭｏＯ３ 载量为７２ｗ ％ 时,Ｍｏ 主要以Ｋ２Ｍｏ２Ｏ７ 形式存在。经硫化还原处理后,发生了氧硫交换,钼主要以ＭｏＳ２ 物种形式存在,其粒度随着Ｍｏ 含量的增加而明显增大。高钼载量的样品（ 如ＭｏＯ３（７２ ％） － Ｋ／Ｃ） ,活性炭和Ａｌ２Ｏ３ 担载的硫钼物相基本相同。在硫化态催化剂中,增加Ｍｏ 的载量不仅能提高ＣＯ加氢合成醇的收率和选择性,而且有利于改善产物的分布,ＣＯ加氢催化反应的性能的提高可能主要归结于载体的电子效应     

Elucidation of hydrodesulfurization mechanism on molybdenum‐based catalysts using 35S radioisotope pulse tracer methods

Elucidation of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) mechanism on molybdenum‐based catalysts using radioisotope tracer methods and reaction kinetics is reviewed. Firstly, to investigate the sulfidation state in Mo/Al₂O₃ and Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts, presulfiding of these catalysts has been performed using a ³⁵S pulse tracer method. Secondly, HDS of radioactive ³⁵S‐labeled dibenzothiophene was carried out over a series of sulfided molybdena–alumina catalysts and cobalt‐promoted molybdena–alumina catalysts in a pressurized flow reactor to estimate the behavior of sulfur on the working catalysts. Finally, sulfur exchange of a ³⁵S‐labeled catalyst with hydrogen sulfide was performed to estimate the relationship between the amount of labile sulfur and catalytically active sites.     

Highly active CoMo HDS catalyst for the production of clean diesel fuels

HY–Al₂O₃-supported CoMo catalysts with a chelating agent and phosphorus for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of diesel fractions were prepared. The activity measurements with the prepared catalysts were carried out with straight-run light gas oil feedstocks in a pilot plant under industrial hydrotreating conditions. As a result, Cosmo Oil Co., Ltd. developed a new CoMoP/HY–Al₂O₃ catalyst, C-606A, which had three times higher HDS activity than the conventional CoMoP/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Commercial operations to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) with C-606A have successfully demonstrated its high performance and high stability. This catalyst has an extremely high activity, which enables to achieve <10-ppm sulfur in products in diesel hydrotreater designed to produce 500-ppm sulfur diesel fuels. Mo K-edge EXAFS, TEM and FT-IR of adsorbed NO were performed to investigate the nature of the active sites on the developed catalysts. The results showed that the new catalyst has multiple layers of MoS₂ slabs and the edges of MoS₂ are mainly occupied by Co–Mo–S phases. XPS and FT-IR were used to investigate the sulfiding behavior of Co and Mo in the formation process of the active sites during sulfidation. The results showed that addition of carboxylic acid to the impregnation solution postponed the sulfidation of Co at low temperatures, thereby increasing formation of the Co–Mo–S phase.     

硫代硫酸铵对 CoMo 和 NiMoP 催化剂的预硫化

 采用硫代硫酸铵预硫化 CoMo 和 NiMoP 催化剂, 考察了预硫化剂的负载量对催化剂加氢脱硫活性的影响. 对于 CoMo 催化剂, 预硫化剂含量适中, 氢气活化后脱硫活性优于硫化氢硫化的对照催化剂. 预硫化过程中产生的 SO42?可修饰 Al2O3 载体, 减弱了活性相与金属的相互作用, 这可能是催化剂活性增加的原因. 硫代硫酸铵含量过低, 导致催化剂硫化不完全, 脱硫活性下降, 而硫化剂含量过高, 使活性颗粒长大, 因而活性中心数量减少, 脱硫活性降低. NiMoP 催化剂的活性金属含量高, 不易被硫代硫酸铵充分硫化, 导致预硫化催化剂活性低于对照的 NiMoP 催化剂.     

On the relationship between the preparation method and the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) hydrodesulfurization catalysts

A series of CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts have been prepared using various methodologies. One of them (EDF) was prepared by depositing the Mo species on the support via the equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) technique and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Another catalyst (co-EDF) was prepared by depositing the Co and Mo species simultaneously via EDF. A third catalyst (co-WET) was prepared by depositing Mo and Co species simultaneously using the wet impregnation method. The fourth catalyst (WET) was prepared by depositing the Mo species through wet impregnation and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Finally, the fifth catalyst (s-DRY) was prepared by mounting the Mo species through successive dry impregnations and then the Co species by dry impregnation. In all cases the Mo and Co content was identical, giving a Co/(Co+Mo) ratio equal to 0.13. These catalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques (BET, NO chemisorption, DRS, LRS, TPR, and XPS), and their catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene was determined. The trend observed for the HDS activity (namely, EDF>co-EDF>co-WET>s-DRY>WET) is attributed to similar trends observed for both the fraction of well-dispersed octahedral cobalt in the oxidic precursors and the concentration of the edge sulfur vacancies formed on the active phase of the sulfided samples. The EDF and co-EDF catalysts exhibited relatively low hydrogenating activity. The maximum HDS activity, achieved over the EDF catalyst, suggested the most suitable preparative strategy for the preparation of very active and less hydrogen-demanding CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) HDS catalysts.     

CO adsorption on CoMo and NiMo sulfide catalysts: a combined IR and DFT study

Experimental IR spectra of carbon monoxide adsorbed on a series of Mo/Al2O3, CoMo/Al2O3, and NiMo/Al2O3 sulfided catalysts have been compared to ab initio DFT calculations of CO adsorption on CoMo and NiMo model surfaces. This approach allows the main IR features of CO adsorbed on the sulfide phase to be assigned with an uncertainty of 15 cm(-1). On the CoMo system, the band at 2070 cm(-1) is specific of the promotion by Co and is assigned to CO interacting either with a Co atom or with a Mo atom adjacent to a Co atom. On the NiMo system, CO adsorption on Ni centers of the promoted phase leads to a high-wavenumber band at approximately 2120 cm(-1) that strongly overlaps the band at 2110 cm(-1) characteristic of nonpromoted Mo sites. For NiMo and CoMo catalysts, broad shoulders at low wave numbers (below 2060 cm(-1)) are characteristic of Mo centers adjacent to promoter atoms, indicating a partial decoration of the MoS2 edges by the promoter.     

Support effects on the chemical property and catalytic activity of Co-Mo HDS catalyst in sulfur recovery

Effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and alumina (γ-Al2O3) supports on the catalytic activities of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process over CoMo catalyst have been studied. XRD results indicated that the main active phases in CNT and γ-Al2O3 supported Co-Mo catalysts are MoO2 and MoO3, respectively. The TPR results reveal that the reduction peak temperatures of the active species on CNT supported Co-Mo catalyst is lower than those on alumina supported Co-Mo catalyst, indicating that the CNT supports favor the r...     

Genesis and activity of mo-based hydrotreating catalysts prepared by a sol-gel method

Molybdenum oxide-alumina catalysts used in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) with a wide range of Mo loadings (1–25% Mo) were prepared by the sol-gel process. Two different methods of adding the molybdenum oxide precursor to the support were used.In the first route, alumina is prepared by hydrolysis of aluminium tri sec-butylate in butanol and butanediol, and molybdenum is deposited by a classical dry impregnation with ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM). In the second route, the molybdenum oxospecies are dispersed in butanediol and added to the aluminium alkoxide before hydrolysis. The solids were calcined to obtain the oxide precursors which are then sulfided to give the active phase in hydrodesulfurization.The effect of preparation on the structural properties of alumina as well as on the state and dispersion of molybdenum in the dried, calcined and sulfided form was studied by various characterization techniques (XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy). Molybdenum appears to be present as well dispersed oxomolybdenum species in the oxide form even at high loadings. This good dispersion of molybdenum is preserved after sulfidation which induces the formation of MoS₂ crystallites whose morphology has been determined by HREM.The catalyst activities were evaluated in thiophene hydrodesulfurization and compared with that of catalysts prepared by dry impregnation of a commercial alumina. The observed performances are in agreement with the good dispersion of molybdenum at high loadings we were able to obtain owing to the sol-gel process.     

Structure of the active sites of Co-Mo Hydrodesulfurization catalysts as studied by magnetic susceptibility measurement and NO adsorption

The elucidation of a molecular structure of the active sites (i.e., the Co-Mo-S phase) of Co-Mo hydrodesulfurization catalysts has received extensive attention. In the present study, we unambiguously determined, for the first time, the NO adsorption behavior and magnetic property of the Co-Mo-S phase by preparing unique Co-Mo/Al(2)O(3) catalysts (CVD-Co/MoS(2)/Al(2)O(3)), in which all the Co atoms are present as the Co-Mo-S phase. The catalysts were characterized by NO adsorption (pulse technique and FTIR), Co K-edge XANES, and the magnetic susceptibility and effective magnetic moment of Co. Nitric oxide molecules were adsorbed on 33% of the Co atoms in CVD-Co/MoS(2)/Al(2)O(3) after sulfidation and on only half of the Co atoms even after an H(2)-treatment of the sulfided catalyst at 573-673 K. The Co atoms in CVD-Co/MoS(2)/Al(2)O(3) exclusively exhibited an antiferromagnetic property, indicating that even-numbered Co atoms are interacting with each other in the Co-Mo-S phase. A Co-Mo/Al(2)O(3) catalyst, prepared by a conventional impregnation technique, was composed of the antiferromagnetic Co sulfide species as observed in CVD-Co/MoS(2)/Al(2)O(3) in addition to Co(9)S(8). On the basis of the NO adsorption behavior and magnetic property, it is empirically proposed that the structure of the Co-Mo-S phase is represented as a Co sulfide dinuclear cluster located on the edge of MoS(2) particles. The magnetic property of Co/Al(2)O(3) sulfide catalysts depended on the preparation method.     

Improvement of HDS catalysts through the modification of the oxidic precursor with 1,5-pentanediol: Gas phase sulfidation and thiophene conversion

The performance, in thiophene HDS, of a CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst was successfully improved through chemical modification of its oxidic precursor by impregnation with 1,5-pentanediol solution. The gas phase activation with a H₂/H₂S mixture was followed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a rapid chromatograph; the catalysts were characterized at different steps of the activation using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It appeared that the addition of the organic agent retards the sulfidation of the supported metals, leading to a simultaneous sulfidation of Co and Mo atoms. This induces the formation of smaller MoS₂ slabs and thus an increase in the number of active CoMoS sites, directly correlated with the better HDS performance of the modified solid. The role of 1,5-pentanediol is likely to inhibit, at low temperature, the adsorption of H₂S on the solid and thus the sulfidation of the supported metals.