甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

用于甲烷脱氢芳构化反应Mo基催化剂的研究

 通过对分子筛载体HZSM－5进行精密前处理，然后浸渍钼酸铵溶液和添加微量助剂Fe，分别制得催化剂Mo／HZSM－5（t）和Fe－Mo／HZSM－5（t），考察了它们对甲烷脱氢芳构化反应的催化性能．结果表明，在Mo／HZSM－5（t）催化剂上，反应5h后，甲烷的转化率可达11．4％，苯收率高于6．2％，在反应30h后，甲烷的转化率可达8．8％，苯收率高于5．3％，催化剂显示出较高的稳定性．微量助剂Fe的添加在保持催化剂稳定性的前提下进一步改善了催化剂的活性，使甲烷的转化率相对于Mo／HZSM－5（t）上的提高了18％，苯收率提高了52％．XRD和TPO测试表明活性组分Mo和助剂Fe高度分散于载体上或进入载体孔道中，载体的精密前处理及Fe的添加提高了催化剂的抗积炭能力，使得催化剂稳定性显著提高．     

分子筛性质对Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应的影响

 通过改变合成条件与合成体系，考察了不同硅源合成的HZSM－5分子筛对Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应性能的影响．结果表明，用水玻璃合成的HZSM－5分子筛负载Mo后，其催化性能优于用硅溶胶合成的分子筛．1HMASNMR测定结果表明，前者的Br¨onsted酸 浓度较后者大．通过改变合成条件，减小HZSM－5分子筛的粒度，可以提高催化剂在甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应中的稳定性．     

不同晶粒大小HZSM-5载体对甲烷无氧芳构化反应的影响

将不同晶粒大小的HZSM－5做为甲烷无氧芳构化反应催化剂的载体，系统研究了不同晶粒大小HZSM－5载体对反应的影响，研究发现，不同晶粒大小HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂具有不同的催化反应性能，同一体系下合成的不同晶粒大小的HZSM－5，其催化剂的催化活性与HZSM－5的酸量成正比，进一步证实了载体HZSM－5在该反应中起到酸催化作用，对于酸量相近的HZSM－5，其粒度越小，催化性能越好，纳米级HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂，其反应性能优于微米级HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂，以纳米HZSM－5为载体的6％Mo/HZSM-5催化剂具有最佳的反应性能：反应60min时，甲烷转化率为15．45％，苯收率为6．01％。     

微量氧对MoHZSM-5上甲烷芳构化反应的影响

 研究了微量氧对Mo／HZSM－5沸石上甲烷芳构化反应的影响．结\r\n果表明，氧的浓度存在阈值，当甲烷中氧的浓度低于阈值时，氧的加入\r\n可提高Mo／HZSM－5沸石对甲烷芳构化反应的稳定性；高于此值则发生\r\n甲烷的完全氧化反应．用紫外拉曼光谱和紫外激光诱导荧光光谱对在不\r\n同氧浓度的甲烷中反应后的Mo／HZSM－5样品进行了表征．催化剂上的\r\n积碳量，钼物种的碳化程度以及反应后样品在520～580nm间出现的荧光\r\n谱带峰位都随反应气氛中氧浓度的增加而降低．完全氧化时，钼物种被\r\n氧化为氧化钼，而此时荧光谱带下降到520nm．可以认为，荧光光谱的\r\n变化反映了钼物种的碳化程度，从而可将发生完全氧化反应后Mo／HZS\r\nM－5样品的520nm荧光谱带归属为氧化钼，而580nm附近的谱带可归属为\r\nMoOxCy；加氧时，MoOxCy／HZSM－5是甲烷芳构化反应的活性相．     

甲烷脱氢芳构化Mo/HZSM-5基催化剂表征

利用H2-TPR、XPS、EPR等谱学方法，对Mo／HZSM－5基催化剂的可还原性以及工作态催化剂上钼物种的价态进行了表征研究．结果表明，随着焙烧温度的升高，前驱态催化剂中可还原钢物种在总钼量中所占比率明显下降；工作态催化剂表面存在混合价态的Mo物种：以Mo4 为主，Mo5 为次；673K焙烧制备并经DHAM反应操作的催化剂上检测到Mo5 的EPR讯号相当弱，而973K焙烧制备并经同样反应操作的催化剂，其Mo5 EPR讯号却强得多；酸促进的Mo／HZSM－5基催化剂上高的甲烷转化活性与工作态催化剂表面Mo5 物种的浓度并不存在顺变关系，而与表面酸位（尤其是B酸位）及Mo4 物种的浓度密切相关．     

不同方法制备的Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷的芳构化反应

 采用机械混合、机械混合后焙烧和机械混合后微波处理等方法制备Mo／HZSM－5催化剂,并对催化剂上甲烷芳构化反应性能进行了考察．结果表明,与浸渍法相比,用机械混合法、固相反应法和微波法制备的催化剂,在保持甲烷转化率不变的前提下,能明显提高芳烃选择性并减少积炭的生成;不同方法制备的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上Mo物种的落位不同,机械混合法、固相反应法和微波法使Mo物种较多地落位于分子筛外表面．结合反应结果可以得出,落位于分子筛外表面的Mo物种对甲烷芳构化反应更为有利,而且明显减少积炭的生成．     

Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上丙烷的芳构化反应

 采用浸渍法、机械混合法和水热法制备了Mo／HZSM－5分子筛催化剂,考察了Mo含量和在线反应时间对丙烷芳构化反应的影响,并以IR,XRD,NH3－TPD和XPS等表征手段研究了Mo物种对HZSM－5分子筛结构和酸性的影响．结果表明,水热法制备的催化剂丙烷芳构化活性最高,且具有较高的活性稳定性,在焙烧过程中Mo物种易在HZSM－5分子筛上分散,且比浸渍法更多地进入分子筛孔道内,并与分子筛产生强相互作用,使B酸中心减少,L酸中心增多．而浸渍法制备的催化剂的芳构化性能比相应的水热法催化剂低,活性稳定性较差,经焙烧后在分子筛外部形成结晶,进入孔道内的数量较少,对分子筛酸性的影响也低于水热法催化剂．     

Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷无氧芳构化反应中积炭的研究

 对经过程序升温表面甲烷无氧芳构化反应后的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上的积炭进行程序升温加氢反应和程序升温二氧化碳反应,并对相应的催化剂上的积炭进行程序升温氧化反应和热重实验,以研究催化剂上的不同积炭物种．结果表明,甲烷无氧芳构化反应后有两类烧炭峰,一类是低温烧炭峰,另一类是高温烧炭峰;H2主要对高温烧炭峰发生作用,对低温烧炭峰几乎没有影响;CO2可同时对两种烧炭峰产生影响．由此推论,甲烷在无氧条件下直接转化生成芳烃的反应过程中,沉积在Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上的积炭有三种形式,即：能够与H2反应的积炭,能够与CO2反应的积炭和可能以Mo2C形式存在的物种．     

甲烷芳构化Mo／HZSM—5催化剂上添加第二组分的研究

研究了在3％Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上添加Fe、Cr、Co、Ga助剂对甲烷芳构化反应的影响,以及添加的物料比与甲烷转化率、碳氢化合物和焦炭的选择性、苯产物分布的关系。结果表明,添加Fe、Cr、Co、Ga金属助剂,调整了HZSM－5的酸性,从而改变了催化剂的活性,XRD 结果表明,添加了Co、Fe助剂的催化剂,使用后其HZSM－5分子筛的晶相结构发生了变化。     

甲烷在MoO_3／HZSM－5分子筛催化剂上的非氧催化转化

研究了反应温度、空速、Ｍｏ担载量和焙烧温度对ＭｏＯ３／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上甲烷的芳构化反应的影响．ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛的Ｂｒｏｎｓｔｅｄ酸性、孔道结构和Ｍｏ在分子筛中的分布是影响催化性能的重要因素．ＨＺＳＭ－５上Ｍｏ担载量为２～３％时活性最佳，在１０１３Ｋ反应温度下甲烷转化率可达９％，芳烃选择性大于９０％．空速影响的实验表明乙烯是反应的初始产物．在此基础上提出了＂甲烷酸助异裂活化＂的新概念、＂金属钼类碳烯中间物＂的新观点和甲烷芳构化的可能机理．     

用于甲烷芳构化的Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的活化（英文）

The effect of Mo/HZSM-5 pretreatment at 973 K in inert(He), oxidizing(artificial air), and carburizing(CH4/He mixture) atmospheres on its performance in non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization(MDA) was investigated. The effect of post-synthesis silylation on deactivation of external acid sites was also studied. Precarburization resulted in increased aromatic selectivity and improved catalyst stability. The benzene selectivity was the highest for the silylated Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst(benzene + naphthalene selectivity after 1 h on stream was close to 100%). The deactivation of precarburized zeolites was less pronounced than that of zeolites heated in air or He. During heating in air or He, larger fractions of the molybdenum oxide species diffused into the micropores than during heating in methane. Carburization of the molybdenum oxide species in the micropores during MDA resulted in the formation of molybdenum carbide particles, and these contributed to pore blocking, making the Brnsted acid sites inaccessible. The formation of molybdenum carbides during heating in methane resulted in a less mobile Mo phase. It is argued that the presence of molybdenum carbide particles in the micropores contributes to rapid catalyst deactivation, in addition to the formation of hard coke on the external surface.     

Activation of Mo/HZSM-5 for methane aromatization

The effect of Mo/HZSM-5 pretreatment at 973 K in inert (He), oxidizing (artificial air), and carbu-rizing (CH4/He mixture) atmospheres on its performance in non-oxidative methane dehydroaroma-tization (MDA) was investigated. The effect of post-synthesis silylation on deactivation of external acid sites was also studied. Precarburization resulted in increased aromatic selectivity and im-proved catalyst stability. The benzene selectivity was the highest for the silylated Mo/HZSM-5 cata-lyst (benzene+naphthalene selectivity after 1 h on stream was close to 100%). The deactivation of precarburized zeolites was less pronounced than that of zeolites heated in air or He. During heating in air or He, larger fractions of the molybdenum oxide species diffused into the micropores than during heating in methane. Carburization of the molybdenum oxide species in the micropores dur-ing MDA resulted in the formation of molybdenum carbide particles, and these contributed to pore blocking, making the Br?nsted acid sites inaccessible. The formation of molybdenum carbides dur-ing heating in methane resulted in a less mobile Mo phase. It is argued that the presence of molyb-denum carbide particles in the micropores contributes to rapid catalyst deactivation, in addition to the formation of hard coke on the external surface.     

Methane dehydro-aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts in the absence of oxygen: Effect of steam-treatment on catalyst stability

The effect of steam-treatment to HZSM-5 zeolite and Mo/HZSM-5 with a steaming time range of 0.5-1 h on the catalytic performance of methane dehydro-aromatization (MDA) over Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared with impregnation has been studied in detail in combination with the characterization of 1H MAS NMR technique. Both the deactivation rate constant (kd) and the Brnsted acid sites per unit cell were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the stability of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts treated with steam at 813 K before and after impregnation of molybdenum species, and the corresponding variation of their Brnsted acid sites. The results reveal that a V-shape relationship between kd and the number of B1 acid sites per unit cell is presented on Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst under the tested steam-treatment and reaction conditions.     

Effective conversion of cellobiose and glucose to sorbitol using non-noble bimetallic NiCo/HZSM-5 catalyst

The tandem hydrolysis and hydrogenation of saccharides into sorbitol is an especially attractive reaction in the conversion of biomass. Here, an economical and efficient bimetallic catalyst for the transformation of glucose and cellobiose into sorbitol is reported. Non-precious metal based catalysts such as NiCo, Ni, and Co, were prepared via modified impregnation method, and NiCo/HZSM-5 showed superior performance for the synthesis of sorbitol (86.9% from cellobiose, 98.6% from D-glucose). Various characterizations, such as Brunner-Emmet-Teler (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed that NiCo alloy formed and highly dispersed in NiCo/HZSM-5 catalyst. The high performance of fabricated catalyst would be attributed to the formation of nickel-cobalt alloy over HZSM-5 zeolite surface. High temperature and H₂ pressure were favorable for the tandem hydrolysis and hydrogenation reaction. Besides, the reaction pathway was also proposed based on the kinetics study. Cellobitol was detected as the intermediate in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, in the catalytic stability study, it was found that active metal species of NiCo/HZSM-5 were stable. The deactivation of catalyst would be due to the covering of acidic sites over NiCo/HZSM-5.     

甲烷在钼／含磷五元环沸石催化剂上的无氧芳构化

报道甲烷在无氧条件下，在一种不同于Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂的钼／含磷五元环沸石催化剂上催化转化制高级烃类（苯等）的新反应，实验表明，在钼／含磷五元环沸石催化刘，当Ｍｏ浸渍的重分数为２０％时，甲烷具有最佳反应活性，其转化率为９．２３％，工选择怀为９２．７４５，用ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＤ、ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ和ＴＰＲｃＭｏ     

Characterization and Activity of Cr, Cu and Ga Modified ZSM—5 for Direct Conversion of Methane to Liquid Hydrocarbons

Direct conversion of methane using a metal-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite prepared via acidic ion exchange was investigated to elucidate the roles of metal and acidity in the formation of liquid hydrocarbons. ZSM-5 (SiO2/A12O3=30) was loaded with different metals (Cr, Cu and Ga) according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce metal-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. XRD, NMR, FT-IR and N2 adsorption analyses indicated that Cr and Ga species managed to occupy the alllmlnum positions in the ZSM-5 framework. In addition, Cr species were deposited in the pores of the structure. However, Cu oxides were deposited on the surface and in the mesopores of the ZSM-5 zeolite. An acidity study using TPD-NH3, FT-IR, and IR-pyridine analyses revealed that the total number of acid sites and the strengths of the BrSusted and Lewis acid sites were significantly different after the acidic ion exchange treatment.Cu loaded HZSM-5 is a potential catalyst for direct conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. The successful production of gasoline via the direct conversion of methane depends on the amount of aluminum in the zeolite framework and the strength of the BrSnsted acid sites.     

用于乙烯芳构化反应的Zn/HZSM-5催化剂失活机制研究

采用浸渍法制备了Zn负载量（质量分数）分别为1%、2%、3%的Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,通过XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、Py-FTIR、XPS、TG-DTA等技术,系统考察Zn/HZSM-5分子筛在乙烯芳构化反应的失活机制。结果表明,积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因,HZSM-5中Zn的添加在较大程度上抑制了催化剂的积炭行为;低Zn含量时催化剂失活缓慢,但Zn含量较高时,由于催化剂比表面积和孔体积极剧下降,催化剂失活加剧。反应过程中,分子筛上Zn物种存在迁移和流失行为,迁移行为体现为催化剂表面Zn的富集和相对比例的变化;Zn流失速率在不同反应阶段保持恒定,但受到Zn含量的影响,Zn含量越高、流失速率越大。外表面ZnO是分子筛催化剂Zn流失的主要物种,且随Zn负载量升高变化趋势愈加明显,其含量与积炭速率存在一定关联。     

Propane Aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 Catalysts

Impregnation, mechanical mixing and hydrothermal treatment methods were used to introduce molybdenum species into the HZSM-5 zeolite. The structure and surface acidity of the catalysts were studied by means of XRD, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, TPR and XPS. The effects of Mo content and reaction time on stream on the aromatization of propane were investigated. It was found that the performance of the Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared by the hydrothermal treatment method was much better than that of the other two catalysts. For example, under the reaction conditions of 823 K and 600 h-1, propane conversion and aromatics selectivity over the catalyst prepared by hydrothermal pretreatment could reach 89.17% and 78.56%, respectively. XRD and XPS results showed that the Mo species in the catalysts prepared by hydrothermal treatment were highly dispersed on the surface of the HZSM-5, and larger amounts of them could penetrate into the HZSM-5 channel, as compared with the other two kinds of catalysts. These factors may be responsi