鱼状相图研究不同无机盐对微乳液的影响

利用鱼状相图,通过改变盐的种类,研究无机盐对正辛烷-正丁醇-十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-水微乳体系及脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-7)/十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-正丁醇-正辛烷-水微乳体系中相微乳液形成的影响。实验中微乳液体系在正丁醇增加过程中发生Winsor I→III→II的相转变。形成WinsorⅢ型微乳液时,不同种类的盐对微乳液的影响不同。实验中以不同种类的无机盐配成SDS微乳液及AEO-7/SDS微乳液,发现在强电解质盐中,同物质的量浓度下,盐类对微乳液的作用强度Na ClKClCa Cl2Al Cl3·6H2O。在SDS微乳液中阴离子对微乳液作用强度SO42-=CO32-,而在AEO-7/SDS微乳液中,无机盐所表现出的盐效应与SDS微乳液中不同,阴离子对微乳液作用强度SO42-CO32-,无机盐的种类影响SDS和AEO-7的之间的协同作用。     

微乳液相行为和微观结构的研究

用正交试验法求得阳离子表面活性剂双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵(DOD-MAC)/阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/正丁醇/正庚烷/盐水体系中相微乳液形成的最佳配方:W_(DODMAC):W_(SDS)=1:4～1:5;C_(n-butanol)%=11.0～12.0;C_(NaCl)%=3.25附近.研究了盐浓度、DODMAC和SDS复配比例、正丁醇浓度(1.0%～14.0)%以及酸种类(正丙醇、正丁醇和正戊醇)对微乳液相态、超低界面张力(γ_(mo),γ_(mw))、最佳含盐度(S)和盐宽(△S)的影响,得到了微乳液相行为的一些规律.并用FT-IR,ESR和冷冻蚀刻方法研究了中相微乳液微观结构,3种方法均表明中相微乳液随着含盐度增加,微观结构经历o/w型到B.C.再到w/o型转变.中相微乳液分子组织形态的有序分布规律,有助于构作微乳液体系的模型,有助于对中相微乳液微观结构认识及阐明微乳液微观结构与宏观特性之间关系.     

微乳液毛细管电动色谱法快速测定消炎利胆片中的穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯

建立了微乳液毛细管电动色谱同时分析消炎利胆片中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的方法。考察了缓冲溶液的浓度、pH值、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)以及助表面活性剂的含量对分离测定的影响。在由乙酸乙酯-SDS-正丁醇-30 mmol/L硼砂缓冲液(pH 9.5)（质量比为0.5∶0.6∶6.0∶92.9）组成的微乳液体系中,两种内酯在6 min内完成分离。该法简便、快速、选择性好,用于实际样品中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的分析,获得了满意的结果。     

微乳液相色谱法测定人血浆中丙泊酚浓度

建立了基于微乳液相色谱(MELC)的人血浆中丙泊酚浓度的测定方法。采用Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱分离,并考察了微乳流动相中各组分对溶质洗脱的影响。优化的色谱条件: 以0.5%醋酸（含有3.0%十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）,0.8%正庚烷,6.0%正丁醇）微乳为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,荧光检测器激发波长(λex)为274 nm、发射波长(λem)为312 nm,柱温为室温。人血浆样品用流动相稀释并离心后,直接进样分析。丙泊酚在0.25～10 μg/mL质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,方法的回收率为(98.2±1.9)%～(104.6±2.2)%;日内测定峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.42%～2.43%,日间测定峰面积的RSD为2.75%～4.79%。该方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于人血浆中丙泊酚浓度的测定。     

水包油型微乳液相色谱分离激素类药物的影响因素

采用水包油型微乳液相色谱(MELC)分离了6种激素类药物(醋酸可的松、泼尼松龙、己烯雌酚、炔雌醇、醋酸氟轻松及黄体酮)。考察了微乳流动相的组成成分(包括表面活性剂的浓度、油相种类、有机添加剂种类)及固定相孔径等对分离的影响。实验得到的最佳分离条件: 色谱柱为Venusil ASB C18 (T)(粒径5 μm,孔径30 nm,250 mm×4.6 mm),微乳流动相为30 g/L十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-0.8%正辛烷-6.6%正丁醇,流速为0.8 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为35 ℃。该方法可用于甾体药物及其制剂的分离鉴别以及快速测定。     

微乳电动毛细管色谱分离分析氟喹诺酮类药物

建立了一种同时分离7种氟喹诺酮类药物(FQs)的微乳液电动毛细管色谱(MEEKC)。用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,系统考察了缓冲溶液浓度和pH、SDS、助表面活性剂和油相的浓度、温度等对分离的影响。最佳分离条件为:1%正庚烷(V/V),100mmol/LSDS,10%正丁醇(V/V)和8mmol/L磷酸盐-四硼酸钠缓冲溶液(pH7.30)。以氧氟沙星(OF)作内标,FQs标准水溶液和标准血清溶液的线性范围分别为1.2×10-6~5.0×10-4mol/L和2.0×10-6~5.0×10-4mol/L,检出限(S/N=3)均为9.7×10-7mol/L。方法直接应用于滴眼液中环丙沙星(CPF)的测定,精密度和准确度高;应用于血液中加替沙星(GTF)的测定涉及固相萃取预处理样品,萃取平均回收率为90.6%,日内、日间精密度分别为3.3%和3.6%,结果满意。     

微乳液毛细管电动色谱-场放大富集法灵敏分析尿液中的9种麻醉剂类药物

建立了一种微乳液毛细管电动色谱(MEEKC)-场放大富集(FASI)分析尿液中多种麻醉剂(吗啡、可待因、纳洛酮、海洛因、蒂巴因、可卡因、哌替啶、芬太尼、美沙酮)的方法。考察了微乳液组成、分离电压等因素的影响,得到的最佳微乳液组成(质量分数)为0.6%十二烷基硫酸钠、1.2%正丁醇、0.6%乙酸乙酯和97.6% 10 mmol/L硼砂缓冲液(pH 9.5);分离电压为25 kV。在上述微乳体系中,9种化合物在15 min内得到了基线分离。采用场放大在线富集技术提高了分析灵敏度,检出限(S/N=3)低至0.3 μg/L。模拟尿样样品中9种麻醉剂的加标回收率介于79.4%～119.9%之间,日内相对标准偏差小于5.5%。将该方法应用于美沙酮大鼠体外代谢样品的测定,结果令人满意。     

微乳毛细管电动色谱快速分析脂溶性维生素

建立了一种新的微乳体系,成功地应用于微乳毛细管电动色谱(MEEKC)快速分析脂溶性维生素VA、VD3和VE.本微乳液的组成为:1.2%(m/m)十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-21%(V/V)正丁醇-18%(V/V )乙腈-0.8%(m/m)正己烷-20 mmol/L H3BO3-Na2B4O7缓冲液( pH 8.4 ).该微乳体系中,助表面活性剂正丁醇和有机溶剂乙腈对脂溶性维生素的分离起到了重要的作用.当分离电压为25 kV,柱温为25 ℃时,VA、VD3和VE在13 min内达到基线分离.3种脂溶性维生素的迁移时间和峰面积的RSD(n= 5)<2.5%和4.5%;VA、VD3和VE分别在20～1000、5～1000和5～1000 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈线性关系;检出限(S/N=3)分别为12、 0.72和0.29 mg/L.本体系应用于市售VE胶囊的测定,结果与标示值相符.     

微乳电动毛细管色谱法分离检测酱油中的氯丙醇

建立了微乳电动毛细管色谱分离3种氯丙醇的方法。以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,系统考察了pH值、缓冲溶液类型和浓度、SDS浓度、助表面活性剂浓度、油相浓度、温度和运行电压对3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD),1,3-二氯-2-丙醇(1,3-DCP),2,3-二氯-1-丙醇(2,3-DCP)分离的影响。结果表明,最佳微乳缓冲液为1%(V/V)正庚烷,100 mmol/L SDS,10%(V/V)正丁醇和8 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠-硼砂溶液(pH 8.50),检测波长为192 nm,温度20℃,分离电压为15 kV。3种氯丙醇的线性范围为2.0×10-6～3.2×10-5 mol/L,相关系数大于0.996,检出限(S/N=3)为0.95～1.9μmol/L。酱油样品经乙醚液液萃取,萃取平均回收率为93.2%～103.0%,相对标准偏差小于6.5%。本方法应用于实际样品和加标后样品中三氯丙醇的检测,结果满意。     

微乳液毛细管电动色谱研究

本文研究了两组混合样的微乳液毛细管电动色谱(MEEKC)分离, 较系统地研究了微乳液的内相, 助表面活性剂及其浓度对电动分离的迁移时间、柱效及时间窗的影响, 并与胶束毛细管电动色谱(MEKC)分离进行了比较, 选用由80mmol/L正辛烷-120mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠-900mmol/L正丁醇-10mmol/L硼砂组成的微乳液, 样品组分电动色谱迁移时间的RSD<0.8%, 峰面积RSD<3.0%.     

Miniaturized membrane-based reversed-phase chromatography and enzyme reactor for protein digestion,peptide separation,and protein identification using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Separation and determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins by micellar (MEKC) and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) are compared. MEKC is only useful in the quantitative analysis of water-soluble vitamins when sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) is used as the surfactant. However, the separation of mixtures containing water- and fat-soluble vitamins is only achieved by MEEKC using a microemulsion prepared by mixing SDS as the surfactant, butanol as the co-surfactant, octane as the non-polar modifier and propanol as the second co-surfactant. The injection time and the solvent used for the dilution of samples have a significant effect on the analysis of lypophilic compounds. The most reproducible results in the analysis of fat-soluble vitamins are obtained by using the same microemulsion electrolyte as the solvent for samples and an injection time of 10 s.     

Rapid determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins with microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

A rapid, reliable and reproducible method based on microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) for simultaneous determination of 13 kinds of water- and fat-soluble vitamins has been developed in this work. A novel microemulsion system consisting of 1.2% (w/w) sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS), 21% (v/v) 1-butanol, 18% (v/v) acetonitrile, 0.8% (w/w) n-hexane, 20mM borax buffer (pH 8.7) was applied to improve selectivity and efficiency, as well as shorten analysis time. The composition of microemulsion used as the MEEKC running buffer was investigated thoroughly to obtain stable separation medium, as well as the optimum determination conditions. Acetonitrile as the organic solvent modifier, pH of the running buffer and 1-butanol as the co-surfactant played the most important roles for the separation of the fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins and stabilization of system, respectively. The 13 water- and fat-soluble vitamins were baseline separated within 30 min. The system was applied to determine water- and fat-soluble vitamins in commercial multivitamin pharmaceutical formulation, good accuracy and precision were obtained with recoveries between 97% and 105%, relative standard derivations (RSDs) less than 1.8% except vitamin C, and acceptable quantitative results corresponding to label claim.     

Comparison of HPLC and MEEKC for Miconazole Nitrate Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulation

A simple solid phase extraction (SPE) method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV detector and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) has been developed and compared for the quantitative determination of miconazole nitrate in pharmaceutical formulation. For HPLC method, two parameters were optimized, namely, the wavelength and the mobile phases. The optimized condition was at the 225 nm wavelength and the mobile phase of ACN:MeOH (90:10 v/v). There are seven MEEKC parameters that were optimized, in this research, which were applied to voltage, temperature, wavelength, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, buffer pH, buffer concentration and butan-1-ol concentration. The optimum MEEKC condition was obtained using 86.35 % (w/w) 2.5 mM borate buffer pH 9, 0.25 % (w/w) SDS, 0.8 % (w/w) ethyl acetate, 6.6 % w/w butan-1-ol and 6.0 % (w/w) acetonitrile. The combination of SPE using a diol column with HPLC–UV and the MEEKC methods were successfully applied for the determination of miconazole nitrate in a pharmaceutical formulation with the recovery percentage of 98.35 and 92.50 %, respectively.

     

Comparison of HPLC and MEEKC for Miconazole Nitrate Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulation

A simple solid phase extraction (SPE) method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV detector and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) has been developed and compared for the quantitative determination of miconazole nitrate in pharmaceutical formulation. For HPLC method, two parameters were optimized, namely, the wavelength and the mobile phases. The optimized condition was at the 225 nm wavelength and the mobile phase of ACN:MeOH (90:10 v/v). There are seven MEEKC parameters that were optimized, in this research, which were applied to voltage, temperature, wavelength, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, buffer pH, buffer concentration and butan-1-ol concentration. The optimum MEEKC condition was obtained using 86.35 % (w/w) 2.5 mM borate buffer pH 9, 0.25 % (w/w) SDS, 0.8 % (w/w) ethyl acetate, 6.6 % w/w butan-1-ol and 6.0 % (w/w) acetonitrile. The combination of SPE using a diol column with HPLC–UV and the MEEKC methods were successfully applied for the determination of miconazole nitrate in a pharmaceutical formulation with the recovery percentage of 98.35 and 92.50 %, respectively.     

Rapid Determination of Diterpenoids in Andrographis paniculata by Microemulsion Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography with Short-End Injection

A rapid, simple, and reliable method has been developed for routine capillary electrophoretic analysis of two diterpenoids, andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide, in Andrographis paniculata. For this system, using ethyl acetate oil-based microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) and the short-end injection technique, analysis was complete in less than 2.5 min. In method validation the relative standard deviations of migration time and peak area of the two constituents were, respectively, 0.54% and 1.70% for andrographolide and 0.45% and 2.11% for dehydroandrographolide. Regression equations revealed linear relationships (correlation coefficients 0.9994 for andrographolide and 0.9993 for dehydroandrographolide) between peak area and concentration. The effects of buffer pH, borate concentration, SDS concentration, co-surfactant type and concentration, injection time, and running potential were systematically investigated. The method can be successfully implemented in routine quality-control testing.     

Comparison of oil-in-water and water-in-oil microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography as methods for the analysis of eight phenolic acids and five diterpenoids

Oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) MEEKC were compared for their abilities to separate and detect eight phenolic acids and five diterpenoids in Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RRSM). The effects of oil type and concentration, organic modifier, SDS, and buffer concentration on separation were examined in order to optimize the two methods. Oil contents and organic modifier were found to markedly influence the separation selectivity for both O/W and W/O systems. SDS concentration rarely affected separation resolution for O/W MEEKC, and separation of eight phenolic acids and five diterpenoids could be improved by changing the buffer concentration for W/O MEEKC. A highly efficient O/W MEEKC separation method, where the 13 compounds were separated with baseline resolution, was achieved by using a microemulsion solution of pH 8.0 containing 0.6% cyclohexane, 3.0% SDS, 6.0% 1-butanol, and 3.0% ACN. The W/O MEEKC was unable to resolve all the components. In addition, the analytic time in O/W MEEKC was shorter than that in W/O MEEKC. Finally, the developed O/W MEEKC method was successfully applied to determine analytic compounds in RRSM samples.     

Determination of avermectins in commercial formulations using microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) was developed for quantitative analysis of avermectins, such as abamectin, doramectin and ivermectin, in commercial formulations, using the microemulsion buffer containing a 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.5, 1.1% (v/v) n-octane as oil droplets, 180 mM sodium dodecylsulphate as surfactant, 890 mM 1-butanol as co-surfactant and 30% (v/v) ethanol as organic co-solvent. High accuracy and precision of the method were obtained. The contents of avermectins in commercial formulations determined by MEEKC were found to be insignificantly different with those determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore, MEEKC can be used an alternative method to HPLC for quantitative determination of avermectins.