硫醇对炔属化合物的加成反应 Ⅲ.苯硫酚与硫醇乙酸对β-烷基苯乙炔的加成

苯硫酚与1-苯基丙炔-1及1-苯基丁炔-1在苯甲酰过氧化物或紫外光引发下顺利加成.当反应物用量为等克分子比时,加成物分别为1-苯基-2-苯硫基丙烯-1(Ⅰ)及1-苯基-2-苯硫基丁烯-1(Ⅱ);当用量为2∶1克分子比时,除生成上述1∶1加成物外,尚得2∶1加成物:1-苯基-2,2-二-(苯硫基)-丙烷(Ⅴ)及1-苯基-2,2-二-(苯硫基)-丁烷(Ⅵ).这些加成物的结构是借在酸性介质中与2,4-二硝基苯肼作用生成相应酮的2,4-二硝基苯腙而得到证明.这加成反应是按自由基机理进行,苯硫基联结在与烷基相邻的碳原子表明中间生成的自由基之稳定性是加成方向的决定因素,因为苯基的共轭效应比烷基为强. 竞争试验的结果表明,苯硫基对苯乙炔的加成比对1-苯基丙炔-1的加成快得多,这可归因于甲基的空间效应.当以苯硫酚与1-苯基丙炔-1及苯乙烯进行竞争时,只得炔烃的加成物,这表明炔烃的加成活性比烯烃大得多.后一结果是由于断裂三键中的一个π-键所需要的能量较断裂双键中的π-键所需要的能量为低的缘故.     

硫醇对炔属化合物的加成反应——Ⅳ.苯硫酚对苯基丙炔酸、丙炔酸乙酯、丁炔-2-酸乙酯的加成

苯硫酚对苯基丙炔酸及其乙酯在苯甲酰过氧化物引发下的自由基加成产生α-苯硫基肉桂酸(酯),加成的方向与在乙醇钠催化下的加成方向相反。苯硫酚与丙炔酸乙酯及丁炔-2-酸乙酯在苯甲酰过氧化物引发下进行加成时,苯硫基均加到羧基的β-碳上。苯硫酚与苯基丙炔酸在乙醇钠催化下的加成可以朝两个方向进行,生成α-及β-苯硫基肉桂酸。苯硫酚与丙炔酸及丁炔-2-酸在相同条件下进行加成时,与预期的结果一致,分别产生β-取代产物。从自由基加成与负离子加成的糖果比较看来,苯硫基自由基的加成取向不是取决于炔烃分子中的极化状态,而是取决于中间生成的自由基的稳定性。从本文及前一文中报导的结果,可以看出,三键上取代基对自由基的稳定性的影响顺序为:C_6H_5>COOH(?)COOC_2H_5>CH_3,C_2H_5。     

2-乙烯基萘/反丁烯二腈光照下共聚合

2-乙烯基萘与反丁烯二腈可以在365nm光照下共聚合,生成1:1交替共聚物。研究了聚合反应的引发机理,认为通过二者的基态电荷转移复合物受光激发和2-乙烯基萘的定域激发形成激发态复合物,其进一步反应生成1,4-双自由基,引发链增长。     

硼氢化反应机理(Ⅰ):HCN+BH_3反应的反应途径

利用量子化学从头计算法RHF／4-31G基组对氢氰酸的硼氢化反应进行了理论研究．IRC分析表明：氢氰酸与甲硼烷通过“类四中心”过渡态，直接加成生成产物．排除了另两种反应机理的可能性：（1）甲硼烷直接进攻碳-氮π键，经三中心过渡态生成产物；（2）首先形成直线型分子复合物，然后靠分子内氢迁移重排生成产物     

HNCO热解为CO_2和HNCNH的反应机理理论研究

利用从头算RHF／3－21G方法研究了HNCO二聚后生成HNCNH和CO2的反应机理,计算表明，该反应是分步反应，由反应物经第一过渡态生成四元环中间体，再经过第二过渡态分解为产物，与实验得到的结论一致，反应的第一步是速度控制步骤，计算得到的活化位垒为172．55kJ·mol-1，与实验上测得的176．40±16．30kJ·mol-1相吻合,反应的第二位垒为83．68kJ·mol-1，在实验条件下是一个快速步骤.因此，四元环中间体不能作为最终产物．整个反应是包含两个非同步过程的加成反应．     

吡啶气相光氯化反应理论研究：—加成反应机理的过渡态IRC解析

通过PM3方法研究氯自由基与吡啶分子加成反应的结果表明，生成不同产物2－氯吡啶、3－氯吡啶、4－氯吡啶的每一个反应通道存在两个过渡态，生成2－氯吡啶反应路径主过渡态的能量及活化能量低，分别为－110293．6和139.2kJ/mol。反应优生成2－氯吡啶，与实验结果一致，生成2－氯吡啶反应过程（IRC）相关的键长，，键级和原子净电荷变化表明，吡啶环反应部位C原子与Cl加成形成C－Cl键主要与共轭双键断裂同步，而C－H键的断裂主要与共轭双键的重新形成同步，反应进程中氯原子净电荷从增加到减少的变化是氯原子诱导效应吸引电子和p-π共轭电荷平均分布等相互作用的结果。     

H＋CH3NO2→H2＋CH2NO2反应途径和变分速率常数计算研究

采用MP2（FULL）／6－311G**从头算方法，优化了H＋CH3NO2——H2＋CH2NO2反应的过渡态结构，得出该反应的正逆反应的活化位垒分别是82．73和57．14 kJ·mol－1 ．沿IRC分析指出该反应是一个H—H键生成和C—H键断裂的协同反应，而且在反应途径上存在一个引导反应进行的振动模式，这一反应模式引导反应进行的区间在- 0．7～0．2（amu）1/2·a0之间；在 1000～1400 K温度范围内，运用变分过渡态理论（CVT），计算了该反应的速率常数，计算结果与实验相一致．     

氯代酸气相热消除反应的理论研究

应用半经验分子轨道ＡＭ１法，辅以Ｂｅｒｎｙ梯度优化法对３－氯丙酸和２－氯丁酸在气相中的热消除反应进行了理论研究。计算结果表明：（１）３－氯丙酸在气相中的热消除反应可以通过六元环过渡态机理和四元环过渡态机平行进行得到产物；（２）２－氯丁酸的热消除则可以通过五元环过渡态机理和四元环过渡态机理平行进行；（３）对３－氯丙酸的热消除反应，以了环过渡态进行反应的活化势垒较低，而２－氯丁酸的热消除反应则是五元环     

C~6~0与二氯卡宾环加成反应机理的理论研究

用半经验AM1方法研究了C~6~0与单态二氯卡宾环加成反应的反应机理。采用Berny梯度法优化得到反应的过渡态,并进行了振动分析确认。计算结果表明：二氯卡宾在C~6~0的6-6或6-5键上的加成反应均分两步进行,第一步反应物经(类)过渡态Ⅰ生成中间配合物,第二步由中间配合物经过渡态Ⅱ变为产物。6-6加成反应的活化势垒较6-5加成反应的低121kJ·mol^-^1,从反应机理和动力学角度解释了6-6加成优于6-5加成的原因。     

亚甲基烯酮与5-亚甲基-1,3-二噁烷-4,6-二酮反应机理的研究

利用半经验分子轨道理论AM1方法，研究了5-亚甲基-1，3-二噁烷-4，6-二酮与亚甲基烯酮的2，3-位C＝C，3，4-位C＝O和1，2-位C＝O三种双键位置上的环加成反应的反应机理．采用Berny梯度法优化得到反应的过渡态，并进行了振动分析确认．计算结果表明，环加成反应是按照协同的非同步途径进行的，经过一个扭曲的六员环过渡态，前线轨道分析表明反应机理为［4＋2］机理．根据AM1优化得到的产物反应物及过渡态的生成热可知三个反应的活化焓分别为27．07kJ·mol-1，32．41kJ·mol-1和137．96kJ·mol-1，2，3-位C＝C双键上的环加成反应的活化焓最低，这与实验中只观察到2，3－位C＝C双键上环加成产物的结论是一致的．     

CH自由基和NO~2反应研究: II.反应的动力学计算

采用MP2(FULL)/6-31G(d)方法从动力学计算上探讨了CH自由基与NO~2反应的可能途径,找到了反应物,中间体及产物之间的能量通道和过渡态,报道了它们的构型、电子态及能量。并通过频率分析和IRC方法对所有的过渡态进行了验证。在此基础上求出了各步反应的活化能。在以前热力学研究的基础上,对于可能的反应通道进一步作了动力学分析,找到了反应主产物通道的分支比,与实验得到的分支比基本吻合。     

Mechanism and origins of regio- and enantioselectivities in RhI-catalyzed hydrogenative couplings of 1,3-diynes and activated carbonyl partners: intervention of a cumulene intermediate

The mechanism of the rhodium-catalyzed reductive coupling of 1,3-diynes and vicinal dicarbonyl compounds employing H(2) as reductant was investigated by density functional theory. Oxidative coupling through 1,4-addition of the Rh(I)-bound dicarbonyl to the conjugated diyne via a seven-membered cyclic cumulene transition state leads to exclusive formation of linear adducts. Diyne 1,4-addition is much faster than the 1,2-addition to simple alkynes. The 1,2-dicarbonyl compound is bound to rhodium in a bidentate fashion during the oxidative coupling event. The chemo-, regio-, and enantioselectivities of this reaction were investigated and are attributed to this unique 1,4-addition pathway. The close proximity of the ligand and the alkyne substituent distal to the forming C-C bond controls the regio- and enantioselectivity: coupling occurs at the sterically more demanding alkyne terminus, which minimizes nonbonded interaction with the ligand. A stereochemical model is proposed that accounts for preferential formation of the (R)-configurated coupling product when (R)-biaryl phosphine ligands are used.     

Theoretical studies of mechanisms of cycloaddition reaction between difluoromethylene carbene and acetone

Mechanisms of the cycloaddition reaction between singlet difluoromethylene carbene and acetone have been investigated with the second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2)/6‐31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis. Energies for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface (PES) are corrected by zero‐point energy (ZPE) and CCSD(T)/6‐31G* single‐point calculations. From the PES obtained with the CCSD(T)//MP2/6‐31G* method for the cycloaddition reaction between singlet difluoromethylene carbene and acetone, it can be predicted that path B of reactions 2 and 3 should be two competitive leading channels of the cycloaddition reaction between difluoromethylene carbene and acetone. The former consists of two steps: (i) the two reactants first form a four‐membered ring intermediate, INT2, which is a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 97.8 kJ/mol; (ii) the intermediate INT2 isomerizes to a four‐membered product P_2b via a transition state TS2b with an energy barrier of 24.9 kJ/mol, which results from the methyl group transfer. The latter proceeds in three steps: (i) the two reactants first form an intermediate, INT1c, through a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 199.4 kJ/mol; (ii) the intermediate INT1c further reacts with acetone to form a polycyclic intermediate, INT3, which is also a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 27.4 kJ/mol; and (iii) INT3 isomerizes to a polycyclic product P₃ via a transition state TS3 with an energy barrier of 25.8 kJ/mol. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

Conjugate additions of 1-propenylphosphonates to metalated Schöllkopf's bis-lactim ether: stereocontrolled access to 2-amino-3-methyl-4-phosphonobutanoic acids

Diastereoselectivity in the conjugate addition of metalated Sch?llkopf's bis-lactim ethers 5a-e to (E)- and (Z)-1-propenylphosphonates 4a,b was studied experimentally and theoretically and utilized to achieve a direct and stereocontrolled synthesis of all four diastereoisomers of 2-amino-3-methyl-4-phosphonobutanoic acid, 6a,b and their enantiomers. The relative stereochemistry was assigned from an NMR study of cyclic derivatives 13a,b. According to semiempirical calculations, both in vacuo (PM3) or a dielectric continuum (PM3/COSMO), initial lithium-phosphoryl coordination, without an energy barrier, to form a solvated chelate complex is followed by the rate-determining reorganization to the 1,4-addition product through an eight-membered transition state. The translation of the Z,E geometry into a syn, anti configuration at the adducts originates from an orientational preference in the transition state for a compact disposition of the reaction partners.     

Kinetic Analysis and Structural Interpretation of Competitive Ligand Binding for NO Dioxygenation in Truncated Hemoglobin N

The conversion of nitric oxide (NO) into nitrate (NO₃^?) by dioxygenation protects cells from lethal NO. Starting from NO‐bound heme, the first step in converting NO into benign NO₃^? is the ligand exchange reaction FeNO+O₂→FeO₂+NO, which is still poorly understood at a molecular level. For wild‐type (WT) truncated hemoglobin N (trHbN) and its Y33A mutant, the calculated barriers for the exchange reaction differ by 1.5 kcal mol^?1, compared with 1.7 kcal mol^?1 from experiment. It is directly confirmed that the ligand exchange reaction is rate‐limiting in trHbN and that entropic contributions account for 75 % of the difference between the WT and the mutant. Residues Tyr 33, Phe 46, Val 80, His 81, and Gln 82 surrounding the active site are expected to control the reaction path. By comparison with electronic structure calculations, the transition state separating the two ligand‐bound states was assigned to a ²A state.     

生物质再燃异相还原NO的分子模拟

基于密度泛函理论和过渡态理论,在分子水平上对焦炭异相还原NO以及碱金属钠的作用机理进行探究。结合单点能的零点能校正以及过渡态的虚频验证,发现钠能够有效促进焦炭对于第一个NO分子的吸附。尽管钠不能改变反应步骤,但可将焦炭异相还原NO决速步的活化能由121.04 kJ/mol降至100.62 kJ/mol;钠的存在使焦炭异相还原NO的指前因子增大且反应速率加快,增加了焦炭边缘的活性位点,强化了焦炭对于NO的异相还原性能。     

硅苯与HX (X=F,OH, NH2)的1,2-及1,4-加成反应

采用密度泛函理论方法在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)水平上, 研究了硅苯与HX (X=F, OH, NH₂)的1,2-及1,4-加成反应的微观机理和势能剖面, 考察了Si 原子上的取代基及四氢呋喃溶剂对反应势能剖面的影响. 研究结果表明, 标题反应有两种可能的机理: (1) 硅苯与一个HX (X=F, OH, NH₂)分子先形成中间复合物, 然后经过四元环过渡态(机理1)生成最终产物; (2) 硅苯与两个HX分子先形成中间复合物, 然后经过六元环过渡态(机理2)生成另一中间复合物, 该中间复合物脱去一个HX分子形成最终产物. 机理2 在动力学上远较机理1 有利. 1,2-及1,4-加成产物哪种优先形成由动力学控制且与X基团的种类有关. HX在气相中参与加成反应从易到难的次序为: HF>H₂O>NH₃. Si 原子上具有较强供电子和吸电子性质的取代基, 在热力学和动力学上均有利于反应的进行, 但具有较大体积的2,4,6-三甲基苯基取代基对反应反而不利. 四氢呋喃溶剂在热力学上不利于硅苯与HX的1,2-及1,4-加成反应, 在动力学上对HF或H₂O作为加成试剂的反应也不利, 但对NH3作为加成试剂的反应反而有利.     

Mechanism of the hydration of carbon dioxide: direct participation of H2O versus microsolvation

Thermochemical parameters of carbonic acid and the stationary points on the neutral hydration pathways of carbon dioxide, CO 2 + nH 2O --> H 2CO 3 + ( n - 1)H 2O, with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4, were calculated using geometries optimized at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level. Coupled-cluster theory (CCSD(T)) energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit in most cases and then used to evaluate heats of formation. A high energy barrier of approximately 50 kcal/mol was predicted for the addition of one water molecule to CO 2 ( n = 1). This barrier is lowered in cyclic H-bonded systems of CO 2 with water dimer and water trimer in which preassociation complexes are formed with binding energies of approximately 7 and 15 kcal/mol, respectively. For n = 2, a trimeric six-member cyclic transition state has an energy barrier of approximately 33 (gas phase) and a free energy barrier of approximately 31 (in a continuum solvent model of water at 298 K) kcal/mol, relative to the precomplex. For n = 3, two reactive pathways are possible with the first having all three water molecules involved in hydrogen transfer via an eight-member cycle, and in the second, the third water molecule is not directly involved in the hydrogen transfer but solvates the n = 2 transition state. In the gas phase, the two transition states have comparable energies of approximately 15 kcal/mol relative to separated reactants. The first path is favored over in aqueous solution by approximately 5 kcal/mol in free energy due to the formation of a structure resembling a (HCO 3 (-)/H 3OH 2O (+)) ion pair. Bulk solvation reduces the free energy barrier of the first path by approximately 10 kcal/mol for a free energy barrier of approximately 22 kcal/mol for the (CO 2 + 3H 2O) aq reaction. For n = 4, the transition state, in which a three-water chain takes part in the hydrogen transfer while the fourth water microsolvates the cluster, is energetically more favored than transition states incorporating two or four active water molecules. An energy barrier of approximately 20 (gas phase) and a free energy barrier of approximately 19 (in water) kcal/mol were derived for the CO 2 + 4H 2O reaction, and again formation of an ion pair is important. The calculated results confirm the crucial role of direct participation of three water molecules ( n = 3) in the eight-member cyclic TS for the CO 2 hydration reaction. Carbonic acid and its water complexes are consistently higher in energy (by approximately 6-7 kcal/mol) than the corresponding CO 2 complexes and can undergo more facile water-assisted dehydration processes.     

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of NO reactivity on the CaO(001) surface

Ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) is used to investigate NO reaction processes on the (001) surface of CaO. A novel path is proposed for the first steps of nitrogen oxides reactivity catalyzed by the CaO surface. The mechanism consists of the formation of anionic dimers, adsorbing on the surface cations, at the expense of oxidized NO species adsorbed on surface anions. The complete charge-transfer process takes place in two steps, producing first monovalent anionic dimers (NO)2- and, later on, divalent anionic dimers (NO)2(2-). These redox processes cause spin quenching and are observed in the short time scale of the ab initio MD simulation at 300 K. The results presented provide a rationalization of a recent electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation indicating that the spectroscopy is silent to most of the nitrogen oxide species adsorbed on CaO powders, despite deposition of paramagnetic NO molecules at room temperature.     

Ab initio study on the mechanism of forming a silapolycyclic compound between silylidene and formaldehyde

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction of forming a silapolycyclic compound between singlet silylidene and formaldehyde has been investigated with MP2/6-31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. The energies of the different conformations are calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/6-31G* method. From the potential energy profile, it can be predicted that the cycloaddition reaction process of forming the silapolycyclic compound (P₂) for this reaction consists of four steps: (I) the two reactants first form a semi-cyclic intermediate INT1a through a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 32.5 kJ mol⁻¹; (II) this intermediate then isomerizes to an active four-membered ring intermediate INT1 via a transition state TS1a with an energy barrier of 30.8 kJ mol⁻¹; (III) INT1 further reacts with formaldehyde to form an intermediate INT2, which is also a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 30.1 kJ mol⁻¹; (IV) INT2 isomerizes to a silapolycyclic compound P₂ via a transition state TS2 with a barrier of 50.6 kJ mol⁻¹. Comparing this reaction path with other competitive reaction paths, we can see that this cycloaddition reaction has an excellent selectivity.