基于纳米金辅助信号生成顺序堆积的毛细管电泳免疫分析研究

短裸甲藻毒素（BTX）是具有极强毒性的生物毒素,能够通过食物链传递引起人类中毒.由于该毒素没有光学和电化学信号,检测十分困难.本工作利用纳米金作为载体,将辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）和毒素抗体同时固定到纳米金表面,通过HRP催化H₂O₂氧化邻氨基酚（OAP）产生的电化学信号检测样品中的毒素,增大纳米金表面HRP和抗体的物质的量比使电化学信号得到极大增强.免疫反应样品电动进样引入分离毛细管中,在毛细管入口端进行顺序堆积在线富集,使检测灵敏度进一步提高.该方法通过纳米金辅助信号生成和顺序堆积在线富集技术实现了对扇贝样品中BTX-B的快速灵敏检测,线性范围为0.1~120 ng/mL,检出限为26 ng/L,检出限比常规酶联免疫分析（ELISA）法低365倍.     

基于Fe3O4@Au复合纳米粒子标记抗体的电化学免疫方法用于水体中大肠杆菌的检测

合成了Fe₃O₄@Au复合纳米粒子作为辣根过氧化酶标记抗体的载体, 并将该复合纳米粒子标记物应用于电化学放大免疫分析. 将电子媒介体硫堇聚合在玻碳电极表面, 以纳米金作为固定大肠杆菌抗体的基底, 通过辣根过氧化酶催化溶液中H₂O₂产生的电流信号来测定大肠杆菌. 实验结果表明, 该方法对水体中大肠杆菌检测的线性范围为50～1×10⁵ cfu/mL, 检出限为20 cfu/mL. 对过富集后的实际水样进行测定, 该法结果表明, 对水体中大肠杆菌的检测灵敏度达到2 cfu/mL.     

Au纳米标记物增强电化学免疫分析大肠杆菌的研究

通过在Au纳米颗粒表面修饰辣根过氧化酶(HRP)标记的大肠杆菌抗体制备了一种新型的Au纳米标记物, 并将该纳米标记物应用于增强电化学免疫分析大肠杆菌. 经过酶联免疫反应后, Au纳米标记物、免疫磁性颗粒(IMB)和大肠杆菌形成了IMB/抗体-大肠杆菌-Au纳米标记物的三明治式免疫复合物. 以3,3,5,5-四甲基联苯二胺(TMB)溶液作为底物, 采用电化学与流动注射检测(FIA)相结合的技术测定HRP的活性. 检测到的电流大小与免疫复合物上HRP的量成正比, 从而与大肠杆菌的浓度成正比. Au纳米颗粒增加了HRP的负载量, 增强了电化学信号, 大大提高了大肠杆菌的检测灵敏度. 实验结果表明, 大肠杆菌浓度在 1.0×102～5.0×104 cfu•mL－1范围内与电流大小成线性相关, 最低检测限达50 cfu•mL－1, 若对大肠杆菌样品溶液进行预浓缩, 将得到更宽的检测范围和更低的检测限. 本方法总的分析时间比其他方法短, 在1 h内就能完成对大肠杆菌样品的快速检测.     

在柱双重富集毛细管电泳法测定卷烟样品中的无机阴离子

采用在柱阴离子选择性耗尽进样(ASEI)-碱堆积(BS)双重富集毛细管电泳法测定了卷烟样品中无机阴离子。毛细管先充满含0.4 mmol/L十四烷基三甲基溴化铵(TTAB)的三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)缓冲液抑制电渗流;再以高差法引入水塞,吸附于毛细管壁的TTAB溶解到水中,使该段毛细管的zeta电势变负;电泳电源用负高压,电动进样时样品池中阴离子快速迁移并堆积在毛细管内缓冲液和水塞界面上,同时流向进样端的电渗流将水塞排出毛细管;接着电动注入NaOH溶液,快速迁移的OH-与来自缓冲液的Tris+形成低电导样品区,可进一步堆积样品带,还可使电动进样的时间延长。同常规电动进样相比,该双重富集法可达到(0.8~1.3)×105的富集倍数。用本方法测定了卷烟中6种无机阴离子,检出限低于6.2 ng/L。     

毛细管电泳大体积进样在柱复合富集技术

提出场放大进样和酸堆积结合的大体积样品复合富集方法,实现了毛细管电泳对高盐样品中阳离 子的有效富集和分离。向样液中添加70%(V/V)乙腈,场放大进样600s后,电动注入强酸做酸堆积,预富集 样品带用毛细管区带电泳分离仍能获得满意的分离度。此法的富集倍数约为常规电动进样的800倍。普萘 洛尔和美托洛尔的检出限分别达到1×10-4mg/L和7×10-4mg/L     

基于普鲁士蓝-碳纳米管-纳米金复合材料的电化学免疫传感器的构建

构建一个基于普鲁士蓝–碳纳米管–纳米金复合物(PB–CNTs–CNPs)增效的新型免疫传感器检测大肠杆菌。普鲁士蓝–碳纳米管–纳米金复合物能够增强电子的传递效率和电极的稳定性。当大肠杆菌抗存在时,辣根过氧化氢酶(HRP)标记的大肠杆菌抗体也通过特异性作用结合到PB–CNTs–CNPs修饰的金电极表面,形成一个夹心型结构。通过大肠杆菌抗体上标记的HRP酶催化底夜中双氧水的还原对大肠杆菌进行定量。该传感器具有很好的特异性、重现性和稳定性。在最优条件下,大肠杆菌浓度在10~1×107 cfu/mL的范围内与该传感器的电流响应I存在I=33.68 lg C_(E.coli)+7.19的线性关系,检出限为9.2 cfu/mL(S/N=3)。将该传感器应用于实际样品中大肠杆菌的检测,样品加标回收率为91.3%~103.0%,与平板计数法的实验结果相比较,结果具有高度一致性。     

毛细管电泳中样品的在线富集

由于毛细管进样体积小以及在柱检测光程短,极大地限制了毛细管电泳检测灵敏度的提高.为了提高毛细管电泳的检测灵敏度,多种样品富集的方法得以发展.本文对近年来毛细管电泳的样品预富集方法与应用作一简明的综述。     

毛细管电泳样品电堆积富集过程影响因素的数值分析

毛细管电泳样品电堆积富集是一种通过缓冲溶液浓度的差异在毛细管中形成电场强度梯度,从而对样品进行浓缩的富集技术。本文在已有数学模型的基础上,对影响毛细管电堆积富集过程的因素进行了分析。计算结果发现,样品粒子表面所带的电荷电性以及带电量会影响粒子的电泳速度,进而影响富集过程;外加电势的大小会影响样品粒子到达检测窗口的迁移时间;而样品塞的初始长度则会影响样品所能达到的最大富集浓度以及达到最佳的富集效果所需要的时间。所得到的结果对样品电堆积富集技术的进一步完善具有一定的理论指导意义。     

毛细管电泳中样品在线预富集方法

本文对高效毛细管电泳中样品在线预富集方法作了评述，包括瞬间等速电泳，反流速电泳，场放大进样，场放大排除基体和固相萃取等技术，引用文献81篇。     

毛细管电泳中的样品浓缩技术

 评述了毛细管电泳中提高被分析物检测灵敏度的有效方法之一——样品预浓缩技术 ,它包括电堆集富集、场放大进样、等速电泳等 8种技术。共 67篇。     

Enantiomer separation by CEC——Enantiomer separation by packed-capillary electrochromatography

Three chiral compounds were successfully separated in a short time with two enantiomer separation models on packed-capillary electrochromatography (CEC). (i) 75 μm I.D. capillaries were packed with 5 μm β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) chiral stationary phase (CSP). Effects of voltage, pH and concentration of organic modifier on electroosmotic flow (EOF) and chiral separations were investigated systematically. Enantiomers of a neutral compound (benzoin) and a neutral drug (mephenytoin) were separated within a short time with high efficiency. Efficiency of 32 000 theoretical plates per meter and resolution (R_s) of 1.42 were achieved for enantiomers of benzoin using a βCD packed column with 6.2 cm packed length. Efficiency of 45 000 theoretical plates per meter and R_s of 3.40 were obtained for enantiomers of mephenytoin. Especially, the enantiomer separation of mephenytion was performed in just 3.4 min with R_s of 2.60. (ⅱ) 75 μm I.D. capillary was packed with octadecylsilica particles (ODS). Chiral separat     

Regioselectivity of olefin oxidation by iodosobenzene catalyzed by metalloporphyrins : control by the catalyst

The regioselectivity of the oxidation of three monosubstituted olefins, 6-phenoxyhex-1-ene, hex-1-ene and styrene, by iodosobenzene in the presence of various Fe-, Mn- or Cr-tetraaryl-porphyrins, was studied. It was found that, besides epoxides, known products from such systems, allylic alcohols and aldehydes were formed, the latter not being derived from the corresponding epoxides. The relative importance of these reactions greatly depends upon both the metal and porphyrin constituents of the catalyst. More particularly, the competition between epoxidation and allylic hydroxylation can be efficiently controlled by non-bonded interactions between the olefin and porphyrin substituents. No hydroxylation of the aromatic rings and no oxidative dealkylation of the ether function was detected.     

Glycosidase inhibition by macrolide antibiotics elucidated by STD-NMR spectroscopy

A glycosynthase approach was attempted to glycodiversify macrolide antibiotics, using DesR, a family-3 retaining beta-glucosidase involved in the self-resistance mechanism of methymycin production. STD-NMR was used to probe enzyme-substrate interactions. Analysis of competitive STD-NMR experiments between erythromycin A and a chromogenic substrate (pNP-beta-d-glucose) with the hydrolytically inactive nucleophile mutants led us to discover a family of unprecedented glycosidase inhibitors. Analysis of kinetic data with wild-type DesR determined that erythromycin is a competitive inhibitor of the glucosidase (IC50 = 2.8 +/- 0.3 microM and Ki = 2 +/- 0.2 microM) with respect to the hydrolysis of pNP-beta-d-glucose. Comparable inhibitory data was obtained for clarithromycin; however, the inhibitory effect of azithromycin was weak and no significant inhibition was observed with methymycin or d-desosamine. This report documents significant inhibition of glycosidases by macrolide antibiotics and provides insight into the design of novel glycosidase inhibitors based on the macrolactone ring of macrolide antibiotics.     

Membrane solubilization by detergent: resistance conferred by thickness

The commonly held model for membrane dissolution by detergents/surfactants requires lipid transport from the inner to the outer bilayer leaflet ('flip-flop'). Although applicable to many systems, it fails in cases where cross-bilayer transport of membrane components is suppressed. In this paper we investigate the mechanism for surfactant-induced solubilization of polymeric bilayers. To that end, we examine the dissolution of a series of increasingly thick, polymer-based vesicles (polymersomes) by a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, using dynamic light scattering. We find that increasing the bilayer thickness imparts better resistance to dissolution, so that the concentration required for solubilization, after a fixed amount of time, increases nearly linearly with membrane thickness. Combining our experimental data with a theoretical model, we show that the dominant mechanism for the surfactant-induced dissolution of polymeric vesicles, where polymer flip-flop across the membrane is suppressed, is the surfactant transport through the bilayer. This mechanism is different both qualitatively and quantitatively from the mechanisms by which surfactants dissolve pure lipid vesicles.     

Antibiotic recognition by binuclear metallo-beta-lactamases revealed by X-ray crystallography

Metallo-beta-lactamases are zinc-dependent enzymes responsible for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in a variety of host bacteria, usually Gram-negative species that act as opportunist pathogens. They hydrolyze all classes of beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, and escape the action of available beta-lactamase inhibitors. Efforts to develop effective inhibitors have been hampered by the lack of structural information regarding how these enzymes recognize and turn over beta-lactam substrates. We report here the crystal structure of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia L1 enzyme in complex with the hydrolysis product of the 7alpha-methoxyoxacephem, moxalactam. The on-enzyme complex is a 3'-exo-methylene species generated by elimination of the 1-methyltetrazolyl-5-thiolate anion from the 3'-methyl group. Moxalactam binding to L1 involves direct interaction of the two active site zinc ions with the beta-lactam amide and C4 carboxylate, groups that are common to all beta-lactam substrates. The 7beta-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)malonyl]-amino substituent makes limited hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding contacts with the active site groove. The mode of binding provides strong evidence that a water molecule situated between the two metal ions is the most likely nucleophile in the hydrolytic reaction. These data suggest a reaction mechanism for metallo-beta-lactamases in which both metal ions contribute to catalysis by activating the bridging water/hydroxide nucleophile, polarizing the substrate amide bond for attack and stabilizing anionic nitrogen intermediates. The structure illustrates how a binuclear zinc site confers upon metallo-beta-lactamases the ability both to recognize and efficiently hydrolyze a wide variety of beta-lactam substrates.