硫/水热碳球复合材料的制备及对锂硫电池倍率性能的影响

在锂硫电池正极材料的研究中,碳材料可以有效改善电池倍率及循环性能.为了提高锂硫电池的高倍率放电性能,通过水热合成的方法,制备了由非均匀粒径碳球组成的碳材料.与硫热合成后,硫均匀分布在碳材料表面及周围,复合材料含硫量为52wt%.0.2C放电电流下,首次放电比容量为1174mAh·g^-1,100次循环后放电比容量为788mAh·g^-1.在4C的放电电流下,放电比容量稳定维持在600mAh·g^-1,循环过程中,库伦效率高于90%.该碳材料有良好的导电网络,且制备方便,成本低廉,对于穿梭效应和放电过程中的膨胀效应有一定的抑制作用,是一种优秀的正极材料.     

纳米CoSe修饰氮掺杂多孔碳的可控制备及其锂硫电池多硫化物的催化转化效应

锂硫电池中较差的循环稳定性和倍率性能是实现锂硫电池商业化的技术障碍,其主要原因之一是多硫化物在硫电极内的电化学转化动力学较为缓慢。为此,我们以ZIF-9为前驱体,采用先碳化,再酸化刻蚀,最后硒化的方法合成了含少量催化剂的CoSe修饰氮掺杂多孔碳(CoSe/NC)电极材料,以期提高硫电极内多硫化物的电化学转化动力学性能,并通过流动液相三电极体系对该材料进行电化学动力学表征。结果显示,相较于对比材料,CoSe/NC能够加快多硫化物的氧化还原反应速率,在 0.2mA·cm^-2电流密度下,多硫化物氧化还原反应在CoSe/NC电极上有最小的反应过电位;同时,在0.1 V过电位下,各氧化还原反应也有最大的响应电流。因此,将 CoSe/NC作为硫宿主材料组装电池展现了优异的电化学性能：在 1C(1C=1 675 mA·g^-1)下初始放电比容量为1 068 mAh·g^-1,经过500次循环后,可逆容量仍保持在693 mAh·g^-1。另外,在3C的高电流密度下,放电比容量可高达819 mAh·g^-1。     

用于锂硫电池高效硫载体的Co-N-C@KB复合材料的规模化制备策略

硫正极较差的性能严重阻碍了锂硫电池的商业化进程,这些因素包括较低的导电能力以及在促进多硫化物转化方面较差的催化活性。我们开发了一种基于配体调控合成和低温热解的规模化策略来制备高效的正极复合材料（Co-N-C@KB）,这种材料由富含Co-N-C活性位点的科琴黑（KB）组成。原子级分散的Co-N-C活性位点被证明有利于多硫化物在正极的转化,因而可以提高锂硫电池的容量和循环寿命。基于此,Co-N-C@KB作为正极可以使锂硫电池获得高达1 442 mAh·g^-1的初始放电容量,并且该电池在长时间的稳定性测试中具有出色的容量保持能力。     

锂硫电池正极材料的制备及工艺优化

锂硫电池具有能量密度高、价格低等优势,有希望应用于下一代储能领域. 但锂硫电池仍然存在一些问题,如多硫化物穿梭效应、缺乏有效的锂硫电池规模制备工艺等. 为了解决这些问题,作者以不同商用碳材料（乙炔黑、科琴黑与碳纳米管）和单质硫复合作为正极材料,探究正极制备工艺对多硫化物穿梭效应抑制效果及锂硫电池性能的影响. 通过研究,作者得出以下结论：科琴黑作为单质硫的载体,与单质硫球磨8 h后,匹配粘结剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）制备的正极浆料可实现在涂布和辊压后极片的厚度达到500 μm、压实密度达到991.65 mg·cm ^-3. 作者将最终得到的正极极片应用于高硫载量锂硫软包电池,电池首圈放电容量为137.4 mA·h,经过10圈循环后,放电容量为115.5 mA·h,表现出优异的电化学性能. 该碳硫复合正极材料制备工艺有望在锂硫电池的宏量制备中获得应用.     

锂硫电池用碳化钛涂层隔膜性能探究

为提高锂硫电池的比容量和循环性能,本文使用纳米碳化钛（TiC）作为涂层制备得到TiC/Celgard涂层隔膜,并探究其对锂硫电池性能的影响. 电化学性能测试结果表明,涂层隔膜能有效提高电池在不同倍率下的比容量以及电池的循环性能,在2C倍率下仍表现出650 mAh·g-1的比容量,0.5C循环100周容量仍能保持在843.1 mAh·g-1.     

松针状NiCo2O4@碳布复合材料在锂硫电池中的应用

以碳布（CC）作为柔性基底,采用水热法在其表面原位生长松针状网络结构NiCo₂O₄,制得NiCo₂O₄@CC复合材料,并应用于锂硫电池。NiCo₂O₄在碳纤维表面竖直生长形成三维纳米针簇网络,为硫的存储提供更多的空间,有效缓解硫电极的体积膨胀。通过吸附实验,证明了NiCo₂O₄@CC能有效吸附多硫化物,从而抑制多硫化物的穿梭效应。与CC/S相比（933 mAh·g^-1）,NiCo₂O₄@CC/S复合材料用于锂硫电池具有更优异的电池性能,在0.1C下初始放电比容量高达1 467 mAh·g^-1,在0.2C下初始放电比容量为1 098 mAh·g^-1,经200次循环后,放电比容量仍然保持在879 mAh·g^-1,平均每圈衰减率为0.09%,表现出良好的循环性能。     

硝酸锂作添加剂对锂硫电池电化学性能的影响

采用充放电测试和交流阻抗测试研究了硝酸锂作电解液添加剂对锂硫电池电化学性能的影响. 采用电子扫描显微镜观察分析了添加剂对锂负极的影响, 探讨了硝酸锂的作用机理.  结果表明, 采用硝酸锂作为锂硫电池电解液的添加剂, 可以在锂负极表面形成具有钝化负极活性表面及保护锂负极的界面膜.  该膜可以抑制电解液中高价态聚硫离子与锂负极的副反应, 避免在锂负极表面形成不可逆的硫化锂, 从而提高锂硫电池的循环性能和放电容量. 采用硝酸锂作添加剂的锂硫电池首次放电比容量达1172 mA?h/g, 循环100次比容量保持为629 mA?h/g.     

硫/水热碳球复合材料的制备及对锂硫电池倍率性能的影响(英文)

在锂硫电池正极材料的研究中,碳材料可以有效改善电池倍率及循环性能。为了提高锂硫电池的高倍率放电性能,通过水热合成的方法,制备了由非均匀粒径碳球组成的碳材料。与硫热合成后,硫均匀分布在碳材料表面及周围,复合材料含硫量为52wt%。0.2C放电电流下,首次放电比容量为1 174 m Ah·g-1,100次循环后放电比容量为788 m Ah·g-1。在4C的放电电流下,放电比容量稳定维持在600 m Ah·g-1,循环过程中,库伦效率高于90%。该碳材料有良好的导电网络,且制备方便,成本低廉,对于穿梭效应和放电过程中的膨胀效应有一定的抑制作用,是一种优秀的正极材料。     

高性能锂硫电池材料研究进展

锂-硫氧化还原对的比能量为2 600Wh/Kg,几乎是所有的二次电池氧化还原对中最高的,当锂-硫电池放电产物为Li2S时,电池的比容量可达到1 675mAh/g.近年来,人们在提高锂硫电池的循环可逆性和硫的利用率方面开展了大量的研究工作.本文结合本实验室的工作综述了锂硫二次电池的最新研究进展,对电池的正极、黏结剂、电解...     

PEG包覆涂层对含碳纤维导电剂的锂硫正极材料的影响

通过球磨混合及聚乙二醇（PEG）包覆处理制备含有高模量碳纤维（HMCF）的硫基复合材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测定材料的结构和形貌,采用X-光电子扫描能谱（XPS）验证了PEG包覆在材料的表面,较系统地研究了PEG含量对含有高模量碳纤维的硫正极比容量、循环稳定性和倍率性能等性能的影响.结果表明：和常用的导电剂乙炔黑(AB)相比,HMCF导电剂具有结晶度高,接触角小,吸液性能好等优点.当PEG涂层量为1.09%时,硫正极初始放电容量为1312.5 mAh·g^-1,在电流密度为200 mA·g^-1充放电时,50次循环以后可逆容量保持为650 mAh·g^-1,和没有PEG涂层相比,循环稳定性提高了39.9%.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.