m-4-m型Gemini表面活性剂对铂电极上亚甲蓝吸附溶出伏安行为的影响

在0.050 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中(pH=6.4), 亚甲蓝(MB)在铂电极上于-0.2 V产生一对不明显的伏安峰. 当向溶液中加入阳离子型Gemini表面活性剂Br-C16H33N+(CH3)2-C4H8-N+(CH3)2C16H33Br-, Br-C12H25N+(CH3)2-C4H8-N+(CH3)2C12H25Br-或Br-C8H17N+(CH3)2-C4H8-N+(CH3)2C8H17Br-后, 亚甲蓝的氧化峰显著增高, 还原峰降低, 氧化还原峰峰电位均正移, 这和表面活性剂与MB在电极表面的协同吸附有关. 联接基团相同的Gemini表面活性剂, 其影响程度随烷基链的增长而逐渐增强. 增大表面活性剂的浓度, MB的氧化峰先升高后缓慢降低. 如当Br-C16H33N+(CH3)2-C4H8-N+(CH3)2C16H33Br-的浓度为15 μmol·L-1 时, 5 μmol·L-1 MB的氧化峰峰电流达到最大值. 此外,溶液pH值和富集电位等对MB及表面活性剂的吸附亦有影响.     

Ti-Si介孔分子筛的转晶与控制

以季铵盐型阳离子Gemini表面活性剂[C16H33(CH3)2N+(CH2)6N+(CH3)2C16H33]•2Br−(GEM16-6-16)为模板剂, 改变n(Ti)/n(Si)比值, 合成了系列Ti-Si介孔分子筛. X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征结果表明, 在n(Ti)/n(Si)≤0.20时, 分子筛为高度有序六方介孔; 当 n(Ti)/n(Si)为 0.30时, 介孔转晶为立方相; 当n(Ti)/n(Si)为0.50时, 介孔转晶为层状相; n(Ti)/n(Si)为1.0时, 材料失去有序孔道结构. FT-IR分析表明, 在分子筛骨架间形成了Ti—O—Si键, 而且Ti—O—Si键的数目随n(Ti)/n(Si)的增加而增加, 达到一定饱和值后基本保持不变. 乙醇和丁醇对纯硅基介孔分子筛孔结构转晶控制作用呈现六方相→立方相→层状相递变规律, 因而钛酸正丁酯水解生成的丁醇对Ti-Si介孔分子筛转晶具有一定的控制作用.     

阳离子表面活性剂结构对两相体系长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应的影响

合成了四种季铵盐型阳离子表面活性剂，C16H33N（N2H5）3Br(十六烷基三乙基溴化铵)，C16H33N(CH3)2C12H25Br(十六烷基十二烷基二甲基溴化铵)，C22H45N(CH3)3I(二十二烷基三甲基碘化铵)和C22H45N(CH3)2C16H33Br(二十二烷基十六烷基二甲基溴化铵)，考察其在水-有机两相体系中对Rh-TPPTS催化的长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应的促进作用。结果表明，表面活性剂中疏水长链和阳离子头的变化对催化性能有重要影响，疏水长链的增长和疏水长链数目的增加、小的阳离子头均有利于加快催化反应的速度，而疏水长链对催化活性的影响更为显著。     

以一种新型Gemini表面活性剂作为介孔模板剂通过转晶过程合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛

将一种新型Gemini表面活性剂,丙撑基双(十八烷基二甲基氯化铵)[C18H37(CH3)2–N+–(CH2)3–N+–(CH3)2C18H37]Cl2(C18-3-18),作为介孔模板剂用于水热法合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛.结果表明,在130 oC低温晶化即可高效合成介孔ZSM-5分子刷.C18-3-18的加入量可影响到所合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度和织构性质,它的形成遵从一个转晶过程.在合成初期,凝胶中介孔模板剂C18-3-18的使用导向了介孔材料的生成;随后在TPABr的模板作用下,介孔材料慢慢转晶生成具有MFI结构的介孔ZSM-5;然后所合成的介孔ZSM-5晶粒进一步长大并聚集形成块状颗粒,同时产生晶间介孔.C18-3-18作为介孔导向剂不仅可用于合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛,也可用于其它介孔分子筛的合成中.     

用TEAOH-C4H9NO复合模板剂合成SAPO-34分子筛的研究Ⅰ.SAPO-34分子筛的合成与表征

 以吗啉(C4H9NO)为主要模板剂,以少量四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为辅助模板剂合成了SAPO -34分子筛,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重-差热分析等手段对 合成的SAPO-34分子筛进行了表征. 结果表明,TEAOH在导向生成SAPO-34分子筛骨架过程中 表现活跃,占据了较多的平衡骨架负电荷的位置,而吗啉主要起到填充分子筛孔道的作用. 用 TEAOH-C4H9NO复合模板剂合成的SAPO-34分子筛,其晶粒远小于单用吗啉模板剂合成的 分子筛.     

用TEAOH-C4H9NO复合模板剂合成SAPO-34分子筛的研究I．SAPO-34分子筛的合成与表征

以吗啉(C4H9NO)为主要模板剂，以少量四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为辅助模板剂合成了SAPO-34分子筛，并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重-差热分析等手段对合成的SAPO-34分子筛进行了表征．结果表明，TEAOH在导向生成SAPO-34分子筛骨架过程中表现活跃，占据了较多的平衡骨架负电荷的位置，而吗啉主要起到填充分子筛孔道的作用．用TEAOH—C4H9NO复合模板剂合成的SAPO-34分子筛，其晶粒远小于单用吗啉模板剂合成的分子筛．     

苯及苯磺酸基官能化的中孔分子筛的合成及催化应用

近年来 ,通过对介孔分子筛 (如 MCM,HMS,MSU-X)结构及组成的化学“裁剪”,制备具有特定结构和表面性质的催化材料成为该领域的研究热点之一 [1～ 5] .许多文献报道了 MCM-4 1的有机官能化中孔材料的制备技术 [5～ 8] ,并将其应用于有机合成反应 ,取得了较好的结果 [7,8] .其中 MSU-X介孔分子筛结构具有三维排列“Worm-like”孔道特征 ,有利于物料传输 ;相对于 MCM-4 1分子筛在合成方面具有以中性表面活性剂作模板剂且模板剂容易去除等诸多优点[9] .本文采用非离子表面活性剂 C11— 15H2 3— 31(CH2 CH2 O) 9H(AEO9)为模板剂 ,…     

新型负载配位催化剂ZBDPPEDAEPA／TiO2／Pd催化羰化反应研究

用乙二胺-N'-乙基膦酸的氨基与季盐[Ph2P+(CH2OH)2]Cl-,经曼尼希反应合成了N,N-双二苯膦甲基-乙二胺-N'-乙基膦酸(Ph2PCH2)2NCH2CH2N+H2CH2CH2PO3H-(BDPPEDAEPA), 并制备了相应的(N,N-双二苯膦甲基-乙二胺-N'-乙基膦酸-磷酸氢)锆载体Zr(HPO4)1.35[(Ph2PCH2)2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2PO3]0.65·H2O (ZBDPPEDAEPA) 及二氧化钛和二氧化锆微粉表面包膜了ZBDPPEDAEPA的新型催化剂载体ZBDPPEDAEPA / TiO2、ZBDPPEDAEPA/ ZrO2和相应的钯催化剂ZBDPPEDAEPA / Pd、ZBDPPEDAEPA / TiO2 / Pd、ZBDPPEDAEPA/ZrO2/Pd. 在常压条件下, 对该类催化剂催化氯苄羰化反应的活性及产物组成作了初步考察. 对催化剂载体的粒径分析表明, ZBDPPEDAEPA / TiO2 / Pd的高活性归因于ZBDPPEDAEPA / TiO2载体的颗粒均匀、平均粒径小.ZBDPPEDAEPA以平均50 nm的薄层包膜在TiO2上, 这层包膜属于纳米级催化材料.     

pH值对廉价硅源合成MSU-1的影响

以硅酸钠为硅源、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂C12-15H25-31O(CH2CH2O)9H (记为A(EO)9) 为模板剂,采用二步法合成MSU-1,在较宽的pH值范围里 (0.78～9.59),系统考察pH值的影响.对产物进行XRD和低温N2吸脱附表征.结果表明,随pH值升高,产物的孔道有序度先提高后降低;比表面、孔容均是先增大后减小,pH为1.98时,合成产物的比表面、孔容最大 (分别高达1202m2/g、0.83cm3/g);孔壁厚度随pH值呈波浪形变化,并对以上结果给予解释.     

纳米沸石的模板可控去除及分子扩散限制

采用微波水热合成纳米β沸石,并利用微波辅助的类芬顿法可控去除纳米β沸石孔道中的模板剂,使其具备一定的孔道深度、比表面积以及可接近酸性位.以果糖酸催化转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)为探针反应,探索了果糖分子在不同孔道深度和活性位的纳米β沸石中的扩散行为对催化效果的影响.研究发现,酸性位相同的条件下,纳米沸石孔道深度越深扩散限制越显著,反应选择性越差.即使在催化剂加入量相同即可接近酸性位不同时,果糖分子在孔道中的扩散限制对催化反应的影响也显著于酸量的影响,充分说明了微孔催化剂中反应物/产物分子扩散限制对于催化反应影响的重要性,使得所制备催化剂的表面酸性位和适宜的孔道深度共同对反应产生有利的影响.     

π–π Interactions Between Aromatic Groups in Amphiphilic Molecules: Directing Hierarchical Growth of Porous Zeolites

The development of hierarchical macro‐ or mesoporous zeolites is essential in zeolite synthesis because the size of the micropores limits mass transport and their use as industrial catalysts for bulky molecules. Although major breakthroughs have been achieved, fabricating crystallographically ordered mesoporous zeolites using a templating strategy is still an unsolved challenge. This minireview highlights our recent efforts on the self‐assembly of amphiphilic molecules to obtain ordered hierarchical MFI zeolites by introducing aromatic groups into the hydrophobic tail of the amphiphilic molecules. Owing to the geometric matching between the self‐assembled aromatic tails and the MFI framework, a) single‐crystalline mesostructured zeolite nanosheets (SCZNs), b) SCZNs with a 90° rotational intergrowth structure, c) a hierarchical MFI zeolite with a two‐dimensional square P4mm mesostructure, and d) a single‐crystalline mesoporous ZSM‐5 with three‐dimensional pores and sheetlike mesopores layered along the a‐axis were successfully synthesized.     

High Ethylene Selectivity in Methanol‐to‐Olefin (MTO) Reaction over MOR‐Zeolite Nanosheets

Precisely controlled crystal growth endows zeolites with special textural and catalytic properties. A nanosheet mordenite zeolite with a thickness of ca. 11 nm, named as MOR‐NS, has been prepared using a well‐designed gemini‐type amphiphilic surfactant as bifunctional structure‐directing agent (SDA). Its benzyl diquarternary ammonium cations structurally directed the formation of MOR topology, whereas the long and hydrophobic hexadecyl tailing group prevented the extensive crystal growth along b axis. This kind of orientated crystallization took place through the inorganic–organic interaction between silica species and SDA molecules present in the whole process. The thin MOR nanosheets, with highly exposed (010) planes and 8‐membered ring (MR) windows, exhibited a much improved ethylene selectivity (42.1 %) for methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) reactions when compared with conventional bulk MOR crystals (3.3 %).     

Seed‐Mediated and Iodide‐Assisted Synthesis of Gold Nanocrystals with Systematic Shape Evolution from Rhombic Dodecahedral to Octahedral Structures

We report the development of a seed‐mediated and iodide‐assisted method for the synthesis of monodisperse gold nanocrystals with systematic shape evolution from rhombic dodecahedral to octahedral structures. Particle growth is complete in 15 min at room temperature, so the process is fast and energy‐efficient. By progressively increasing the volume of KI used in a growth solution while keeping the amount of ascorbic acid added constant, nanocrystals with morphologies that vary from rhombic dodecahedral to rhombicuboctahedral, edge‐ and corner‐truncated octahedral, corner‐truncated octahedral, and octahedral structures were synthesized. The nanocrystals are monodisperse in size and readily form self‐assembled structures on substrates. By simply adjusting the volume of gold seed solution added to a growth solution, particle sizes of the octahedral gold nanocrystals can be tuned with average opposite corner‐to‐corner distances of 42, 48, 54, 60, 68, 93, 107, and 125 nm. In the presence of HAuCl₄, iodide may act as a reducing agent. Variation of its volume in the solution may slightly modulate the reduction rate and affect the final crystal morphology. Intermediate structures collected during crystal growth reveal the presence of many twisted structures that surround a developing nanocrystal core. This nanocrystal growth mechanism and the less important role of surfactant in directing the polyhedral nanocrystal morphology is discussed.     

“Raft” Formation by Two‐Dimensional Self‐Assembly of Block Copolymer Rod Micelles in Aqueous Solution

Block copolymers can form a broad range of self‐assembled aggregates. In solution, planar assemblies usually form closed structures such as vesicles; thus, free‐standing sheet formation can be challenging. While most polymer single crystals are planar, their growth usually occurs by uptake of individual chains. Here we report a novel lamella formation mechanism: core‐crystalline spherical micelles link up to form rods in solution, which then associate to yield planar arrays. For the system of poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐polycaprolactone in water, co‐assembly with homopolycaprolactone can induce a series of morphological changes that yield either rods or lamellae. The underlying lamella formation mechanism was elucidated by electron microscopy, while light scattering was used to probe the kinetics. The hierarchical growth of lamellae from one‐dimensional rod subunits, which had been formed from spherical assemblies, is novel and controllable in terms of product size and aspect ratio.     

Gemini quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis: An effective way to tune the textural properties of zeolite and the acidity of Beta molecular sieves

Novel hierarchical Beta zeolites have been successfully synthesized via a one‐pot dual‐templates strategy utilizing gemini organic surfactant and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH)through hydrothermal process. The influence of several parameters on the formation of hierarchical Beta zeolite, the change in acidity and a possible growth scheme were systematically investigated. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were characterized by PXRD, BET, SEM, HRTEM SAED, TG and NH₃‐TPD techniques, and the performance as acid catalysts was verified using the transformation of EtOH as a model reaction. On one hand, WAXRD data indicated that decreasing the temperature of synthesis and increasing amounts of C_12‐6‐12 in the process of synthesis resulted in lower crystallinity of Beta zeolites due to the BEA nuclei formation and crystal growth constrained by C_12‐6‐12. On the other hand, SAXRD and HRTEM data evidenced that C_12‐6‐12 initially generated a pseudo‐ordered mesoporous phase which was then partially occupied by the zeolite. After a period of ~96 h for crystallization, the hierarchy zeolite possessing 765.7 m²·g^‐1 of Brunauer‐Emmett‐Tellerarea, and average mesopore size distribution of 3.51 nm can be synthesized, and its microporous structure has a good crystallinity and lower amounts of acid sites than that of the microporous Beta one. Furthermore, the as‐obtained hierarchical zeolite displayed lower deactivation rate mainly due to the less coke formation on the surface of catalyst. It is expected to develop more considerable potential application value for the hierarchical Beta zeolite structure in the near future.     

Hierarchical Nanowires Synthesized by Supramolecular Stepwise Polymerization

The self‐organization of pre‐assembled aggregates is an efficient stepwise strategy for fabricating nanostructures with a second level of hierarchy. Herein, we report that anisotropic spindle‐like micelles, self‐assembled from polypeptide graft copolymers with rigid backbones, can serve as ideal pre‐assembled subunits for constructing one‐dimensional materials with hierarchical structures. By adding organic solvents and dialyzing against water, reactive points can be generated at the ends of the spindle‐like micelles, which subsequently drive the anisotropic micelles to grow as rods in a chain and eventually self‐assemble into hierarchical nanowires in a stepwise manner. The second self‐assembly step is a hierarchical process that resembles step polymerization. Hierarchical structures can be precisely synthesized by this new type of polymerization. These nanostructures can be tailored by the activity of the reactive points, which depends on the nature of the solvent and the molecular architecture.     

Fabrication of hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 by alkali treatment with improved catalytic performance in the methanol-to-olefin reaction

A series of hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 zeolites were synthesized by treatment with different concentrations of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) solutions. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), temperature-programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared, and N₂ adsorption and desorption techniques and studied as catalysts for the methanol to olefin reaction. The characterization results reveal that the crystal size of ZnSAPO-34 is greatly reduced compared with the parent SAPO-34 owing to the incorporation of Zn. Hierarchical pores with the sizes up to the macropore level in the ZnSAPO-34 zeolites are created with the post-treatment of TEAOH. The acid strength and the amounts of the strong acid of the hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 zeolites decrease after the post-treatment because TEAOH preferentially extracts Si species from the zeolite. The hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 zeolites exhibit superior catalytic performance than that of the parent ZnSAPO-34, owing to the shortened transportation distance and the appropriate acidity of the treated samples.     

Self-assembly and hierarchical organization of Ga2O3/In2O3 nanostructures

We report on the realization of novel 3-D hierarchical heterostructures with 6-and 4-fold symmetries by a transport and condensation technique. It was found that the major core nanowires or nanobelts are single-crystalline In2O3, and the secondary nanorods are single-crystalline monoclinic beta-Ga2O3 and grow either perpendicular on or slanted to all the facets of the core In2O3 nanobelts. Depending on the diameter of the core In2O3 nanostructures, the secondary Ga2O3 nanorods grow either as a single row or multiple rows. The one-step growth of the unique Ga2O3/In2O3 heteronanostructures is a spontaneous and self-organized process. The simultaneous control of nanocrystal size and shape together with the possibility of growing heterostructures on certain nanocrystal facets opens up novel routes to the synthesis of more sophisticated heterostructures as building blocks for opto- and nanoelectronics.     

Regulating Higher‐Order Organization through the Synergy of Two Self‐Sorted Assemblies

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the natural fibrous scaffold that regulates cell behavior in a hierarchical manner. By mimicking the dynamic and reciprocal interactions between ECM and cells, higher‐order molecular self‐assembly (SA), mediated through the dynamic growth of scaffold‐like nanostructures assembled by different molecular components, was developed. Designed and synthesized were two self‐sorted coumarin‐based gelators, a peptide molecule and a benzoate molecule, which self‐assemble into nanofibers and nanobelts, respectively, with different dynamic profiles. Upon the dynamic growth of the fibrous scaffold assembled from peptide gelators, nanobelts assembled from benzoate gelators transform into a layer‐by‐layer nanosheet, reaching ninefold increase in height. By using light and an enzyme, the spatial–temporal growth of the scaffold can be modified, leading to in situ height regulation of the higher‐order architecture.     

Biomineralization of a Cadmium Chloride Nanocrystal by a Designed Symmetrical Protein

We have engineered a metal‐binding site into the novel artificial β‐propeller protein Pizza. This new Pizza variant carries two nearly identical domains per polypeptide chain, and forms a trimer with three‐fold symmetry. The designed single metal ion binding site lies on the symmetry axis, bonding the trimer together. Two copies of the trimer associate in the presence of cadmium chloride in solution, and very high‐resolution X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals a nanocrystal of cadmium chloride, sandwiched between two trimers of the protein. This nanocrystal, containing seven cadmium ions lying in a plane and twelve interspersed chloride ions, is the smallest reported to date. Our results indicate the feasibility of using rationally designed symmetrical proteins to biomineralize nanocrystals with useful properties.